多子房性状应用于杂种小麦的研究——Ⅱ．多子房小麦的杂种优势与利用

利用3个多子房小麦与8个普通小麦品种杂交后获得的24个杂种及其相应的亲本材料,对多子房小麦的杂种优势与利用进行了研究。结果表明,F1各性状的杂种优势依次为株高＞穗粒数＞单株产量＞千粒重。单株产量有较强的杂种优势,18个组合超双亲均值,平均均产32．71％,12个组合有超标正优势,幅度为3．41－42．84％。多子房小麦杂种优势的主要表现是穗粒数增多,其生产应用还应注意加强对子房小麦其它农艺性状的改良。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping reveals pleiotropic effect for grain iron and zinc concentrations in wheat

Malnutrition because of the deficiency of minerals such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) afflicts over 2 billion people worldwide. Wheat is a major staple crop, providing 20% of dietary energy and protein consumption worldwide. Breeding wheat with elevated levels of grain Zn and Fe concentrations (GZn and GFe) represents a significant opportunity to increase the intake of these micronutrients for the resource poor people who depend on it as a major source of dietary energy. Synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs) have large genetic variation for GZn and GFe, which can be exploited for developing wheat varieties with higher concentrations of these minerals. The objective of this study was to localise genomic regions associated with GZn and GFe, thousand kernel weight (TKW) and test weight (TW) in a mapping population derived from the cross of Seri M82 and the SHW CWI76364. Major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 4BS were detected for GZn and GFe; the QTL explained up to 19.6% of the total phenotypic variation for GZn and showed pleiotropic effects on GFe. This indicates that simultaneous improvement of GZn and GFe is feasible. Three and five QTL for TW and TKW were detected, respectively. One of the QTL for TKW was also located on chromosome 4BS. Positive correlations between plant height and GZn/GFe were observed. The 4BS QTL is of great interest for breeding biofortified wheat by means of marker‐assisted selection.     

小麦体内生化物质在抗蚜中的作用

综述了小麦体内生化物质的抗蚜作用 ,主要包括不同抗性品种对麦蚜的影响、小麦体内氨基酸、糖类、酚类物质、生物碱和非蛋白氨基酸等与抗蚜性的关系 ,以及蚜虫对小麦体内抗虫生化物质的诱导作用 ,并提出了深入研究小麦生化物质与抗蚜性关系的前景和意义。     

Variation in noxiousness of different wheat species for celiac patients

Abstract

Peptic-tryptic (PT) digested prolamins from spelt wheat Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta and landraces ERSA 6 and ERSA 8 of farro wheat T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum were found to agglutinate K562(S) cells, and exert strong toxic effects on Caco-2/TC7 cells. Cytotoxicity of spelt prolamins against Caco-2/TC7 cells was greatly reduced by 10-mer peptide QQPQDAVQPF. By contrast, the PT digests from monoccum wheat (Triticum monococcum) and farro landraces Prometeo, L5563, L5540 and L5558 did not exhibit any negative effects on K562(S) and Caco-2/TC7 cells. Toxic genotypes ERSA 6 and ERSA 8 were found to share the same gliadin pattern, which was absent in inactive landraces. Monococcum, farro and spelt wheats differed from each other in their responses to antibodies specific for 13-mer cytotoxic sequence FPGQQQPFPPQQP and 10-mer peptide QQPQDAVQPF. This latter sequence was found to occur in high amounts in common wheat line FG, Phaseoulus vulgaris, Ph. coccineus and Lens culinaria.     

利用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择培育糯性小麦

以中国春糯性位点全套近等基因系为研究材料,对小麦Wx基因的6个STS标记和1个CAPS标记进行了筛选。改良PCR扩增条件以及产物检测方式后,从这些标记中筛选出3个标记,包括鉴定Wx-A1、Wx-D1位点的2个共显性STS标记和Wx-B1位点的1个显性STS标记,用于本研究中糯性小麦的分子标记辅助育种。在育种过程中,首先配制全糯材料“98Y1441”与推广品种“川育12”的杂交组合,采用籽粒碘染法从其F2种子中选择全糯基因型个体与回交亲本川育12杂交,如此反复自交、回交,历经数代异地加代繁殖得到BC5F2代回交改良群体。利用上述3个分子标记从该群体中筛选出了8种Wx基因型,经卡方检验,其分离比符合3对基因的分离比例,其中基因型为aabbdd的植株有2株,直链淀粉含量分别为1.81%和0.82%,为全糯小麦;基因型为AAbbdd, aabbDD的部分糯性植株各有1株,直链淀粉含量分别为15.24%和17.57%。研究中获得的BC5 F2代群体的农艺性状接近回交亲本,并明显优于全糯材料“98Y1441”,表明采用回交法与Wx基因分子标记辅助选择相结合,有助于培育高产、优质的全糯和部分糯小麦。     

