Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space

A simple model to elucidate the effect of disturbance on a large number of competitors that compete for space and exhibit a competitive hierarchy is developed. Conditions are derived that determine presence of species, and diversity is calculated as a function of percentage cover. The model is compared to data from coral reefs collected by J. W. Porter (1974, Science 186, 543–545). Using parameter values in the model that allow a fit to Porter's data, the response of an individual species to changes in disturbance becomes quite complex, depending on the position (odd or even) of the species in the competitive hierarchy. For these same parameter values, the system is interactive: the existence of a particular species may effect the presence of another. Different parameter values would lead to a noninteractive system.     

Antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics: systematic review, formulations, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy and implications for control

Drug development for paediatric applications entails a number of challenges, such as the wide age spectrum covered - from birth to adolescence - and developmental changes in physiology during biological maturation that influence the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Safe and efficacious antiparasitic drugs for children are of pivotal importance given the large proportion of burden attributable to parasitic diseases in this age group, and growing efforts to administer, as widely as possible, antiparasitic drugs to at-risk populations, such as infants and school-aged children, often without prior diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to investigate whether antiparasitic drugs have been adequately studied for use in paediatrics. We approached this issue through a systematic review using PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Trials covering a period of 10 years and 8 months until the end of August 2010 to identify trials that investigated efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics. Overall, 269 clinical drug trials and 17 PK studies met our inclusion criteria. Antimalarial drugs were the most commonly studied medicines (82·6%). Most trials were carried out in Africa and children aged 2-11 years were the age group most often investigated. Additionally, we critically examined available drug formulations for anthelminthics and identified a number of shortcomings that are discussed. Finally, we shed new light on current proposals to expand 'preventive chemotherapy' to preschool-aged children and emphasise that new research, including risk-benefit analyses, are needed before such a strategy can be adopted more widely.     

The mdr1 gene, responsible for multidrug-resistance, codes for P-glycoprotein

The development of simultaneous resistance to multiple drugs in cultured cells occurs after selection for resistance to single agents. This multidrug-resistance phenotype is thought to mimic multidrug-resistance in human tumors treated with chemotherapy. Both the expression of a membrane protein, termed P170 or P-glycoprotein, and the expression of a cloned DNA fragment, termed mdr1, have been shown independently to be associated with multidrug-resistance in cultured cells. In this work, we show that human KB carcinoma cells which express the mdr1 gene also express P-glycoprotein, and that cDNAs encoding P-glycoprotein cross-hybridize with mdr1 cDNAs. Thus, the mdr1 gene codes for P-glycoprotein.     

Chronotype,gender, and time for sex

The study aimed at testing chronotype and gender differences in the time of day when humans feel the greatest need for sex and the time of day they actually undertake sexual activity. A Polish sample of 565 participants aged between 18 and 57 was tested. In females, regardless of chronotype, the greatest need for sex occurred between 18:00 and 24:00, but a secondary peak appeared only in morning types at 6:00–9:00. In males, the greatest need for sex occurred either in the morning or evening hours: in evening types at 9:00–12:00 and 18:00–3:00; in neither types at 6:00–9:00 and 18:00–24:00; in morning types at 6:00–12:00 and 18:00–24:00. Considering time of day when subjects were undertaking sexual activity most frequently, this appeared between 18:00 and 24:00 for all the participants, and prolonged until 3:00 at night in evening type males. Morningness preference was more strongly related to the timing of need for sex than to the timing of actual sexual activity (r?=??0.275 vs. r?=??0.174), while the timing of desire and the timing of sexual activity were positively, but moderately related (r?=?0.320).     

Nutritional, morphological, and behavioural considerations for rearing birds for release

Summary Raising captive species of birds on commercial, concentrated feeds prior to release in wild environments may preclude the success of such reintroductions. Interactions must occur between the components of a diet, foraging behaviours and the morphological development of the alimentary tract of young birds. It is vital to precondition the digestive system to the types of wild foods each bird will encounter in its wild habitat in order for reintroduction programmes to succeed. Commercial type rations, while producing rapid and efficient body growth, may not condition the digestive system to the bulky, more fibrous, and less digestible foods birds will encounter after release. They certainly do not encourage optimal foraging behaviours and reinforce specific appetitive behaviours. Herbivorous species which consume appreciable amounts of secondary compounds with their food should be given these compounds so that the enzyme system involved with metabolizing them can be activated before release to the wild.

