共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 171 毫秒
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一个新崛起的学科──毒理学童道玉,王钦南(国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部北京100083)1993年12月,酝酿已久的中国毒理学会正式成立,下设16个专业委员会。这标志着毒理学在中国发展的新阶段。毒理学是研究外界物质对人体健康影响及其作用机理的科学... 相似文献
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多溴二苯醚的环境暴露与生态毒理研究进展 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险的新型环境有机污染物.作为阻燃剂,PBDEs已经被愈来愈广泛地添加到工业产品中,并因此对大气、水体、沉积物和土壤等环境介质及相关生态系统产生日益广泛的污染.鉴于这一环境新问题的产生,本文基于有限的资料,初步探讨了PBDEs的人为来源和环境暴露途径,大致给出了PBDEs在不同生物和人体不同组织器官中可能的存在及含量水平;在扼要介绍其基本性质的基础上,从甲状腺、神经系统和生殖发育毒性等三个方面分析了PBDEs对动物和人体可能产生的毒性效应与生态影响,以及PBDEs在生态系统中可能具有的生物积累和生物放大风险;并对今后研究PBDEs的环境暴露与生态效应以及人体健康影响等方面的工作重点进行了展望. 相似文献
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转基因动物作为研究代谢调节、分化、发育中有关基因功能的工具已在各领域发挥了巨大的作用。在新药开发和研究中,因转基因动物的准确、经济、实验次数少和显著缩短实验时间等优点,现已成为一种进行"快速筛选"和药物非临床前安全评价的的手段。本文将对毒理学研究方面常用的转基因小鼠和大鼠进行阐述,旨在更全面的了解其在毒理学研究中的重要作用,为利用转基因技术技术培育应用于毒理学研究方面的转基因小鼠和大鼠的制备提供参考性的依据。 相似文献
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生态毒理学的定义及方法学探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
生态毒理学是一门综合科学,本文试就生态毒理学作了定义;探讨了农药的生态毒理学评价,水质的生态毒理学评价,野生生物的生态毒理学研究,人体致癌基准,多重毒性及熵等。并对今后在生态毒理学研究中的一些问题进行了阐述。 相似文献
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在动物福利运动的推动下,以减少、优化和替代动物试验为核心内容的体外试验系统已成为安全评价不可或缺的组成部分,在药品、化学品、化妆品毒理学评价中起到重要作用。体外试验系统不同于体内动物实验,体外毒理学实验室GLP原则的建立和运行应充分考虑体外试验系统的特殊性。目前我国专业的体外安全评价实验室的建设刚刚起步,还没有可供借鉴的成熟经验。本文从实验室组织、试验系统维护、人员职责、质量管理和运行几个方面,介绍了GLP原则在化妆品体外毒理学检验和评价实验室的应用。 相似文献
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《中国实验动物学报》2015,(5)
斑马鱼作为一种新型的模式动物,由于其易于饲养、体外受精、产卵量大、胚胎透明及体外发育等优点,已经广泛应用于生物研究的多个领域。近年来,斑马鱼及其胚胎也已经广泛应用于生态毒理学研究及环境监测领域;并且随着转基因斑马鱼技术的建立,斑马鱼及其胚胎将更好地应用于生态毒理学研究和环境监测。 相似文献
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毒理学实验是毒理学有效和必要的补充,但传统毒理学实验教学存在一些弊端.PBL是一种新型的教学模式,它以问题为基础、以学生为中心、以教师为引导,发展学生综合分析和解决实际问题能力.本文首次在毒理学实验教学中设计并渗透应用PBL教学模式,并对教学的初步研究结果进行了探讨. 相似文献
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汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的危害性 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)是欧美燃料市场最常用的汽油添加剂。由于其在土壤和地下水中的特殊理化行为,MTBE对人体健康和自然环境的负面影响正受到研究人员的关注。本文根据现有资料就MTBE的环境行为及其对生物的危害性影响进行综合评估。我们认为尽管大部分的MTBE是以气态的形式释放到大气中,但由于其光氧化速度非常快,所以MTBE不会造成空气污染。MTBE在土壤中的不吸附性和极高的水溶性,使其正在成为一种蔓延性的地下水污染物,MTBE在地下水中的半衰期至少需要二年。在适宜的环境条件下,MTBE的有氧微生物降解是可以发生的,但其厌氧降解的机率几乎为零。MTBE对动物是一种致癌物质,目前还没有足够的证据证明其对人类的致癌作用,但是MTBE对人体健康的负面影响是非常明显的。当MTBE浓度大于7.4 mg·L-1,其对水生生物能产生急性毒性作用,而在低浓度条件下(<0.1 mg·L-1),MTBE它们的急性毒性作用是非常有限的。MTBE对陆生植物的毒理学研究目前还十分有限。我们认为全面综合地评估MTBE对生物的毒性作用还需要大量的亚急性和慢性试验数据作为依据。 相似文献
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Lolita Vilavert Martí Nadal Joaquim Rovira Marta Schuhmacher José L. Domingo 《人类与生态风险评估》2013,19(3):620-634
The use of passive air samplers (PAS) in recent years to monitor the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air has been increasing, not only globally, but also at regional and/or local scales. The present study was aimed at analyzing the airborne concentrations of the POPs: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain). Mean air levels of PCBs, PBDEs, and PCNs were 44.1, 65.0, and 6.65 pg/m3, respectively. No differences were noted according to the distance or direction from the plant for any chemical. Furthermore, this information was used to estimate the air inhalation of POPs for the local population. Environmental exposure to POPs through air accounted for only <2% of the total when compared with the dietary intake. The overall results indicate that the MSWI here assessed does not mean a relevant increase on human health risks derived from inhalation of POPs. PAS can also be utilized for human health risk assessment studies, being also suitable tools to control the environmental burden of non-regulated chemicals, for which no emission thresholds have yet been derived. 相似文献
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铝的生态与健康风险研究进展 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
人为原因加快了铝进入环境的速度,也加剧了铝对生命组分的毒害作用与危害。本文从毒理生态学、分子生态学等不同角度分析了铝对环境的生态风险和对人类的健康风险,概述了有关铝生态风险与健康风险两个方面的最新研究进展,对控制、消除环境中铝毒的发生提出了展望。 相似文献
