需钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens)合成聚羟基丁酸的研究

研究结果表明,V. natriegens可以利用葡萄糖、果糖、以及糖蜜为碳源合成聚羟基丁酸［Poly(3HB)］;当以糖蜜为碳源时,积累的Poly(3HB)达到细胞干重的28.4%。实验结果还表明,Poly(3HB)的积累滞后于细胞生长,在培养前加入过量的碳源,不仅没有Poly（3HB）积累,还抑制细胞的生长。测定了与Poly(3HB)合成相关的PHA聚合酶、β酮硫解酶和乙酰乙酰CoA还原酶的活性。结果表明,伴随Poly(3HB)合成,PHA聚合酶活性从无到有,β酮硫解酶活性提高了10倍以上。进一步通过利用脂肪酸合成代谢抑制物——浅蓝菌素（cerulenin）,研究了脂肪酸从头合成途径与Poly(3HB)合成途径的关系,发现浅蓝菌素能够明显降低细胞Poly(3HB)的累积。根据以上结果,推测在V. natriegens中可能存在有两条代谢途径参与Poly(3HB)的合成。      

抗生素AGPM生物合成途径的初步研究

采用前体添加实验法、静息细胞培养法以及酶抑制剂法对藤黄灰链霉菌中抗生素AG PM生物合成途径进行了初步探讨。研究表明能转化成聚酮合成所需活性前体的氨基酸如异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酸等以及短链脂肪酸乙酸、丙酸、丁酸盐对抗生素AGPM合成均有明显促进作用 ;另外 ,在培养基中添加脂肪酸和聚酮生物合成途径的专一性抑制剂浅蓝菌素 (2 5μg mL)或脂肪酸合成抑制剂碘乙酰胺 (0 5mmol L)时 ,菌体生长不受影响 ,而抗生素AGPM合成受到强烈抑制 ,分别为对照的 35 3 %和 2 6 2 % ;     

嗜水气单胞菌合成含3-羟基戊酸单体的聚羟基脂肪酸共聚酯的研究

分别利用葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸、月桂酸与十一碳酸为混合碳源进行嗜水气单孢菌 (Aeromonashydrophila)菌株 4AK4的摇瓶培养 ,实现了含有 3 羟基戊酸 (3HV)单体的聚羟基脂肪酸酯的微生物合成。当使用葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸为混合碳源时 ,野生型A .hydrophila 4AK4及含有 3 羟基丁酸辅酶A合成基因phaA和phaB的重组A .hydrophila 4AK4 (pTG01)能够合成-3-羟基丁酸(3HB)与-3HV的共聚物 ,且葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸比例为 1∶1时最利于细胞生长和PHA的积累。当使用月桂酸和十一碳酸为混合碳源时 ,A .hydrophila4AK4能够合成-3HB、3HV与 β-羟基己酸 (3HHx)的共聚物 ,且随着混合碳源中十一碳酸的含量增加 ,A .hydrophila4AK4合成的PHA中-3HV的比例增加 ,而-3HB和-3HHx的比例降低.     

聚羟基脂肪酸酯合成酶的改造和代谢途径构建的研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA)是许多细菌在非平衡生长条件下在胞内积累的以颗粒状态存在的碳源和能源储藏物质。PHA因其具有生物可降解性、生物相容性等许多良好的材料性质、可以作为化学合成塑料未来的替代品而引起广泛关注。但由短链脂肪酸或单一脂肪酸单体合成的PHA的材料性质具有局限性,需要利用多种单体合成满足实际需求的PHA材料。PHA合成酶的底物特异性和PHA合成代谢途径决定着PHA的单体组成情况,进而影响着PHA的理化特性和材料性能。因此需要对PHA合成酶进行改造,扩展其对底物的特异性。另一方面需要构建新的PHA合成代谢途径,能合成出一些不常见的且性能优良的PHA材料。综述了近些年对PHA合成酶改造的研究及PHA代谢途径构建的研究进展。     

活性污泥合成聚羟基脂肪酸脂的研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸( PHAs) 是许多原核微生物在不平衡生长条件下合成的细胞内能量和碳源储藏性物质,同时也是一种可完全生物降解的塑料,由于其良好的环境效应及机械性能而受到广泛关注.使用活性污泥合成PHA既能降低PHA的生产成本,又能充分利用活性污泥资源,减少对环境的污染.综述了活性污泥合成PHA的研究进展, 包括合成PHA的主要微生物、碳源及影响PHA积累的因素.     

