Effect of irrigation,plant density and fertilisers on yield and NPK uptake by groundnut

Summary Three levels of irrigation, three plant densities and three fertiliser schedules were tested in 3³ factorial confounded design with two replications in winter on sandy loam soils of Tirupati campus of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University. Pod yield did not vary due to the plant densities and the fertiliser schedules when the crop was sown in optimum time during 1980. When the sowings were delayed, as in 1979, 444000 plants per ha and 60 kg N ha⁻¹, 40 kg P ha⁻¹ and 100 kg K ha⁻¹ was optimum. Scheduling irrigation at 25 or 50% DASM (depletion of available soil moisture) was optimum for the groundnut crop. There was no difference in the uptake of NPK due to irrigations at 25 and 50% DASM in both the years. Low plant density was as effective as high plant density for efficient use of fertilisers. Uptake of NPK by the crop was relatively high at higher fertiliser levels. However, this higher uptake did not contribute to high pod yield, probably due to utilisation of absorbed nutrients for rank vegetative growth.     

Optimization of water and nitrogen application to menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) through sugarcane trash mulch in a sandy loam soil of semi-arid subtropical climate

Studies were carried out to optimize the use of water and nutrients by the crop with three moisture regimes [0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 irrigation water:cumulative pan evaporation (IW:CPE) ratios], two variables of organic mulch (control and sugarcane trash at 7 t/ha) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg/ha). Soil moisture regimes maintained at 1.2 IW:CPE ratio significantly increased the crop growth and herb and essential oil yields as compared with that of 0.9 IW:CPE ratio. The increase in herb yield due to 1.5 and 1.2 IW:CPE ratios was recorded to be 28.5% and 19%, respectively, over the irrigation given at 0.9 IW:CPE ratio, with the corresponding increase in essential oil yield to the extent of 23.5% and 15.5%. Interaction effect of moisture regimes and nitrogen rates indicated that increasing levels of irrigation at the highest level of N (200 kg/ha) improved essential oil yield of the crop. Application of N at 200 kg/ha in the mulched plots significantly enhanced the N uptake by the crop and essential oil yield over the control and 100 kg N/ha applied in the mulched/or unmulched plots and 200 kg N/ha applied in the unmulched plots. Application of organic mulch and nitrogen at 200 kg/ha improved the water use efficiency (WUE) in menthol mint crop. Higher moisture regimes maintained up to 1.2 IW:CPE ratio increased the WUE. The quality of essential oil in terms of its major constituent, menthol, improved slightly with 1.2 IW:CPE ratio as compared to 0.9 and 1.5 IW:CPE ratios at first and second harvests of the crop. It is recommended that menthol mint crop could be grown profitably by providing 16 irrigations, that is 80 cm water (based on 1.2 IW:CPE ratio) and nitrogen at 200 kg/ha in the sugarcane trash mulched plots, which could give a highest benefit:cost ratio from menthol mint cropping.     

水氮配合对绿洲沙地农田玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%～108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0～20 cm、140～160 cm和260～300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260～300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0～20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0～300 cm土层中200～300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%～51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0～300 cm土层中100～200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%～38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0～200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66～116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35～260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79～0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%～25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.     

氮肥施用量对设施番茄氮素利用及土壤NO3--N累积的影响

在宁夏引黄灌区滴灌条件下,以温棚番茄为研究对象,采用田间试验与室内分析的方法,研究不同施氮量对番茄产量、氮素利用率及土壤NO3--N残留的影响,并对土壤-番茄体系的氮平衡进行了表观评估。试验结果表明:2004年秋冬茬番茄,施用氮肥显著增加了当茬番茄果实、植株产量(增产幅度19.9%～29.6%)及地上部总吸氮量(204～232.6kg/hm2)。2005年冬春茬番茄,与空白处理产量相比(106kg/hm2)只有N200处理的果实增产达显著水平(120kg/hm2)。两季番茄的氮肥利用率都随氮肥施用量的增加而明显降低(3.3%～10.9%)。2004年秋冬茬番茄收获后,表层0～30cm的NO3--N大量累积(200～650kg/hm2),其累积量随施氮量增加呈增加的趋势,经过2005年冬春茬番茄种植后,上茬0～30cm土层NO3--N向下有淋失的趋势,淋失层次主要在90cm以上的土体(250～380kg/hm2)。综合考虑番茄果实产量、氮肥利用率及土壤NO3--N残留等因素,秋冬茬番茄推荐氮肥用量在100～200kg/hm2和适量的磷钾肥配施为当茬氮肥优化管理处理。而冬春茬番茄氮肥推荐在200～400kg/hm2范围可以满足当茬番茄对氮肥的需求。     