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Recent reports in the scientific literature and the media, related to elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diethyl ethers (PBDEs) in farmed and wild salmon have had significant impacts on public opinion and consumer behavior, influencing the sales of farmed salmon in North America and Europe. The assessment of contaminants in fatty fish, an important source of omega-3 fatty acids, is therefore an exercise in balancing risks and benefits. Human health risk assessors and risk managers will benefit from an understanding of the level of uncertainty that is integrated into all aspects of evaluating risk in this context. Significant variability exists in the way in which analyses are conducted, how data are reported, and how they are used in risk assessments. We conducted an analytical review of PCB and PBDE data in farmed and wild salmon, and identified critical issues having implications on human health risk assessment from fish consumption. These issues include: analytical methodologies used, quantification issues, reporting of QA/QC information, tissue sampling, nature of tissue analyzed, and laboratory competence. This article reviews and outlines these issues, discusses their implications for human health risk assessment, and recommends the consistent application of analytical fish tissue data in human health risk assessment. 相似文献
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de Schampheleire M Spanoghe P Steurbaut W Nuyttens D Sonck B 《Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences》2005,70(4):1037-1042
According to the Council Directive 91/414/EC pesticide damage should be assessed by considering the risk for persons arising from occupational, non-dietary exposure and risk to the environment. In this research an assessment for the pesticide damage by droplet spray drift was set up. The percentages of spray drift were estimated with the Ganzelmeier drift curves and the IMAG drift calculator. Knowing the percentages of drift and the applied doses of pesticide formulations in a given crop, the human and environmental exposures (water and bottom) were predicted. Thereupon risk indices were calculated for water organisms, soil organisms and bystanders. A risk index is the ratio of a predicted exposure to a toxicological reference value and gives an indication of the incidence and the severity of the adverse effects likely to occur. Considering the risk index it is possible to define the minimal width of an unsprayed field margin or "buffer zone" to reduce this risk at an acceptable level. 相似文献
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Biotechnology is evolving at a tremendous rate. Although drug discovery is now heavily focused on high throughput and miniaturized screening, the application of these advances to the toxicological assessment of chemicals and chemical products has been slow. Nevertheless, the impending surge in demands for the regulatory toxicity testing of chemicals provides the impetus for the incorporation of novel methodologies into hazard identification and risk assessment. Here, we review the current and likely future value of these new technologies in relation to toxicological evaluation and the protection of human health. 相似文献
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Guilherme Jeremias Fernando J. M. Gonalves Joana L. Pereira Jana Asselman 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2020,95(3):822-846
Epigenetic mechanisms have gained relevance in human health and environmental studies, due to their pivotal role in disease, gene × environment interactions and adaptation to environmental change and/or contamination. Epigenetic mechanisms are highly responsive to external stimuli and a wide range of chemicals has been shown to determine specific epigenetic patterns in several organisms. Furthermore, the mitotic/meiotic inheritance of such epigenetic marks as well as the resulting changes in gene expression and cell/organismal phenotypes has now been demonstrated. Therefore, epigenetic signatures are interesting candidates for linking environmental exposures to disease as well as informing on past exposures to stressors. Accordingly, epigenetic biomarkers could be useful tools in both prospective and retrospective risk assessment but epigenetic endpoints are currently not yet incorporated into risk