北京红篓菌合成聚羟基烷酸的研究

报道从污水处理厂回流池废水中分离到的北京红篓菌 (Rcs.pekingensisstrain 3-p)合成PHAs的研究结果。实验结果表明 ,3 p菌株生长及积累PHAs的最佳培养条件为 :0 0 1 %酵母膏 ,0 0 1 %NH4 Cl,乙酸钠 5g L ;培养基最适pH值为 7 0～ 7 2。在此培养条件下 ,细胞内PHAs积累量达菌体干重的 60 %以上。酶活测定表明菌株 3 p含有与PHAs合成相关的β 酮硫解酶 ,乙酰乙酰CoA还原酶 ,PHA聚合酶 ,初步推断此菌株的代谢途径为     

以葡萄糖为唯一碳源合成聚-4-羟基丁酸的重组大肠杆菌的构建

为实现重组大肠杆菌以葡萄糖为唯一碳源合成均聚的P( 4HB) ,PCR扩增大肠杆菌编码谷氨酸:琥珀酰半缩醛转氨基酶基因(gabT) ,谷氨酸脱羧酶基因(gadA)以及富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstoniaeutropha)H16的4_羟基丁酸脱氢酶基因(gadB) ,并组装到携带富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstoniaeutropha)H16的PHA聚合酶基因(phaC)和克氏梭菌(Clostridiumkluyveri)中编码4_羟基丁酸:CoA转移酶基因(orfZ)的重组质粒pKESS5 3上,形成一个大的操纵元。携带重组质粒的大肠杆菌获得从三羧酸循环的中间物———α_酮戊二酸到P( 4HB)的代谢途径。结果表明,重组大肠杆菌可以以葡萄糖为唯一碳源合成均聚的P( 4HB) ,当向以葡萄糖为唯一碳源的无机培养基添加蛋白胨、酵母提取物、酪蛋白水解物时,P( 4HB)的含量可以高达菌体干重的30 %。     

大肠杆菌利用葡萄糖和木糖合成乙醇酸、乳酸和3-羟基丁酸共聚酯

以大肠杆菌为宿主,构建了以葡萄糖和木糖为底物获得乙醇酸、乳酸和3-羟基丁酸共聚酯的生物合成途径,包括过表达塔格糖-3-差向异构酶、核酮糖激酶、醛缩酶、醛脱氢酶、丙酰辅酶A转移酶、β-酮硫解酶、乙酰乙酰辅酶A还原酶和聚合酶等。在此基础上,表达聚羟基脂肪酸酯颗粒结合蛋白,提高了聚合物的合成,重组菌的细胞干重达到3.73g/L,含有38.72wt%的共聚酯。采用混菌共培养策略,实现以葡萄糖和木糖混合物为底物合成共聚酯,摇瓶实验中细胞干重达到4.01g/L,含有21.54wt%的聚合物。文中提供了一种以葡萄糖和木糖混合物为碳源合成聚合物的方法,为下一步纤维素水解物的有效利用提供了参考。     

弱化呼吸链水平对代谢工程大肠杆菌聚羟基丁酸乳酸酯合成的影响

聚3-羟基丁酸乳酸酯[Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-lactate), P(3HB-co-LA)],属于聚羟基脂肪酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA)家族的一员,是一种具有良好生物相容性和可降解性的天然高分子生物材料。文中通过在大肠杆菌中引入来源于富养罗尔斯通氏菌Ralstonia eutropha的β-酮硫解酶、乙酰乙酰Co A还原酶、来源于丙酸梭菌Clostridium propionicum的丙酰Co A转移酶突变体以及荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2P24来源的PHA合成酶突变体等异源酶,成功实现了一步法利用葡萄糖合成P(3HB-co-LA),其中乳酸组分的摩尔百分比达到1.6%,聚合物含量为83.9wt%。在此基础上,通过敲除辅酶Q8合成所需的黄素异戊烯基转移酶基因(ubi X)来弱化呼吸链水平,从而增强乳酸积累,并进一步缺失乳酸脱氢酶基因(dld)以减少乳酸在发酵后期转化成丙酮酸,最终将P(3HB-co-LA)中乳酸组分的摩尔百分比提高至14.1%,而聚合物含量为81.7wt%。上述实验结果表明,采用弱化呼吸链水平策略可有效提高聚合物中乳酸组分的摩尔百分比,从而提供了一种改变生物合成聚合物中单体组分含量的新思路。     