Nodulation,accumulation and redistribution of nitrogen in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as influenced by seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation

Summary A field experiment was conducted on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) with a view to find out the effect of seed inoculation and scheduling of irrigation on nodulation, accumulation and re-distribution of nitrogen in plant tops and soil. The eight treatment combinations consists of two seed inoculations,viz. uninoculated and inoculated with rhizobium culture, and four irrigation schedules,viz. irrigation water to the cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) ratio of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and a control (rainfed). Seed inoculation by, rhizobium culture increased the number, dry-weight and N content of nodules per plant. Inoculation of seeds also increased the N accumulation rate in plant top and it was 2.48 kg/ha/day during the flower-initiation to the pod-initiation stage (30–60 days interval). At harvest, 32.2, 47.8 and 26.2 kg N/ha was re-distributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall of inoculated plants to the grains, respectively. A total of 186.5 kg N/ha was harvested and 64.7 kg N/ha, was accumulated in soil under the inoculated condition.Scheduling of irrigation at 0.7 IW/CPE proved better, than other irrigation schedules and helped in increasing the nodulation, nitrogen accumulation and grain yield. As compared to control, 8.4, 17.8 and 18.4 kg more of N/ha was redistributed from the stems, leaves and pods-wall respectively when the irrigations were scheduled at 0.7 IW/CPE ratio. Under this irrigation schedule the total N harvest was 200.1 kg/ha while the total N increased by 55.9 kg over that present in soil at the time of sowing.     

沟灌水氮耦合对毛白杨林木生长及水氮吸收利用的影响

为探索沟灌水氮耦合对幼年生毛白杨林木生长及水氮吸收利用的影响,以4年生砂地三倍体毛白杨为对象,研究3个灌溉水平(W₂₀、W₃₃、W₄₅,即沟渠正下方40 cm土壤水势分别达到-20、-33和-45 kPa时灌溉),4个施N水平(N₁₂₀、N₁₉₀、N₂₆₀、N₀,即施肥量为120、190、260和0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和自然条件(对照,CK)下幼年生毛白杨林木生长和水氮吸收利用规律,并结合林木生长状况,分析4年生三倍体毛白杨的最佳沟灌水氮耦合策略。结果表明:W₂₀N₁₂₀(高水低肥;土壤水势-20 kPa,施N量120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)处理对三倍体毛白杨的林地生产力提升最为显著,其林地生产力最高可达33.37 m³·hm^-2·a^-1,仅有树高和总株生物量受到水氮耦合交互作用的显著影响。增加灌溉量或施N量都会提高林木吸氮量,但吸氮量主要受施N量影响;W₂₀N₂₆₀处理总株吸氮量最高,达112.17 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,较CK增加74.0%。各处理中,W₂₀N₁₂₀氮吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力最高,且显著高于其他处理,其总株、地上部、地下部氮吸收效率可达36.8%、28.5%、6.4%,总株氮肥偏生产力可达221.4 kg·kg^-1。不同水氮耦合处理灌水量对灌溉水的利用效率影响显著,其中,W₄₅N₂₆₀灌溉水利用效率最高,达13.66 g·kg^-1;而W₂₀N₁₂₀吸水量和水吸收效率最高,分别为13268.28 t·hm^-2和129.4%。为达到较大的收益,在三倍体毛白杨的幼年生长期间,应保持充足的水分灌溉(-20 kPa)和相对偏低的施氮量(120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)促进幼年生毛白杨的生长发育。     

