Alkaline phosphatase production of Bacillus subtilis

Since alkaline phosphate activity increases in sporulation medium during the developmental period, in spite of the presence of inorganic phosphate, the uptake and intracellular concentration of phosphate were measured. While the uptake of inorganic phosphate decreases and the concentration of acid-soluble organic phosphate remains constant, the intracellular concentration of inorganic phosphate increases to about 30 mM after the end of growth. Some compound other than inorganic phosphate must therefore repress alkaline phosphatase. Other experiments showed that addition of glucose delays both the alkaline phosphatase increase and sporulation by about the same time.     

Rapid production of thermostable cellulase-free xylanase by a strain of Bacillus subtilis and its properties

A Bacillus subtilis strain isolated from a hot-spring was shown to produce xylanolytic enzymes. Their associative/synergistic effect was studied using a culture medium with oat spelts xylan as xylanase inducer. Optimal xylanase production of about 12 U ml⁻¹ was achieved at pH 6.0 and 50°C, within 18 h fermentation. At 50°C, xylanase productivity obtained after 11 h in shake-flasks, 96,000 U l⁻¹ h⁻¹, and in reactor, 104,000 U l⁻¹ h⁻¹ was similar. Increasing temperature to 55°C a higher productivity was obtained in the batch reactor 45,000 U l⁻¹ h⁻¹, compared to shake-flask fermentations, 12,000 U l⁻¹ h⁻¹. Optimal xylanolytic activity was reached at 60°C on phosphate buffer, at pH 6.0. The xylanase is thermostable, presenting full stability at 60°C during 3 h. Further increase in the temperature caused a correspondent decrease in the residual activity. At 90°C, 20% relative activity remains after 14 min. Under optimised fermentation conditions, no cellulolytic activity was detected on the extract. Protein disulphide reducing agents, such as DTT, enhanced xylanolytic activity about 2.5-fold. When is used xylan as substrate, xylanase production decreased as function of time in contrast, with trehalose as carbon source, xylanase production in maintained constant for at least 80 h fermentation.     

重组枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产乳铁蛋白N叶工艺优化北大核心CSCD

为实现乳铁蛋白N叶的大规模制备,本研究对表达乳铁蛋白N叶的工程菌枯草芽孢杆菌pMA0911-D60Y/Y92D进行了发酵工艺的优化。确定了最佳的培养条件:以葡萄糖为最佳碳源,以胰蛋白胨为最佳氮源,在pH 7.0、温度28℃、发酵25.5 h条件下诱导表达目的蛋白,目的蛋白的IOD值高达68.03%。在10L发酵罐上对重组菌株的发酵条件进行优化,获得如下的最佳发酵工艺,即采用300 r/min转速,0-7 h时,在pH 7.5、30℃条件下培养菌体;7-25 h时,在pH 7.0、28℃条件下诱导表达目的蛋白。发酵结束后,收集细胞并破碎后取上清液用HisTrapHP亲和层析及SuperdexTM200(10/300GL)亲和层析法对细胞上清液进行纯化至均一条带,获得了纯度>94%的重组乳铁蛋白N叶,1 L菌体能制备23.5 mg纯蛋白。本研究为重组牛乳铁蛋白N-叶的高效制备奠定了基础。     

Peptide syntheses mediated by Bacillus subtilis protease

Bacillus subtilis protease (Amano protease N) was examined as a catalyst for peptide bond formation via both the kinetically and thermodynamically controlled approaches. In general, the latter approach proved to be superior to the former, and a series of dipeptide syntheses and several segment condensations were achieved in good to high yields using the immobilized enzyme on Celite in acetonitrile with low water content.     

Stimulation of Bacillus subtilis transformation by spermidine

Summary Addition of spermidine in millimolar concentrations to Bacillus subtilis cells during competence development increases transformability. The spermidine must be added at least 30 min before DNA for maximum stimulation. An incubation period of about 30 minutes is also required for the maximum uptake of labeled spermidine. The amount of DNA initially attached and the rate of DNA uptake are increased to the same extent as transformation. The rate of protein synthesis is also equivalently increased. These observations are consistent with an increase in the number of competent cells in the cell population; this increase is mediated by a spermidine-stimulated protein synthesis.     