利用两种工程菌共培养生产聚羟基烷酸的研究

方法:主要是将携带生产P(3HB)基因的工程菌E.coliXL1-Blue(pKSABC)和携带4-羟基丁酸辅酶A转移酶和PHA合成酶基因的工程菌E.coliXL1-Blue(pKSSE5.3)共培养,以葡萄糖为唯一碳源来生产含有3HB和4HB的聚合物的研究。结果:培养48h后,结果表明,两种工程菌共培养能够获得韧性更强和强度更大的PHA,PHA的积累量占总生物量的44.4%。     

Regulation of fetal lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine synthesis by de novo palmitate supply

Lung surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) is highly dependent on the supply of palmitate as a source of fatty acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the regulation of disaturated PC production during late prenatal lung development. Choline incorporation into disaturated PC and the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis was determined by the relative incorporation of [14C]choline and 3H2O, respectively, in 20-day-old fetal rat lung explants and in 18-day-old explants which were cultured 2 days. Addition of exogenous palmitate (0.15 mM) increased (26%) choline incorporation into disaturated PC but did not inhibit de novo fatty acid synthesis, as classically seen in other lipogenic tissue. Even in the presence of exogenous palmitate, de novo synthesis accounted for 87% of the acyl groups for disaturated PC. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by agaric acid or levo-hydroxycitrate decreased the rate of choline incorporation into disaturated PC. When explants were subjected to both exogenous palmitate and 60% inhibition of de novo synthesis, disaturated PC synthesis was below control values and 75% of disaturated PC acyl moieties were still provided by de novo synthesis. These data show that surfactant disaturated PC synthesis is highly dependent on the supply of palmitate from de novo fatty acid synthesis.     

Effects of octanoate and acetate upon hepatic glycolysis and lipogenesis

Octanoate and N6,O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) cause a marked inhibition of net glucose utilization and lactate and pyruvate accumulation by hepatocytes isolated from meal-fed rats. Acetate is much less effective as an inhibitor of glycolysis. Fatty acid synthesis, as measured by tritiated water incorporation, is inhibited by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, whereas it is stimulated by 10 mM acetate and 1 mM octanoate. Stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by 1 mM octanoate, however, is lost paradoxically at higher concentrations of octanoate. Rates of fatty acid synthesis estimated by [1-14C]octanoate incorporation were consistently higher than rates calculated on the basis of tritiated water incorporation, raising the question as to which is the better index of the rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis. The effects of octanoate were studied because it was reasoned that this fatty acid should not inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase but should inhibit glycolysis and supply acetyl-CoA for lipogenesis. This was found to be the case, proving that glycolytic activity is not necessary for rapid rates of de novo fatty acid synthesis by liver.     

Genetic characterization of accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoate from styrene in Pseudomonas putida CA-3

Pseudomonas putida CA-3 is capable of accumulating medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHAs) when growing on the toxic pollutant styrene as the sole source of carbon and energy. In this study, we report on the molecular characterization of the metabolic pathways involved in this novel bioconversion. With a mini-Tn5 random mutagenesis approach, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) was identified as the end product of styrene metabolism in P. putida CA-3. Amplified flanking-region PCR was used to clone functionally expressed phenylacetyl-CoA catabolon genes upstream from the sty operon in P. putida CA-3, previously reported to generate acetyl-CoA moieties from the styrene catabolic intermediate, phenylacetyl-CoA. However, the essential involvement of a (non-phenylacetyl-CoA) catabolon-encoded 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase is also reported. The link between de novo fatty acid synthesis and PHA monomer accumulation was investigated, and a functionally expressed 3-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein-CoA transacylase (phaG) gene in P. putida CA-3 was identified. The deduced PhaG amino acid sequence shared >99% identity with a transacylase from P. putida KT2440, involved in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA MCL-PHA monomer sequestration from de novo fatty acid synthesis under inorganic nutrient-limited conditions. Similarly, with P. putida CA-3, maximal phaG expression was observed only under nitrogen limitation, with concomitant PHA accumulation. Thus, beta-oxidation and fatty acid de novo synthesis appear to converge in the generation of MCL-PHA monomers from styrene in P. putida CA-3. Cloning and functional characterization of the pha locus, responsible for PHA polymerization/depolymerization is also reported and the significance and future prospects of this novel bioconversion are discussed.     