膜下滴灌条件下滴水量和滴水频率对棉田土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响

通过两年的田间试验,研究了滴水量和滴水频率对膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分分布及棉花水分利用效率的影响.结果表明： 从整个生育期来看,当滴水量(375 mm)相同时,高频滴灌(每3天1次)处理0～20 cm土层含水率较高而深层土壤湿润不够;低频滴灌(每10天1次)处理有利于水分的下渗和侧渗,深层土壤含水率较高,但水分补给不及时,表层土壤偏低;总体上中频滴灌(每7天1次)处理有利于水分在土壤剖面中的均匀分配.当滴水频率相同时,滴水量越大,土壤含水率越高,40 cm以下土层含水率也越高.不同处理的棉田耗水规律基本一致,苗期较低,平均不高于1.7 mm·d^-1,蕾期开始上升至花铃期达到最高,日均耗水量可达8.7 mm·d^-1,吐絮期回落到1.0 mm·d^-1左右.总耗水量与降水和滴水量密切相关,而与滴水频率无关;滴水频率对棉花水分利用效率无显著影响,但水分利用效率随滴水量的增大而显著降低.少量滴灌(300 mm)虽然可以获得较高的水分利用效率,但减产严重,过量滴灌(450 mm)无显著增产效应,水分浪费严重.在当地棉田自然条件下,采用中量(375 mm)+中低频(每7天或10天1次)的滴灌模式为宜.     

不同水肥耦合下双季稻氮磷吸收、利用与流失差异

为优化双季稻水肥管理措施,在福建省东部双季稻区设置田间径流小区试验,研究了T₀(对照,未施肥+常规灌溉)、T₁[习惯施肥(273 kg N·hm^-2, 59 kg P·hm^-2, 112 kg K·hm^-2)+常规灌溉]、T₂[优化施肥(240 kg N·hm^-2, 52 kg P·hm^-2, 198 kg K·hm^-2)+常规灌溉]和T₃(优化施肥+节水灌溉)4种水肥耦合处理下双季稻产量、养分吸收利用及田面水氮、磷流失变化。结果表明: 与T₀相比,T₁、T₂和T₃处理早稻稻谷产量显著提高了0.7、1.0和1.1倍,晚稻稻谷产量显著提高了0.9、1.1和1.0倍;T₁、T₂和T₃处理早、晚稻植株地上部分,尤其稻谷氮、磷吸收量增加显著,早稻稻谷氮吸收量分别增加1.1、1.2和1.2倍,磷吸收量增加0.9、1.4和1.6倍,晚稻稻谷氮吸收量增加0.8、1.0和1.0倍,磷吸收量增加0.7、0.9和0.9倍。T₃比T₁处理早稻氮、磷肥农学利用率分别显著增加71.1%和69.2%,晚稻分别显著增加26.4%和25.0%,但田面水可溶性总氮流失量减少了16.0%,并以硝态氮流失为主;T₂与T₃处理早晚稻氮、磷肥农学利用率差异均不显著。本试验中的优化水肥管理措施(T₃)既能促进水稻氮、磷吸收利用,提高双季稻产量,又能降低早稻田面水氮素尤其是硝态氮的流失。本研究可为福建省东部双季稻区水肥利用管理和氮、磷面源污染防治提供理论支持。     

Experiments with CCC on wheat: effects of spacing, nitrogen and irrigation

In experiments with spring and winter wheat at Rothamsted and Woburn during 4 years CCC increased yield at close spacing (4 in) (10 cm) more than at usual spacing (8 in) (20 cm), but there was no interaction between spacing and yield. Some experiments tested up to 2·4 cwt/acre (300 kg/ha) N to see whether yields continued to increase with more than usual amounts of N, when CCC prevented lodging. There was no evidence of this. When a short dry spell occurred at ear emergence, yield of spring wheat was increased by 6 cwt/acre (750 kg/ha) by CCC and 10 cwt (1250 kg) by irrigation. CCC probably improves yield in these conditions because the larger root system it causes enables more ear-bearing shoots to survive. CCC increases yield in two ways, either by increasing ears or grain per ear. In an unlodged crop CCC usually makes the grains smaller, but by preventing lodging it can also increase size. Usually CCC decreases the leaf area per shoot. The flag leaf may be smaller, unchanged or larger than those of untreated plants. There was no obvious connexion between flag-leaf area and grain yield; when CCC decreased flag-leaf area duration by 25 %, grain yield was unchanged. The results suggest that using CCC gives a more than even chance of a profitable yield increase.     