Chemical and Nutritional Properties of Hypoallergenic Wheat Flour

The chemical and nutritional properties were investigated of hypoallergenic wheat flour (HWF) prepared by the cellulase-actinase treatment. HWF was composed mainly of oligopeptides and free amino acids, and its average molecular weight was lower than 1,000. Feeding tests on rats showed that, with respect to the PER, GOT and GPT activities and other nutritional indices, the HWF diet was almost equivalent to the control diet which had been prepared from normal wheat flour (NWF). No abnormality was apparent in the main organs after the HWF diet had been fed for 3 weeks. The small intestinal absorption of the HWF diet was found normal by measuring the free amino acid concentration in the intestinal tract and in the portal vein plasma. These data suggest that te absorption of amino acids from the HWF diet was comparable with or more efficient than that from a simulated free amino acid diet.     

利用SSR标记分析云南、西藏和新疆小麦的遗传多样性

用185对SSR引物对52份中国西部特有小麦的遗传多样性进行了研究分析。在31份云南小麦材料中,共检测到488个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测到1至9个等位变异,平均为2.64个;平均PIC值为0.2764。在15份西藏小麦材料中,共检测到472个等位变异,每个引物可扩增出1到8个等位变异,平均为2.55个;平均PIC值为0.3082。在6份新疆小麦材料中,共检测到308个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测1到5个等位变异,平均为1.66个;平均PIC值为0.1944。185对SSR引物在云南、西藏和新疆小麦的21条染色体、7个部分同源群和3个染色体组上检测到的等位位点的多态性存在明显差异。云南、西藏和新疆小麦均以3B染色体较高,而1D染色体最低;在7个部分同源群中,均以第三部分同源群最高,第六部分同源群最低;在A、B和D染色体组上,均以B染色体组最高,D染色体组最低,A染色体组居中。利用185对SSR引物计算了云南、西藏和新疆小麦群体内及其群体间的遗传距离(GD)和平均遗传距离,结果显示,西藏小麦和云南小麦群体内的平均遗传距离要高于新疆小麦,而云南小麦和西藏小麦间的平均遗传距离低于两者与新疆小麦的平均遗传距离。聚类分析结果也表明,云南小麦和西藏小麦的亲缘关系较近,但两者与新疆小麦的亲缘关系相对较远。     

小麦新型不育类型利用潜力分析

K、L、Sh、T、A型 5类小麦杂种 F1研究表明 :1 K、L、Sh、T4类细胞质对杂种 F1不育的恢复度和单株产量均存在不同程度的不良效应 ;2不育系易恢复性能为 K>L≥ Sh>T型 ;3 K型不育系恢复度高的一个重要原因在于小穗中部小花结实性好 ;4研究 K、L、Sh型恢复度时 ,利用国际法表示恢复度较为合理 ;5F1单株籽粒产量普遍存在优势 ,平均超双亲杂种优势为 8.57% ,具有 1 5%以上的杂种组合占总组合 2 3.33%。单株籽粒产量优势为 A>K>Sh>L>T;6产量构成因素超双亲优势为千粒重 >单株穗数 >单穗粒数 ,其中千粒重优势为 K、L、Sh≥ A>T,单穗粒数优势为 A>K>L>Sh>T,单株穗数优势为 A>L>K>Sh>T;7K、L、Sh比 T型细胞质不育类型具有更大利用潜力。     