13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Pseudomonas putida fatty acid metabolic routes involved in poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis.

The formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) in Pseudomonas putida KT2442 from various carbon sources was studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. By using [1-13C]decanoate, the relation between beta-oxidation and PHA formation was confirmed. The labeling pattern in PHAs synthesized from [1-13C]acetate corresponded to the formation of PHAs via de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Studies with specific inhibitors of the fatty acid metabolic pathways demonstrated that beta-oxidation and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis function independently in PHA formation. Analysis of PHAs derived from [1-13C]hexanoate showed that both fatty acid metabolic routes can function simultaneously in the synthesis of PHA. Furthermore, evidence is presented that during growth on medium-chain-length fatty acids, PHA precursors can be generated by elongation of these fatty acids with an acetyl coenzyme A molecule, presumably by a reverse action of 3-ketothiolase.     

Palmitate-induced apoptosis can occur through a ceramide-independent pathway

Cytotoxic accumulation of long chain fatty acids has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and heart disease. To explore the mechanism of cellular lipotoxicity, we cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence of media supplemented with fatty acid. The saturated fatty acid palmitate, but not the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate, induced programmed cell death as determined by annexin V positivity, caspase 3 activity, and DNA laddering. De novo ceramide synthesis increased 2.4-fold with palmitate supplementation; however, this was not required for palmitate-induced apoptosis. Neither biochemical nor genetic inhibition of de novo ceramide synthesis arrested apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells in response to palmitate supplementation. Rather, our data suggest that palmitate-induced apoptosis occurs through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Fluorescence of an oxidant-sensitive probe was increased 3.5-fold with palmitate supplementation indicating that production of reactive intermediates increased. In addition, palmitate-induced apoptosis was blocked by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid, two compounds that scavenge reactive intermediates. These studies suggest that generation of reactive oxygen species, independent of ceramide synthesis, is important for the lipotoxic response and may contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases involving intracellular lipid accumulation.     

PhaG-mediated synthesis of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) consisting of medium-chain-length constituents from nonrelated carbon sources in recombinant Pseudomonas fragi

Recently, a new metabolic link between fatty acid de novo biosynthesis and biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxy-alkanoate) consisting of medium-chain-length constituents (C(6) to C(14)) (PHA(MCL)), catalyzed by the 3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]:CoA transacylase (PhaG), has been identified in Pseudomonas putida (B. H. A. Rehm, N. Krüger, and A. Steinbüchel, J. Biol. Chem. 273:24044-24051, 1998). To establish this PHA-biosynthetic pathway in a non-PHA-accumulating bacterium, we functionally coexpressed phaC1 (encoding PHA synthase 1) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and phaG (encoding the transacylase) from P. putida in Pseudomonas fragi. The recombinant strains of P. fragi were cultivated on gluconate as the sole carbon source, and PHA accumulation to about 14% of the total cellular dry weight was achieved. The respective polyester was isolated, and GPC analysis revealed a weight average molar mass of about 130,000 g mol(-1) and a polydispersity of 2.2. The PHA was composed mainly (60 mol%) of 3-hydroxydecanoate. These data strongly suggested that functional expression of phaC1 and phaG established a new pathway for PHA(MCL) biosynthesis from nonrelated carbon sources in P. fragi. When fatty acids were used as the carbon source, no PHA accumulation was observed in PHA synthase-expressing P. fragi, whereas application of the beta-oxidation inhibitor acrylic acid mediated PHA(MCL) accumulation. The substrate for the PHA synthase PhaC1 is therefore presumably directly provided through the enzymatic activity of the transacylase PhaG by the conversion of (R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP to (R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA when the organism is cultivated on gluconate. Here we demonstrate for the first time the establishment of PHA(MCL) synthesis from nonrelated carbon sources in a non-PHA-accumulating bacterium, employing fatty acid de novo biosynthesis and the enzymes PhaG (a transacylase) and PhaC1 (a PHA synthase).     