Enhanced stability of the cloned Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease gene in alginate-immobilized B. subtilis cells

Expression and stability of the cloned Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease (aprE)gene was monitored throughout the growth of free and alginate-immobilized B. subtilis cells. The time as well as the level of expression of the aprE gene in alginate-immobilized cells was found to be close to that of free cells. The multicopy plasmid that carries the aprE gene was stably maintained in alginate-immobilized cells. Plasmid stability was greatly enhanced, it reached 83% and 8% after ten growth cycles for alginate-immobilized and free cells in the absence of stress, respectively. Data presented demonstrate that immobilization of B. subtilis recombinant cells would partially solve the problem of plasmid instability in B. subtilis.     

Sequence homologies of glucose-dehydrogenases of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis

The sequence homologies of the glucose dehydrogenase subunits of B. megaterium and B. subtilis are compared. From the known B. megaterium aminoacid sequence and the base sequence of the cloned B. subtilis structural gene we predict the B. megaterium structural glucose dehydrogenase gene. Assuming the minimal mutational changes to convert one gene into the other 23 transitions, 30 transversions, 1 inversion, 3 insertion-deletions, but no frameshifts are postulated necessary to interconvert the structural genes. The homology of both enzyme subunits of 85% reflects the close evolutionary distance between B. subtilis and B. megaterium.     

In vitro degradation of zearalenone by Bacillus subtilis

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogen produced by many Fusarium species in cereals and other plants, and is frequently implicated in safety of foods and feeds. A ZEN-degrading microorganism has been isolated and identified as a Bacillus subtilis subspecies. It degraded 99% ZEN (1 mg kg⁻¹) in liquid medium after 24 h and more than 95% of ZEN (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) could be degraded after 48 h in a solid-state fermentation. This isolate can thus be used to decontaminate raw materials, like grains, to reduce the mycotoxin concentration.     

Physiological suppression of the temperature-sensitive sporulation defect in a Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase mutant

Summary Five hundred putative RNA polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated by selecting for resistance to the RNA polymerase inhibitors rifampin (Rif^r), streptovaricin (Str^r) or streptolydigan (Std^r). This collection was screened for mutants that were unable to sporulate at the non-permissive temperature of 46°C, yet which sporulated well at 37°C and had normal vegetative growth (Spo^ts phenotype). Nearly one half of the Rif^r and one quarter of the Stv^r mutants were Spo^ts, whereas none of the Std^r mutants had this phenotype.The streptovaricin resistant strain stv84 was studied in detail. The stv84 mutation maps between cysA14 and strA39 on the B. subtilis chromosome, and the Stv^r and Spo^ts phenotypes cotransform at a frequency of 100%. The Spo^ts phenotype of stv84 could be physiologically corrected by supplementing the growth medium with inhibitors of RNA synthesis such as rifampin or azauracil, with carbohydrates such as ribose, mannose or glycerol, or with lipids such as Tween 40 or fatty acids native to Bacillus subtilis membranes. A Spo^ts phenotype resembling that of stv84 was produced in wild type B. subtilis by adding cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis, to the growth medium. This cerulenin-induced sporulation defect was reversed by the same treatments that correct the temperature-sensitive genetic defect of stv84. These data indicate that the Spo^ts phenotype of strain stv84 is not due to an intrinsic inability of the mutant RNA polymerase to transcribe developmentally-specific genes at the nonpermissive temperature. Rather, the data suggest that the stv84 lesion causes a physiological imbalance which disrupts membrane structure or function in sporulating cells.     

一株地衣芽胞杆菌产碱性蛋白酶条件优化

【背景】碱性蛋白酶是众多芽胞杆菌的发酵产物,是工业上极其重要的一类酶。【目的】利用酪素培养基从环境样品中筛选出一株产碱性蛋白酶的菌株,对传代次数、发酵的碳源、氮源、金属离子、磷酸盐、初始pH、接种量和温度进行优化,提高其产碱性蛋白酶的能力并降低发酵成本。【方法】采用革兰氏染色法、扫描电镜、生理生化试验、16S rRNA基因序列对分离的菌株进行鉴定;采用单因素、Plackett-Burman、最陡爬坡和响应面试验优化碱性蛋白酶的发酵条件,使用Minitab对试验数据进行分析。【结果】经鉴定分离菌株为地衣芽胞杆菌,命名为Bacillus licheniformis NWMCC0046。优化后的发酵培养基组成为（g/L）:豆粕50.00,葡萄糖10.00,酵母浸膏13.46,CaCl₂ 0.50,Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O 4.00,KH₂PO₄ 0.30;优化后的培养条件为:pH 7.5,34.81℃,接种量4.13%。在此条件下,摇瓶发酵48 h时碱性蛋白酶...     