assessments. Achieving a better understanding on this apparent impasse, as well as identifying routes to promote the application of epigenetic biomarkers within environmental risk assessment frameworks are the objectives of this review. We first compile evidence from human health studies supporting the use of epigenetic exposure‐associated changes as reliable biomarkers of exposure. Then, specifically focusing on environmental science, we examine the potential and challenges of developing epigenetic biomarkers for environmental fields, and discuss useful organisms and appropriate sequencing techniques to foster their development in this context. Finally, we discuss the practical incorporation of epigenetic biomarkers in the environmental risk assessment of chemicals, highlighting critical data gaps and making key recommendations for future research within a regulatory context. 相似文献
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Effects of electron donors on anaerobic microbial debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame retardants that have been highly accumulated in sediments.
It is reported that microorganisms play an important role in the reductive debromination of PBDEs in anaerobic sediments.
However, little is known about the effects of electron donors on the microbial community structure and their debromination
capacity in PBDE transformation. In this study, alternate carbon substrates were used as electron donors to enrich the PBDE-debrominating
microbial consortia to evaluate the effects of electron donors on PBDE microbial debromination. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209)
was found to be the dominant (more than 50%) PBDEs congener in all consortia, and the percentage of BDE-209 was deceased by
12% (methanol), 11% (ethanol), 8% (acetate), 9% (lactate), 5% (pyruvate), and 11% (no electron donors), while the relative
abundances of most lesser-brominated PBDEs increased after 90-day incubation compared to the initial profile of PBDEs. Substantial
shifts in the microbial community structure among different amendments were observed based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
results. Pseudomonas spp. were identified to be the predominant organisms and the abundances of Band R, which was associated with Pseudomonas sp. SCSWA09, was well correlated with the biodegradation rate of BDE-209. Finally, the microbial community structure was
highly correlated with the concentration of deca-BDE, octa-BDE and total nitrogen. These results provide insights into in
situ bioremediation of environments contaminated by PBDEs and our understanding of microbial ecology associated with PBDE-debromination. 相似文献
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Mujtaba Baqar Muhammad Arslan Yumna Sadef Abdul Qadir Sajid Rashid Ahmad 《人类与生态风险评估》2017,23(6):1249-1271
As a consequence of both increasing population and industrialization in agro-economic sector, Pakistan has inevitably been confronted by multicomplex environmental challenges. Owing in part to poor regulatory framework, pollution due to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has caused serious problems throughout the country. Resultantly, extensive use of POPs is causing vigorous deterioration of environment and human health. The current study addresses: (1) the general information on associated ecological effects and toxicity assessment by meta-analysis for local fauna and flora (2) their respective occurrence in living organisms; and (3) sources and distribution patterns of various POPs classes in environmental compartments of Pakistan. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the environment of Pakistan is highly contaminated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), which is further supported with the meta-analysis. Nevertheless, unavailability of environmental quality standards and food safety for POPs render it a forthcoming challenge of multicompartment toxicity exposure. Therefore, strategies must be planned for risk assessment of biologically active POPs, while the POP waste inventory should be elevated, along with the necessary measures to promote appropriate handling and treatment of POP as a matter of prime importance. 相似文献