正常麻醉犬动脉血和脑脊液酸碱及电解质值

２０条正常麻醉犬经股动脉插管和枕骨下经皮穿刺在严格隔绝空气情况下，分别取得动脉血和脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）样本，用ＩＬ－１３０３型血气分析仪和Ｂｅｃｋｍａｎ－７００型生化分析仪检测酸碱变量及电解质。通过酶反应分光光度法检测乳酸（Ｌａｃｔ）。应用（Ｎａ＋＋Ｋ＋）－（Ｃｌ－＋Ｌａｃｔ＋ＨＣＯ３－）公式计算阴离子隙（ＡＧ）。经统计学处理结果表明ＣＳＦＰＨ、Ｋ＋、ＡＧ＜动脉血（ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＳＦＰＣＯ２、ＨＣＯ３－、Ｃｌ－、Ｌａｃｔ＞动脉血（ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＳＦＮａ＋同动脉血比较无明显差异（ｐ＞０．０５）。     

新疆呼图壁种牛场地区13种优势植物水溶性盐分的含量特点及数量分析

通过对新疆呼图壁种牛场地区１３种耐盐植物水溶性盐分含量的分析,结果阐述了盐分分布和积累的特点：１）大部分植物在盐分含量水平上是：Ｎａ＾＋〉Ｋ＾＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｃｌ＾－〉ＳＯ４＾２－〉ＨＣＯ３＾－〉ＣＯ３＾２－,Ｎａ＾＋超过２００００μｇ／ｇ,Ｃａ＾２＋不足８００μｇ／ｇ;Ｃｌ＾－达４．１６％,ＣＯ３＾２－仅为０．１１％。全盐量平均为２５．８１％;２）ＣＯ３＾２－、ＨＣＯ３＾－和Ｃａ＾２     

渗透胁迫下稻苗中铁催化的膜脂过氧化作

在－０．７ＭＰａ渗透胁迫下,水和思苗体内Ｏ２↑－．和Ｈ２Ｏ２大量产生,Ｆｅ＾２＋含量与膜脂过氧化产物ＭＤＡ含量呈极显著的正相关。外源Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｈ２Ｏ２、Ｆｅ＾２＋＋Ｈ２Ｏ２、ＤＤＴＣ均能刺激膜脂过氧化作用,而铁离子的螯合剂ＤＴＰＡ则有缓解作用。ＯＨ的清除剂苯甲酸钠和甘露醇能明显地抑制渗透胁迫下Ｆｅ＾２＋催化的膜脂过氧化作用。这都表明渗透胁迫下水稻幼苗体内铁诱导的膜脂过氧化作用主要是由     

Mg~（2＋）促进线粒体H~＋－ATP酶的重建机理──H~＋－ATP酶复合体亚基水平的研究

用专一性标记蛋白质巯基的荧光探剂ａｃｒｙｌｏｄａｎ测定含Ｍｇ＾２＋的Ｆ０－ＡＴＰ酶或Ｆ０－ＯＳＣＰ－Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶的脂酶体的构象与无Ｍｇ＾２＋者明显不同,前者的蛋白质的－ＳＨ基团处于疏水性更强的微环境中;在有Ｍｇ＾２＋和ＯＳＣＰ同时存在下重建的Ｆ０－Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶脂酶体较无ＯＳＣＰ者表现更高的水解活力或膜电位,表明ＯＳＣＰ增强Ｍｇ＾２＋的促进作用,这进一步提示Ｍｇ＾２＋通过改变膜脂的物理状态促进线     

Na2SO3和NaHCO3对叶绿体CF1—ATPase活力作用的机制

Ｎａ２ＳＯ３对热－ＤＴＴ活化的游离ＣＦ１及类囊体膜上ＣＦ１－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力均有显著的促进作用,ＮａＨＣＯ３亦有明显的促进作用,Ｎａ２ＳＯ３和ＮａＨＣＯ３的促进作用与它们解除Ｍｇ＾２＋的抑制作用有关,从ＮａＨＣＯ３和Ｎａ２ＳＯ３及它们与Ｍｇ＾２＋之间的竞争性关系。表明三者是结合在酶的同一部位上。Ｎａ２ＳＯ３可明显降低热－ＤＴＴ活化的游离ＣＦ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ催化反应的活化能,这可能与促进产物ＡＤＰ的翻     

氧化修饰使HDL促动脉平滑肌细胞胆固醇流出减少

为了研究氧化修饰对高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）转运细胞胆固醇地＾３Ｈ－胆固醇负荷的培养人动脉平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）分别与天然ＨＤＬ及Ｃｕ＾２＋ａｋｇ ＨＯＣｌ氧化修饰的ＨＤＬ在３７℃温育不同时间后,分别测定细胞＾３Ｈ－胆固醇清除率。结果发现,温育２４ｈ后,经Ｃｕ＾２＋或ＨＯＬｌ氧修饰后的ＨＤＬ其细胞胆因醇清除率分别较天然ＨＤＬ下降了３０．０％和４３．１％（ｐ〈０．０１）。结果还发现,Ｃｕ＾２＋或ＨＯＣｌ氧     