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Zusammenfassung Die Fütterung von Vögeln mit handelsüblichem Futter vor ihrer Freilassung in die Natur ist nicht zu befürworten. Handelsübliche Futtermischungen wurden entwickelt, um maximales Wachstum mit besonderer Betonung des Muskelwachstums zu erzielen. Sie sind im allgemeinen sehr gut verdaulich und enthalten hohe Nährstoffkonzentrationen; daher entwickelt sich der Darm nur unzureichend. Vögel, die nur handelsübliche Futtermischungen erhalten, werden außerdem kaum in der Lage sein, natürliche Nahrungsquellen zu erkennen. Die Nahrung freilebender Pflanzenfresser ist für gewöhnlich weniger gut verdaulich und hat einen geringen Nährstoffgehalt. So ist in den meisten Fällen ein vielseitiges Nahrungsangebot für das Überleben entscheidend. Um die Ernährung zu sichern, müssen viel mehr Ballaststoffe aufgenommen werden als in kommerziellen Futtermischungen enthalten sind. Die Anatomie des Verdauungstraktes ist an die natürliche Nahrungswahl angepaßt und verändert sich als plastisches System mit der Eigenschaft der aufgenommenen Nahrung. Bei der Aufzucht zur Freilassung ist die Beachtung der Wechselwirkung zwischen Eigenschaften der Nahrung, der Entwicklung des Verdauungssystems und den Komponenten des Verhaltens beim Nahrungserswerb von größter Wichtigkeit. Jungvögel müssen daher auch mit Futterrationen geringen Nährstoffgehaltes gefüttert werden, um in Freiheit reelle Überlebenschancen zu haben. Vögel, die mit Wildfutter aufgezogen werden, lernen dadurch auch, Nahrungsquellen nach ihrem Nährwert zu unterscheiden. Dieser Aspekt im Verhalten ist für das Überleben in Freiheit ebenso wichtig wie ein ausreichend entwickelter Darm. Freilebende Pflanzenfresser sind einem großen Spektrum von Mykotoxinen ausgesetzt, die vom Körper metabolisiert werden müssen. Enzymketten müssen dafür aktiviert werden. Die Fütterung von Naturfutter vor der Freilassung schafft daher auch die nötigen Bedingungen für den Stoffwechsel, mit diesen zusätzlichen Belastungen fertig zu werden. Man sollte also magere, die effizient ihre Nahrung suchen können, nicht groß oder fette Individuen aufziehen. Handelsübliche Futtermischungen einzusetzen, ist zwar ökonomisch wesentlich günstiger; will man jedoch freilebende Populationen aufbauen, dürfen Kosten und Arbeitsaufwand nicht die allein entscheidenden Faktoren sein. Die Entscheidung, ob entsprechende Maßnahmen ökonomisch und ökologisch sinnvoll waren, wird allein von der Lebenserwartung der ausgesetzten Vögel in Freiheit bestimmt, nicht durch die Zahl von freigelassenen Individuen mit scheinbar guter Kondition.

     

Synthetic DNA probes for detection of genes for enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E and for TSST-1 in staphylococcal strains

B. JAULHAC, M. BES, N. BORNSTEIN, Y. PIÉMONTY. BRUN AND J. FLEURETTE. 1992. A dot blot hybridization technique with oligonucleotide probes was developed for the specific detection of the TSST-1 gene and the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes A, B, C, D and E. For each toxin gene a probe sequence was chosen from the previously determined sequence. A total of 145 staphylococcal strains (133 Staphylococcus aureus and 12 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)) were studied by this genotypic method and by two phenotypic assays (gel immunodiffusion and ELISA). An excellent correlation (96%) was observed between the genotypic and phenotypic assays. DNA from two CNS strains hybridized with a probe without detection of the corresponding toxin (SEB for one strain and SEC for the other strain). One Staph. aureus strain was shown to be an SEC producer, but was not detected by the corresponding probe. Gene probe and immunological assays seem to be complementary methods for studies of staphylococcal strains producing (or potentially producing) TSST-1 or enterotoxins.     

Husbandry, handling, and nutrition for marmosets

Marmosets, especially Callithrix jacchus, have become an established part of the laboratory animal community. Information on marmoset life history, behavior, and diet acquired from experience with natural and captive habitats has increased, but the early information from workers with colonies, principally those of tamarins, has led to some common perceptions about how to house, handle, and especially, feed callitrichids that may not apply to marmoset requirements. The availability of commercially produced, almost-complete base diet components and a wider variety of cage construction materials, combined with the recent emphasis on the integration of engineering and performance standards for housing, have made captive life and the implementation of research requirements better for the animals and the people that work with them. We will review some of the routine aspects of husbandry, handling, and nutrition for marmoset monkeys maintained in a research setting.     

Automation, parallelism, and robotics for proteomics

The speed of the human genome project (Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C. et al., Nature 2001, 409, 860-921) was made possible, in part, by developments in automation of sequencing technologies. Before these technologies, sequencing was a laborious, expensive, and personnel-intensive task. Similarly, automation and robotics are changing the field of proteomics today. Proteomics is defined as the effort to understand and characterize proteins in the categories of structure, function and interaction (Englbrecht, C. C., Facius, A., Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 2005, 8, 705-715). As such, this field nicely lends itself to automation technologies since these methods often require large economies of scale in order to achieve cost and time-saving benefits. This article describes some of the technologies and methods being applied in proteomics in order to facilitate automation within the field as well as in linking proteomics-based information with other related research areas.     

A strategy for developing representative germplasm sets for systematic QTL validation,demonstrated for apple,peach, and sweet cherry

Horticultural crop improvement would benefit from a standardized, systematic, and statistically robust procedure for validating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in germplasm relevant to breeding programs. Here, we describe and demonstrate a strategy for developing reference germplasm sets of perennial, clonally propagated crops, especially those with long juvenile periods. Germplasm is chosen to efficiently represent important members of larger pedigree-connected genepools. To facilitate validation of multiple QTLs, genome-wide representation of alleles is optimized for designated important breeding parents (IBPs) by estimating average allelic representation in relatives. The strategy and arising principles were demonstrated in a simulated germplasm set. Strong statistical power can be achieved with a carefully chosen germplasm set composed of IBPs, their numerous unselected progenies and close relatives, and all available founders and intermediate ancestors. Crop Reference Sets were developed in the marker-assisted breeding (MAB)-enabling “RosBREED” project as a base resource for QTL validation in US breeding germplasm of apple (Malus × domestica), peach (Prunus persica), and sweet cherry (Prunus avium) consisting of 467, 452, and 268 individuals, respectively. These sets adequately represent the most designated IBPs, have distinct advantages for QTL validation over other germplasm arrangements of equal size, and are recommended as a base resource for QTL validation by breeders of these US crops. The strategy described here can be used to develop efficient reference germplasm sets suiting other breeding genepools or to calculate the statistical power for QTL validation of germplasm sets already established.