Bacillus subtilis mutants dependent on streptomycin

Summary Six streptomycin-dependent mutants of Bacillus subtilis, two of which were asporogenous, were isolated. All six mutants, SD1, SD2, SD6, SD7, SD9 and SD10, contained a single mutation causing streptomycin dependence and asporogeny, but four of these mutants (SD6, SD7, SD9, SD10) contained a second mutation which phenotypically suppressed the asporogenous character of the streptomycin dependence mutation. All six mutants grew more slowly than the wild type strain BR151, but those defective in sporulation grew the slowest. The streptomycin dependence mutations of SD9 and SD10B (a sporeplus transformant from SD10 carrying both the dependence mutation and the phenotypic suppressor) lie near or possibly within the strA locus. Ribosomes from SD9, SD10A (a spore-minus transformant from SD10 carrying only the dependence mutation), and SD10B were stimulated in vitro by concentrations of streptomycin that inhibit the activity of wild type strain BR151 ribosomes. The level of misreading as measured by poly(U)-directed isoleucine incorporation was greatly enhanced by streptomycin in wild type strain BR151 ribosomes, but misreading of mutant SD9, SD10A, and SD10B ribosomes, irrespective of the sporulation phenotype, was little affected by streptomycin. There were no apparent differences in the patterns obtained by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the 70S ribosomal proteins of the mutants SD9, SD10A, SD10B, and wild type strain BS151.     

枯草芽胞杆菌降解毒死蜱特性研究

研究生物量、pH、毒死蜱浓度和温度对枯草芽胞杆菌3374菌株(编号为GU086422)在水溶液中降解毒死蜱特性,考察该菌株对白菜上毒死蜱残留的降解特性。结果表明,在毒死蜱质量浓度为240 mg/L、pH7.0、温度30℃的适宜条件下,枯草芽胞杆菌3374菌株对毒死蜱的降解率达到92.48%。该菌株能够有效提高白菜叶面上毒死蜱残留的降解速度,表明其在白菜上具有有效降解毒死蜱的能力,在无公害农产品生产中具有广阔的应用潜力。     

流式细胞术揭示出枯草芽孢杆菌多态异质性

新近的研究发现,微生物群体异质性现象普遍存在,与微生物群体许多关键功能密切相关.微生物群体中的多种异质性状态需要单细胞水平的分析技术才能被揭示,流式细胞术是获取异质性状态精确分布的重要工具.但微生物细胞尺寸微小、生物分子含量少、常常缺乏特异性试剂等都限制着传统流式细胞技术在微生物研究领域的应用.本论文采用新型的低背景、高灵敏度和高分辨率流式细胞仪,以增强的前向散射光、侧向散射光以及紫外光激发的细菌自发荧光水平这三个无需任何荧光标记就可以检测的信号为参数,首次揭示出不同生长状态的枯草芽孢杆菌具有复杂、动态的异质性状态分布.这一方法鉴定出的枯草芽孢杆菌多种状态及其与生理功能相关的、高度关联的变化,可能对该菌的生理变化规律及其分子机理的认识提供新的机遇.本论文也讨论了这一采用新型高灵敏度、高分辨率流式细胞仪测量非标记细胞参数的方法对于广泛开展各种微生物多态性研究具有巨大潜力.     

枯草芽胞杆菌甘露聚糖酶发酵条件优化

旨在以枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis J为生产菌株,发酵生产β-甘露聚糖酶,通过优化产酶条件,以达到提高β-甘露聚糖酶产量的目的。利用DNS比色法检测β-甘露聚糖酶活力,采用单因素试验,研究碳氮源种类及碳氮源浓度、温度、pH、接种量和装液量对菌株Bacillus subtilis J发酵产β-甘露聚糖酶的影响,结合响应面试验设计确定菌株Bacillus subtilis J发酵产甘露聚糖酶的最优发酵培养条件。单因素试验和响应面试验得到最优的发酵条件为魔芋粉28 g/L,胰蛋白胨21 g/L,K₂HPO₄ 6 g/L,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 g/L,温度31℃,pH值8.5,接种量1%(体积分数),装液量50 mL/250 mL,发酵周期24 h。利用优化后的培养基生产β-甘露聚糖酶,其酶活力达到84.38 U/mL,是初始发酵培养基产酶活力的3.36倍。通过对发酵条件的优化,大幅度提高了β-甘露聚糖酶的产量,为其工业生产提供参考。     

Nucleotide sequence of a promoter recognized by Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase

Summary We report the nucleotide sequence of a promoter recognized by RNA polymerase from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. This promoter, which was isolated from B. subtilis phage SP01 DNA, is homologous to promoters for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase; the sequences of the -35 region and the Pribnow box were 5TTGACT and 5CATAAT, respectively (T is the thymine analog 5-hydroxymethyluracil in SP01 DNA). These sequences each differed by only a single base pair from the preferred sequences for E. coli promoters. Not surprisingly, the SP01 promoter was actively transcribed in vitro by E. coli RNA polymerase as well as by B. subtilis RNA polymerase.     