人参培养细胞中活性六糖的分离及结构鉴定

将用酸水解人参细胞方法得到的寡糖素,是一组聚合度由３－１２单糖组成的水溶性混合物,经活性碳柱,ｏｗｅｘ５０（Ｈ＾＋）柱,Ｂｉｏ－Ｇｅｌ Ｐ－２凝胶柱后由半制备型ＯＤＳ柱在ＨＰＬＣ分离到一个六糖,通过ＧＣ,ＧＣ－ＭＳ,ＦＡＢ－ＭＳ和＾１３４Ｃ－ＮＭＲ测定,推测出了这个     

.OH在博莱霉素A5介导的DNA断链反应中的作用

利用ＥＳＲ技术研究了博莱霉素Ａ５（ＢＬＭＡ５）、Ｆｅ＾２＋,Ｏ２体系中．ＯＨ的产生。并用ＴＢＡ反应检测了该系对ＤＮＡ的断链作用。以Ｆｅ＾３＋,Ｃｕ＾＋或Ｃｕ＾２＋替换Ｆｅ＾２＋,则体系中无．ＯＨ产生,同时也失去对ＤＮＡ的断链作用;一定浓匠．ＯＨ清除剂可完全清除．ＯＨ,地对ＤＮＡ断链影响甚微;还原剂可淬灭体系中的．ＯＨ,却能促进ＤＮＡ的断链反应;ＳＯＤ可清除体系中的．ＯＨ,失活的ＳＯＤ夫此功能,但两     

强光下SO2-3和HCO-3对盐藻叶绿素荧光的影响

强光下用低浓度ＳＯ＾２－３处理盐藻１ｈ,其Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ ｑＮ,ｑｐ和ΦＰＳⅡ都较暗对照高,随着ＳＯ６２－３浓度的提高,Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ,ｑＮ,ｑｐ和ΦＰＳⅡ下降。２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＣＯ＾－３可减缓这种下降趋势。     

一氧化氮合酶的研究进展

一氧化氮是由Ｌ－精氨酸和氧分子在一氧化氮合酶及其辅因子ＮＡＤＰＨ、ＦＡＤ、ＦＭＮ、ＣａＭ和ＢＨ４催化作用生成的;ＮＯＳ分为原生型和诱生型ＮＯＳ,原生型ＮＯＳ活性依赖于胞浆内Ｃａ＾２＋水平,诱生型ＮＯＳ是Ｃａ＾２＋／ＣａＭ非依赖性酶,其活性开关是胞内ｎＮＯＳ ｍＲＮＡ水平,ＮＯＳ可在多个水平被调节;ＮＯＳ可能在心血管疾病的发病中起重要作用。     

Effect of plasma [K+] on the DC potential and on ion distributions between CSF and blood.

Keeping the arterial pH at 7.4 and PaCO2 at 40 mmHg in eight anesthetized dogs, we acutely raised plasma potassium concentration from 3.4 to 8.2 meq/1, then allowed it to decay back to control levels. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-blood electrical potential difference (pd) increased 13.2 mV per 10-fold increase in plasma [K+]. Again keeping arterial pH at 7.4 and PaCO2 at 40 mmHg, we elevated plasma [K+] in four dogs from 3.3 to 8.0 meq/1 and maintained this level for 6 h. We found 1) that the PD increased from a control value of +1.3 to +8.9mV, showing no tendency to decay over the 6 h; and 2) that the change in PD did not affect the distribution of Na+, K+, H+, Cl-, or HCO3- between blood and CSF over the 6 h. These results suggest that under these conditions the PD between CSF and blood may play no effective role in determining the distributions of these charged species by 6 h. These results are contrasted with recent findings which suggest that H+ and HCO3- are distributed according to passive forces between CSF and blood.     