Response of irrigated wheat to residual and fertilizer nitrogen

Summary A cotton and a wheat experiment were conducted in sequence to evaluate the effect of residual and fertilizer N on wheat with a water table fluctuating between 65 and 125 cm. Cotton treatments, replicated four times, consisted of 3 irrigation treatments as main plots and 6 N levels as subplots (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 kg N/ha). After cotton the plots were planted to wheat and each subplot was divided into two equal sub-subplots. One received N at a rate similar to that previously applied to cotton and the other sub-subplot was left without N application for evaluating the residual effect. Determination of N forms in the soil before wheat indicated that NO₃-N content of the top 25 cm increased from 4.4 to 16.3 ppm as N applied to cotton increased from 0 to 125 kg/ha. On the other hand, mineralizable-N was greater in the control than in the fertilized treatments, suggesting a priming effect on the mineralization of soil N. The residual effect on wheat was related to mineralizable-N rather than to NO₃-N as grain yield was higher for the control than for the residual fertilizer N treatments. The yield was also higher for the more frequent than for the less frequent irrigation treatments, which may be attributed to increase in mineralization with soil water content. Wheat response to N application was significant. But high N levels accompanied by frequent irrigation enhanced lodging with subsequent reduction in yield. Measuring N uptake by grain and straw indicated 37% recovery of fertilizer N. It was concluded that under the prevailing conditions of high water table wheat response was largely dependent on the applied fertilizer due to insignificant residual N availability.     

基于恒水位蒸发皿蒸发量的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉指标

为探索新疆膜下滴灌棉花简易方便的高效灌溉指标,于2008-2009年在乌鲁木齐开展了2个生长季的人工控水试验.在棉花蕾期和花铃期均设2个灌水周期和2个灌水水平,分析了不同水分处理对棉花产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 各处理的棉花耗水过程与蒸发皿蒸发量具有较高的相关性,高产棉田\[2008年处理T₄(蕾期和花铃期灌水周期分别为10和7 d,相应灌水定额分别为30.0和37.5 mm)和2009年处理T₁(蕾期和花铃期灌水周期均为7 d,相应灌水定额分别为22.5和37.5 mm)\]苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的蒸发皿-作物系数(K_p)分别为0.29～0.30、0.52～0.53、0.74～0.88和0.19～0.20;2008年处理T₄的产量(5060 kg·hm^-2)和水分利用效率(1.00 kg·m^-3)最高,2009年处理T₁的产量(4467 kg·hm^-2)和水分利用效率(0.99 kg·m^-3)最高;蕾期蒸发皿7和10 d的平均累积蒸发量分别为40～50和60～70 mm,花铃期蒸发皿7 d的累积蒸发量为40～50 mm.在新疆棉区灌45 mm出苗水、苗期和吐絮期不灌水,蕾期和花铃期当蒸发皿蒸发量达到45～65和45 mm时开始灌溉,灌水定额通过阶段累积蒸发量与蒸发皿-作物系数K_p(蕾期、初花期、盛花期和末花期分别取0.5、0.75、0.85和0.75)相乘确定时,在获得高产的同时可节约灌溉水资源,提高水分利用效率,可以作为当地膜下滴灌棉田简易方便的高效灌溉指标.     

Management of peanut budnecrosis disease in groundnut through intercropping with cereal and pulse crops

Intercropping groundnut with sorghum at a 3:1 ration has given lower AUDPC (1018) with a mean pod yield of 1868 kg/ha, and was found significant in reducing the PBND (34.2%) compared to sole groundnut (AUDPC of 1545 mean pod yield of 1407 kg/ha, 52% PBND). In groundnut intercropped with pulses, groundnut + redgram (5:1) was found to be effective in reducing PBND to an extent of 10% and recorded higher equivalent pod yield of 2236 kg/ha with 1014 AUDPC compared to sole groundnut (AUDPC 1078, 63.44% PBND; mean pod yield of 1663 kg/ha). The higher incidence of PBND was recorded in the treatments involving greengram, blackgram and soybean and it was also reflected in realising higher values of AUDPC.     