一种室内饲养麦蚜的方法

介绍利用水培麦苗大量饲养麦蚜的技术。在不补充营养液的条件下麦苗可以维持10~15d,一般在饲养条件下可以1周换1次麦苗。小麦种子在经过24h浸种后,平铺在底部垫有滤纸的直径9cm的培养皿中,在25℃,4d后就可以接种麦蚜。适宜的试样条件为温度在18~25℃,相对湿度50%~70%,光周期为17hr∶7hr,饲养1代大约需要5~9d时间,每皿可养麦蚜500头以上。经过40代以上的连续饲养,蚜虫体重和每蚜产幼蚜数量没有明显降低趋势。     

β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and β-galactosidase from aleurone layers of resting wheat grains

We have examined the characteristics of binding to wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and β-galactosidase from aleurone layers of resting wheat grains. Although the enzymes interacting with wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose could be extracted by a procedure which did not involve any solubilizing treatments, the highest activity of these enzymes was obtained by extracting and sonicating the tissues in the presence of 0.5% Triton X-100. The pH optimum and time-course of binding as well as the effect of some divalent ions on the binding were studied. The largest part of the bound enzymes was eluted at low concentration of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (0.05 M), although smaller amounts were still eluted at higher molarities (0.1 and 0.2 M). D-Mannose, D-glucose and L-fucose failed to replace N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in eluting the enzymes bound to wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose, whereas N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was much less effective than N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The catalytic properties of the enzymes remained unchanged after the binding to wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose, although the K_m values of the free and lectin-bound enzymes were slightly different. A rapid and easy three-step procedure of purification, mainly based on affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose, is described. It allows purification of β-galactosidase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase over 200-fold. β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase has been further purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and also characterized.     

The content and distribution of steryl ferulates in wheat produced in Japan

Oryzanol contained in rice bran is a complex mixture of steryl ferulates (SFs) with many identified health benefits. Recently, SF has been shown to exist in other cereals such as wheat, rye, and corn. In this study, SFs in several wheats produced in Japan were analyzed. For instance, SF content of whole wheat grain, Yumekaori (Japan) was 15.2 ± 1.4 mg-oryzanol-equivalent/100 g grain, while that of the imported one, 1CW (Canada) was 11.4 ± 1.3 mg-oryzanol-equivalent/100 g grain. The main SF components in the examined wheats were campesteryl ferulate, campestanyl ferulate, and sitostanyl ferulate. SF distribution in whole wheat grain was investigated using 14 fractions produced by a conventional test milling machine. SF was intensively accumulated in the four bran fractions (24 ? 95 mg-oryzanol-equivalent/100 g bran fraction). These results suggest that the wheat bran would be an important source of SF.     

麦双尾蚜发生数量与小麦播种期的关系

新疆伊犁和塔城冬、春麦田的麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 有虫株率和百株蚜量,与小麦播种时间密切相关。在小麦正常播种期内,冬小麦晚播可以显著减少麦双尾蚜数量,每晚播种10天,第二年麦双尾蚜有虫株率可以下降40%～70%;春小麦每晚播种10天,麦双尾蚜有虫株率增加30%～88%。     

田间不同防治方法对麦蚜种群动态的影响

【目的】从保护生态环境兼顾防治害虫的角度出发,研究不同防治方法对麦蚜种群动态的影响,为麦蚜的田间防治提供理论依据。【方法】本试验分别设置不同的麦蚜防治田(空白对照田、黄板田、糖醋液田、诱芯田、诱虫灯田、综合防治田),在小麦生长期观察不同的防治田内麦蚜的种群动态的变化。【结果】诱虫灯对有翅蚜的防治效果要好于黄板和糖醋液,但对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)有翅蚜的诱捕效果不明显,黄板和糖醋液对有翅蚜和无翅蚜均有防治效果,多种防治方法共同利用对麦蚜种群数量有一定的防治效果。【结论】多种防治方法共同使用的防治效果优于单一防治方法,诱虫灯、糖醋液、黄板、诱芯对不同种类麦蚜的防治效果不同。在田间使用时应注意不同时期采用不同的防治方法。     