一株枯草芽孢杆菌原噬菌体Bsu-yong1的基因组分析

【目的】枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）是在自然界中广泛存在的革兰氏阳性菌,其抗逆性极强,能抑制大多数有害菌的繁殖,是常用的产酶菌,用其生产的蛋白酶、淀粉酶占全球工业酶产量的50%。原噬菌体（prophage）整合在宿主基因组中,可为宿主提供基因和生物学功能,非常具有研究价值。以往,有关B. subtilis原噬菌体的报道主要集中于缺陷型原噬菌体（defective prophage）,本研究对一株非缺陷型活性原噬菌体（active prophage）的基因组进行解析,以扩充对非缺陷型原噬菌体的认知。【方法】使用丝裂霉素C从枯草芽孢杆菌中诱导一株噬菌体,命名为Bacillus phage Bsu-yong1（简称Bsu-yong1）。对Bsu-yong1进行负染、透射电镜（transmission electron microscopy,TEM）观察,用Illumina MiSeq测定其基因组序列、综合运用生物信息学工具对其进行基因功能注释和系统进化分析。【结果】Bsu-yong1与PBSX类缺陷型原噬菌体在形态上相似,但Bsu-yong1具有完整的噬菌体基因组,这与缺陷型原噬菌体不同,后者在包装过程中不能正确包裹自身的基因组,而是随机包裹一段宿主染色体。Bsu-yong1基因组全长为43 590 bp,G+C含量为41%,含有62个开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）,呈模块化分布。Bsu-yong1拥有基因编码T7SS效应器LXG多态性毒素（T7SS effector LXG polymorphic toxin）、ImmA/IrrE蛋白和SMI1/KNR4蛋白。前二者为细菌毒素（toxin）,后者为抗毒素（antitoxin）,toxin-antitoxin是细菌免疫系统重要成员,参与菌间竞争与环境适应。此前,尚未有编码LXG polymorphic toxin的基因在噬菌体中被发现和报道。在基于全基因组比对构建的蛋白谱进化树（proteomic tree）中,Bsu-yong1与噬菌体sv105、rho14、vB_BteM-A9Y聚集形成一个独立的进化支（clade）,基因组比对显示它们基因组的复制与调控模块具有高度保守性,它们共享29个核心基因（core gene）,均具有PBSX样形态特征。Bsu-yong1与其他噬菌体的进化距离较远。将Bsu-yong1与所有噬菌体进行比对,得到的成对序列比较（pairwise sequence comparison,PASC）最大值为46.72%,小于属边界值（70%）。【结论】vB_Bsu-yong1在有尾纲中代表一个新的未知的属;建议构建一个新的科（family）,该科由Bsu-yong1与噬菌体sv105、rho14、vB_BteM-A9Y组成。vB_Bsu-yong携带免疫相关基因,它可能有利于宿主在菌间竞争中获胜和适应环境。本研究丰富了噬菌体基因数据库,拓展了对芽孢杆菌活性原噬菌体的认知。     

Cloning and characterization of two plasmids from Bacillus thuringiensis in Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israliensis plasmids pTX14-1 and pTX14-3 were cloned and analyzed by Southern blot hybridization for their replication mechanism in Bacillus subtilis. The cloning of pTX14-1 into the replicon deficient vector pBOE335 showed the usual characteristics of single-stranded DNA plasmids, i.e., it generated circular single-stranded DNA and high molecular weight (HMW) multimers. The other plasmid, pTX14-3, behaved differently; it generated neither single-stranded DNA nor HMW multimers. Treatment with rifampicin did not result in the accumulation of single-stranded DNA. However, deletion of an EcoRI-PstI fragment resulted in the accumulation of both single-stranded DNA and HMW multimers. From various deletion derivatives, we have mapped the minus origin and the locus responsible for suppression of HMW multimer formation. Full activity of the minus origin and of the locus suppressing HMW formation was only observed on the native replicon, indicating a coupling to the plus strand synthesis.