膜下滴灌条件下滴水量和滴水频率对棉田土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响

通过两年的田间试验,研究了滴水量和滴水频率对膜下滴灌棉田土壤水分分布及棉花水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:从整个生育期来看,当滴水量(375 mm)相同时,高频滴灌(每3天1次)处理0～20 cm土层含水率较高而深层土壤湿润不够;低频滴灌(每10天1次)处理有利于水分的下渗和侧渗,深层土壤含水率较高,但水分补给不及时,表层土壤偏低;总体上中频滴灌(每7天1次)处理有利于水分在土壤剖面中的均匀分配.当滴水频率相同时,滴水量越大,土壤含水率越高,40 cm以下土层含水率也越高.不同处理的棉田耗水规律基本一致,苗期较低,平均不高于1.7 mm·d-1,蕾期开始上升至花铃期达到最高,日均耗水量可达8.7 mm·d-1,吐絮期回落到1.0 mm·d-1左右.总耗水量与降水和滴水量密切相关,而与滴水频率无关;滴水频率对棉花水分利用效率无显著影响,但水分利用效率随滴水量的增大而显著降低.少量滴灌(300 mm)虽然可以获得较高的水分利用效率,但减产严重,过量滴灌(450mm)无显著增产效应,水分浪费严重.在当地棉田自然条件下,采用中量(375 mm)+中低频(每7天或10天1次)的滴灌模式为宜.     

Soil nitrogen dynamics in a holm oak forest

Soil nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in a dense, holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ilex) stand in the Montseny mountains to determine annual and seasonal patterns of N availability and uptake in an undisturbed Mediterranean forest on acidic soil. Soil mineral N content, net N mineralization (NNM), and net nitrification (NN) were determined by monthly sampling at two soil depths followed by in situ incubation in polyethylene bags. NNM per unit of soil mass was much higher at 0–5 cm than at 5–20 cm (annual means 24 and 2.5 mg N/kg, respectively) but on an area basis NNM was similar at both depths. A total of 80 kg N/ha/yr were mineralized from the first 20 cm of soil. NN amounted to only 9% of the annual NNM (7.5 kg N/ha/yr) and it occurred only in the upper 5 cm. NNM was maximum in June and July, while the NN peaked in May. Despite favourable soil temperature and moisture, NNM was negative in autumn because of microbial immobilization. Seasonal and depth variations of NNM appeared to be controlled more by substrate quality than by organic matter quantity, temperature or moisture. NN was not limited by ammonium availability. Calculated N uptake amounted to 91 kg/ha yr, peaking in June and July. The investigated stand showed a moderately high N availability, but ammonium was the major form of mineral N supply for holm oak.     

不同施氮量下灌水量对小麦耗水特性和氮素分配的影响

研究了不同施氮量条件下灌水量对高产小麦耗水特性和氮素分配利用的影响。设置4个施氮水平:0kg·hm-2(N0)、120kg·hm-2(N1)、210kg·hm-2(N2)和300kg·hm-2(N3),在每个施氮水平下设置4个灌水量处理:不浇水(W0)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W2)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3),每次灌水量60mm。结果表明:(1)在N0水平下W0处理日耗水量以拔节至开花期最高,在N1水平下,拔节至开花期日耗水量与开花至成熟期的无显著差异。同一施氮水平下,小麦开花后总耗水量、耗水模系数和日耗水量随灌水量的增加而提高,但产量随灌水量的增加先升高后降低。(2)同一施氮水平下,成熟期W1处理20—140cm各土层土壤含水量低于W2和W3处理,140—200cm土层土壤含水量与W2处理无显著差异;W1处理0—40cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及植株氮素在籽粒中的分配比例高于W2和W3处理,100—140cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及植株氮素在营养器官中的分配量和分配比例低于W2和W3处理。表明灌溉底墒水和拔节水的W1处理,促进了小麦对20—140cm土层土壤水的吸收利用,减少了土壤硝态氮向100cm以下土层的淋溶,而且有利于营养器官中氮素向籽粒的再分配,水分和氮素利用效率较高。(3)在试验条件下,施纯氮210kg·hm-2、灌溉底墒水和拔节水的N2W1处理,籽粒产量最高,水分利用效率和氮素利用效率较高,可供生产中参考。     

Dry season groundnut stover management practices determine nitrogen cycling efficiency and subsequent maize yields