离子注入对小麦当代形态生理影响的初步研究

采用能量为30keV的N+不同剂量(8×1017N+/cm2、10×1017N+/cm2、12×1017N+/cm2)注入小麦种子,研究了离子注入后形态生理变化。结果表明:1.离子注入后小麦的出苗率随着剂量的增加而下降,但均大于80%;2.对麦苗生长有明显的抑制作用;3.离子注入后表皮细胞结构有明显的改变;随着剂量的增加,表皮细胞损伤越来越严重。而且苗期表现和表皮细胞损伤程度是相对应的。     

粗秆高产小麦茎结构特性分析

以高产小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)新品种"兰考906-4"与北京大面积种植的小麦品种"京411"为实验材料,运用植物解剖学、化学和力学的理论与方法,对粗秆的高产小麦茎结构特性做了详细的比较研究.结果表明:粗秆的高产小麦品种茎秆在物理力学特性、维管束结构特征以及木质素含量等方面,均明显优于一般小麦品种.因此,在超高产小麦品种的育种中,重视外源基因的引进,改进茎秆的结构特性及提高木质素的含量等综合指标,可能是一个重要的选育方向.     

Root nodule bacteria to improve yield of wheat

Summary Beneficial effects on yield and N-assimilation in wheat cv. HD2329 due to inoculation with nine strains belonging to six species and cowpea miscellany of genus rhizobium and Azotobacter were observed. Stimulation of soil Azotobacter and Azospirillum in the root region of wheat occurred due to seed inoculation with Rhizobium.     

宁夏国外小麦种质资源考察、引进和利用

国外小麦种质资源引进在宁夏小麦引种中发挥着重要的作用。碧玉麦、阿勃、墨卡(卡杰姆F-71)、WC-20(宁春37)、9186(宁冬6号)等国外小麦品种在宁夏生产上直接利用。宁夏春小麦的品质杂交选育始于1953年,利用国外小麦种质资源先后培育出斗地1号、宁春4号等50余个春麦品种。1990年宁夏国外冬麦种质资源的引进带动了宁夏引黄灌区冬麦北移和耕作改制的研究,也引发了宁夏冬麦品种杂交选育的研究。宁夏引黄灌区冬小麦品种的杂交选育的工作始于1991年,经过15年的努力,杂交选育出第一批冬麦品种宁冬10号、宁冬11号,2010年在冬麦生产上取代了明丰5088,不仅实现了宁夏引黄灌区冬小麦品种第3次更新、实现了小麦品种的5次更新,而且使宁夏小麦生产水平跃上新台阶,有力地促进宁夏引黄灌区耕作制度改善和种植业结构的调整。     

New Variation Identified by SSR in a Wheat Variety Derived from Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat ( Triticum durum× Aegilops tauschii)

Hybridization and polyploidization are important ways for wheat to evolve and to genetically differentiate. Ninety two simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers, which distributed in A, B, and D genomes , were used to perform genetic comparison between Chuan-W5436 (CW5436), a new wheat variety, and its parents, synthetic hexaploid wheat Syn786 (♀ ) and common wheat Mianyang 26 (My26) (♂). The results indicated that alleles were not genetically transmitted from parents (Syn786 (♀) crossed (My26) (♂) ) to the progeny CW5436 as Mendelian proportions . A new variation on a SSR molecular marker loci with novel additive bands was observed in CW5436 but not found in its parents. It suggested that artificial selective stress was an important factor to promote the frequency of significant deviations of the expected allele, resulting in microsatellite sequences of the progeny changed . The affect of the genetic differentiation of SSR molecular marker loci that occurred in wheat crosses and gene transfer on the genetic evolu1tion of wheat was discussed.     

小麦不同品种上麦蚜及其天敌的数量变动

试验结果表明小麦品种 (系 )的抗性对麦蚜种群数量影响很大 ,百株蚜量随着小麦品种抗性增强而下降。而同一小麦品种对不同种蚜虫的抗性存在质的差异 ,铭贤 1 69品种 ,蚜高峰期百株蚜量麦长管蚜 63 0头 ,禾谷缢管蚜只有 1 1 5头 ,两者相差 5 5倍。另一方面 ,小麦品种抗性对麦田天敌的种群数量影响不大 ,而对天敌的发生期有些影响。因此 ,小麦品种抗性、天敌对麦蚜的自然控制能力 ,可把小麦中后期的蚜虫虫口密度控制在经济损失允许水平之下。