De novo fatty acid synthesis by freshly isolated alveolar type II epithelial cells

Fatty acid synthesis was studied in freshly isolated type II pneumocytes from rabbits by 3H2O and (U-14C)-labeled glucose, lactate and pyruvate incorporation and the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The rate of lactate incorporation into fatty acids was 3-fold greater than glucose incorporation; lactate incorporation into the glycerol portion of lipids was very low but glucose incorporation into this fraction was approximately equal to incorporation into fatty acids. The highest rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis (3H2O incorporation) required both glucose and lactate. Under these circumstances lactate provided 81.5% of the acetyl units while glucose provided 5.6%. Incubations with glucose plus pyruvate had a significantly lower rate of fatty acid synthesis than glucose plus lactate. The availability of exogenous palmitate decreased de novo fatty acid synthesis by 80% in the isolated cells. In a cell-free supernatant, acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was almost completely inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA; citrate blunted this inhibition. These data indicate that the type II pneumocyte is capable of a high rate of de novo fatty acid synthesis and that lactate is a preferred source of acetyl units. The type II pneumocyte can rapidly decrease the rate of fatty acid synthesis, probably by allosteric inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, if exogenous fatty acids are available.     

Esterification of exogenous and endogenous fatty acids by rat adipocytes in vitro.

Rat adipocytes were used in vivo to compare the esterification of exogenous fatty acids and fatty acids formed de novo from glucose or acetate. Pure single fatty acids added to the medium were esterified at comparable rates but marked differences were observed when the same acids were supplied as components of a fatty acid mixture of a composition similar to that in the tissue. Fatty acids synthesised de novo from acetate by adipocytes in a medium containing high concentrations of acetate were located predominantly in diacylglycerols. The effect was most marked with adipocytes from older rats and was enhanced by the presence of exogenous long-chain fatty acids. Exogenous oleic acid was esterified predominantly into triacylglycerols at all concentrations of acetate. No such accumulation of endogenously-synthesised fatty acids in diacylglycerols occurred when glucose was the precursor for fatty acid synthesis. The diacylglycerols formed were almost entirely of the sn-1,2-configuration.     

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) and poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) without subsequent degradation by Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava

A Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava strain was able to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] having a high level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid monomer unit (4HB) from gamma-butyrolactone. In a two-step process in which the first step involved production of cells containing a minimum amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(3HB)] and the second step involved polyester accumulation from the lactone, approximately 5 to 10 mol% of the 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) derived from the first-step culture was unavoidably reincorporated into the polymer in the second cultivation step. Reincorporation of the 3HB units produced from degradation of the first-step residual P(3HB) was confirmed by high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In order to synthesize 3HB-free poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) [P(4HB)] homopolymer, a three-stage cultivation technique was developed by adding a nitrogen addition step, which completely removed the residual P(3HB). The resulting polymer was free of 3HB. However, when the strain was grown on gamma-butyrolactone as the sole carbon source in a synthesis medium, a copolyester of P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 45 mol% 3HB was produced. One-step cultivation on gamma-butyrolactone required a rather long induction time (3 to 4 days). On the basis of the results of an enzymatic study performed with crude extracts, we suggest that the inability of cells to produce 3HB in the multistep culture was due to a low level of 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HBA) dehydrogenase activity, which resulted in a low level of acetyl coenzyme A. Thus, 3HB formation from gamma-butyrolactone is driven by a high level of 4HBA dehydrogenase activity induced by long exposure to gamma-butyrolactone, as is the case for a one-step culture. In addition, intracellular degradation kinetics studies showed that P(3HB) in cells was completely degraded within 30 h of cultivation after being transferred to a carbon-free mineral medium containing additional ammonium sulfate, while P(3HB-co-4HB) containing 5 mol% 3HB and 95 mol% 4HB was totally inert in interactions with the intracellular depolymerases. Intracellular inertness could be a useful factor for efficient synthesis of the P(4HB) homopolymer and of 4HB-rich P(3HB-co-4HB) by the strain used in this study.