It is generally thought that grain legume residues make a substantial net N contribution to soil fertility in crop rotation systems. However, most studies focus on effects of residues on crops immediately sown after the legume crop while in fact in many tropical countries with a prolonged dry season there is a large gap before planting the next crop with potential for nutrient losses. Thus the objectives of this study were* to improve the efficiency of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) stover-N (100 kg N ha ^–1) recycling by evaluating the effect of dry season stover management, i.e. surface application and immediate incorporation after the legume crop or storage of residues until next cropping in the rainy season. N dynamics (litterbags, mineral N, microbial biomass N, N ₂O emissions) were monitored and ¹⁵N labelled residues were applied to assess the fate of residue N in the plant–soil (0–100 cm) system during two subsequent maize crops. Recycling groundnut stover improved yield of the subsequent maize (Zea mays L.) crop compared to treatment without stover. A higher N recycling efficiency was observed when residues were incorporated (i.e. 55% total ¹⁵N recovery after second maize crop) than when surface applied (43% recovery) at the beginning of the dry season. This was despite the faster nitrogen release of incorporated residues, which led to more mineral N movement to lower soil layers. It appears that a proportion of groundnut stover N released during the dry season was effectively captured by the natural weed population (54–70 kg N ha ^–1) and subsequently recycled particularly in the incorporation treatment. Despite the presence of weeds major leaching losses occurred during the onset of the rainy season while N ₂O emissions were relatively small. There was a good correlation between soil microbial biomass N and first crop maize yield. Incorporation of groundnut residues led to small increases in economic yield, i.e., 3120 versus 3528 kg ha ^–1 over two cropping cycles in the surface versus incorporation treatments respectively, with corresponding residue ¹⁵N uptakes of 4 and 8%, while ¹⁵N recovery in water stable aggregates (9–15%) was not significantly different. In contrast, when stover was removed and applied before the first crop, yield benefits were highest with cumulative maize yields of 4350 kg ha ^–1 and residue utilization of 12%. However, N recycling efficiency was not higher than in the early incorporation treatment due to an asynchrony of N release and maize N demand during the first crop.     

Reversal of adverse effects of heavy ammonium sulphate application on growth and nutrient status of a kikuyu pasture

Summary Adverse effects resulting from fertilization with high rates of ammonium sulphate were determined on a kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) pasture grown on a krasnozem in a sub-tropical environment. Corrective fertilizer practices using lime and phosphorus were evaluated.Ammonium sulphate application (336 kg N/ha/annum for 4 years followed by 672 kg N/ha/annum for 2 years) decreased soil pH from 5.0 to 4.0. Under these conditions, soluble Al in the soil increased, while exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K decreased. Concentrations of Ca, Mo, and P in the kikuyu tops were lowered, while concentrations of Mn were raised. Liming to pH 5.5 promoted growth more at 672 kg N/ha/annum than at 134 kg N/ha/annum, while generally little further yield response occurred as soil pH was raised to about 6.0. Liming increased the concentrations of P, Ca, N, and Mo but decreased Mn in kikuyu tops.Phosphorus application decreased soluble aluminium in the soil in all nitrogen treatments, but only increased kikuyu yield where 672 kg N/ha/annum was applied. It did not alter plant chemical composition, except for an increase in P concentration.Yield increases to liming and P were attributed to the alleviation of Al toxicity in the high N treatments. Lime responses in low N treatments were due to improved N nutrition resulting from mineralization of organic N.Lime application reduced the amount of N fertilizer required for maximum growth of kikuyu from 672 kg N/ha/annum on the unlimed soil to 134 kg N/ha/annum, while maintaining an adequate level of nutrients in the herbage and avoiding the problems of excess soil acidity. re]19760622     

灌溉施肥水平对盐渍化农田水盐分布及玉米产量的影响

水资源缺乏和过量施肥影响着干旱半干旱盐渍化地区农业的发展.研究不同灌溉和施肥量对土壤水盐分布和青贮玉米产量的影响,可为该区确定适宜的灌溉和施肥量提供依据.试验于2015和2016年在大同盆地的盐渍化农田进行,设3种灌溉水平:土壤水分上限分别为田间持水率(θ_f)的100%(W₁)、90%(W₂)和80%(W₃),根据各处理灌溉前的土壤平均实际含水率计算灌水量;2015年设4种施肥水平:900(F₁)、750(F₂)、600(F₃)和450 kg·hm^-2(F₄),2016年设F₁、F₂和F₃共3种.试验用化肥为缓释复合肥,总养分含量48%,其中N:P₂O₅:K₂O的比例为30:12:6.结果表明: 土壤表层电导率随施肥量的增加而增大,施肥水平对平均电导率(EC)和含水率的影响在0～10 cm土层显著,与F₁相比,F₂的0～10 cm土层平均EC在2015年和2016年分别降低25.6%～42.7%和6.4%～7.7%.20～80 cm土层的水分含量随施肥量的增加而降低,与F₁相比,2015年F₂、F₃和F₄处理20～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率分别增加5.9%、16.7%和16.7%,2016年F₂和F₃分别增加13.3%和16.7%.产量在两年中均表现为F₁和F₂高于F₃和F₄,W₃低于W₁和W₂; F₁和F₂的产量差异不明显;与W₁相比,W₂的产量减少低于15 %.因此,施复合肥600～750 kg·hm^-2(氮肥含量180～270 kg·hm^-2),且灌溉水平为W₁和W₂时,可以保证该地区盐渍化土壤种植玉米获得较高的产量,并且不会造成根系层的盐分积累.     

Growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as influenced by weed management practices and Rhizobium inoculation

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) productivity in India is low, because of many problems beset in its cultivation. One of the serious problems are weeds. Groundnut yield losses due to weeds have been estimated as high as 24 to 70 percent. This has created a scope for using herbicides in groundnut crop. A field investigation was carried out during kharif (rainy) season of 2001-2002 on a sandy loam soil at College Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand, India to study the effect of weed management practices and Rhizobium inoculation on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Ten weed control treatments, comprising four treatments of sole application of fluchloralin, pendimethalin, butachlor and metolachlor, respectively each applied at 1.0 kg ha(-1); four treatments comprising of an application of the same herbicides at the same levels coupled with one hand weeding at 30 DAS; one weed-free treatment (hand weedings at 15, 30, 45 DAS); and one unweeded control. All 10 treatmets were combined with and without Rhizobium inoculation (i.e. a total of 20 treatment combinations) under a factorial randomized complete block design (FRBD) with four replications. Minimum weed dry matter accumulation (70 kg/ha) with higher weed control efficiency (90.70%) was recorded under an integrated method i.e. pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha(-1) + hand weeding at 30 DAS, which also resulted in maximum pod yield (1773.50 kg ha(-1)). This treatment was comparable to fluchloralin applied at 1.0 kg ha(-1) combined with hand- weeding at 30 DAS. Weedy conditions in the unweeded control treatment reduced pod yield by 29.90-35.95% as compared to integrated method. Significantly higher pod yield was obtained with Rhizobium inoculation than the mean value of all treatments without inoculation. For most agronomical parameters examined, Rhizobium inoculation and weed control treatments were independent in their effect.     

灌溉方法与施氮对土壤水分、硝态氮和小麦生长发育的调控效应

为探明玉米秸秆还田下小麦的合理灌溉与施肥方法,于田间研究了漫灌(FI)、微喷灌(SI)、滴灌(DI)和灌水施氮模式(N₁, 基施纯N 157.5 kg·hm^-2+拔节期施纯N 67.5 kg·hm^-2; N₂, 基施纯N 157.5 kg·hm^-2+拔节期施纯N 45.0 kg·hm^-2+灌浆期施N 22.5 kg·hm^-2)对土壤水分、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量和小麦生长发育的影响.结果表明: 灌溉方法和灌水施氮模式共同影响土壤含水量和贮水量的变化.其中,灌溉方法对越冬期和返青期0～60 cm、孕穗期和灌浆期0～160 cm、成熟期100～160 cm土层含水量影响相对较小,对越冬期和返青期80～160 cm、成熟期0～80 cm土层含水量影响大;FI对含水量和贮水量影响最大,DI次之,SI最小;SI和DI的灌水施氮模式中灌水量多,则土层含水量高、贮水量多,变化大.NO₃^--N含量受灌溉方法和施氮的影响,施氮对0～20 cm土层影响大,SI生育期NO₃^--N含量变化大,DI越冬期至孕穗期NO₃^--N含量变化小,此后变化大,FI与DI相反;生育前中期灌水量对NO₃^--N含量影响大,后期施氮对NO₃^--N含量影响大;SI和DI的2种灌水施氮模式中冬前灌水量多的NO₃^--N含量变化大.灌溉方法中SI越冬期总茎数和单株分蘖高,成穗率高,成穗数多,产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮素利用效率最高,滴灌次之,漫灌最低;SI和DI中N₁生育期总茎数、成穗数多,但穗粒数和千粒重低,产量、WUE和氮素利用效率低于N₂.因此,玉米秸秆还田后播种小麦,微喷灌代替漫灌生育期灌4水,施足基肥,拔节期和灌浆期分次追氮,是山西南部小麦-玉米一年两熟区小麦节水高产高效栽培模式.