Na+, K+, and Cl- transport in resting pancreatic acinar cells

To understand the role of Na+, K+, and Cl- transporters in fluid and electrolyte secretion by pancreatic acinar cells, we studied the relationship between them in resting and stimulated cells. Measurements of [Cl-]i in resting cells showed that in HCO3(-)-buffered medium [Cl- ]i and Cl- fluxes are dominated by the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger. In the absence of HCO3-, [Cl-]i is regulated by NaCl and NaK2Cl cotransport systems. Measurements of [Na+]i showed that the Na(+)-coupled Cl- transporters contributed to the regulation of [Na+]i, but the major Na+ influx pathway in resting pancreatic acinar cells is the Na+/H+ exchanger. 86Rb influx measurements revealed that > 95% of K+ influx is mediated by the Na+ pump and the NaK2Cl cotransporter. In resting cells, the two transporters appear to be coupled through [K+]i in that inhibition of either transporter had small effect on 86Rb uptake, but inhibition of both transporters largely prevented 86Rb uptake. Another form of coupling occurs between the Na+ influx transporters and the Na+ pump. Thus, inhibition of NaK2Cl cotransport increased Na+ influx by the Na+/H+ exchanger to fuel the Na+ pump. Similarly, inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange increased the activity of the NaK2Cl cotransporter. The combined measurements of [Na+]i and 86Rb influx indicate that the Na+/H+ exchanger contributes twice more than the NaK2Cl cotransporter and three times more than the NaCl cotransporter and a tetraethylammonium-sensitive channel to Na+ influx in resting cells. These findings were used to develop a model for the relationship between the transporters in resting pancreatic acinar cells.     

Roles of CO2, O2, and acid in arteriovenous [H+] difference during muscle contractions

To determine the origins of the arteriovenous [H+] difference of muscle during contractions, arterial and muscle venous blood sample pairs were taken before and after 0.5, 5.0, and 30.0 min of 4/s isometric twitches of the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle group of anesthetized dogs. These samples were analyzed for PO2, PCO2, and pH, the concentrations of O2, CO2, K+, Na+, La-, and Cl- in whole blood, and La-, K+, Na+, and Cl- in plasma. Whole blood was hemolyzed and analyzed for PO2, PCO2, and pH. Net O2 uptake, CO2 output, L, K+, Na+, and Cl- were calculated in addition to net output of non-CO2 acid (HA) and strong ion difference ([SID]) and common ion [SID] ([K+] + [Na+] - [Cl-] - [La-]). From these data we partitioned the origins of the arteriovenous [H+] difference via the common PCO2-pH diagram and via a [H+]-PCO2 diagram and determined whether true plasma arteriovenous [H+] differences reflect plasma and cell arteriovenous [H+] differences. The arteriovenous [H+] differences of plasma and hemolyzed blood were the same, showing that true plasma does reflect plasma and cells. K+ showed a small significant but transient output. Na+ was not significant, whereas Cl- showed a significant transient uptake. Lactate output and HA, calculated for dog blood acid-base, showed transient outputs and were the same. At 5.0 min when the arteriovenous difference was largest, CO2 alone would have increased [H+] 15.9 nmol/l whereas desaturation of Hb would have decreased [H+] 4.2 nmol/l and lactate could have raised [H+] 1.0 nmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Agonist-specific regulation of [Na+]i in pancreatic acinar cells

In a companion paper (Zhao, H., and S. Muallem. 1995), we describe the relationship between the major Na+,K+, and Cl- transporters in resting pancreatic acinar cells. The present study evaluated the role of the different transporters in regulating [Na+]i and electrolyte secretion during agonist stimulation. Cell stimulation increased [Na+]i and 86Rb influx in an agonist-specific manner. Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists, such as carbachol and cholecystokinin, activated Na+ influx by a tetraethylammonium-sensitive channel and the Na+/H+ exchanger to rapidly increase [Na+]i from approximately 11.7 mM to between 34 and 39 mM. As a consequence, the NaK2Cl cotransporter was largely inhibited and the activity of the Na+ pump increased to mediate most of the 86Rb(K+) uptake into the cells. Secretin, which increases cAMP, activated the NaK2Cl cotransporter and the Na+/H+ exchanger to slowly increase [Na+]i from approximately 11.7 mM to an average of 24.6 mM. Accordingly, secretin increased total 86Rb uptake more than the Ca(2+)- mobilizing agonists and the apparent coupling between the NaK2Cl cotransport and the Na+ pump. All the effects of secretin could be attributed to an increase in cAMP, since forskolin affected [Na+]i and 86Rb fluxes similar to secretin. The signaling pathways mediating the effects of the Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists were less clear. Although an increase in [Ca2+]i was required, it was not sufficient to account for the effect of the agonists. Activation of protein kinase C stimulated the NaK2Cl cotransporter to increase [Na+]i and 86Rb fluxes without preventing the inhibition of the cotransporter by Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists. The effects of the agonists were not mediated by changes in cell volume, since cell swelling and shrinkage did not reproduce the effect of the agonists on [Na+]i and 86Rb fluxes. The overall findings of the relationships between the various Na+,K+, and Cl- transporters in resting and stimulated pancreatic acinar cells are discussed in terms of possible models of fluid and electrolyte secretion by these cells.     

Cerebral interstitial fluid acid-base status follows arterial acid-base perturbations

Cerebral interstitial fluid (ISF) pH of ventral medulla or thalamus, cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH, and arterial blood pH, PCO2, and [HCO-3] were measured in chloralose-urethan-anesthetized, gallamine-paralyzed New Zealand White rabbits during 30-min episodes of either HCl or NaHCO3 intravenous infusions. ISF pH was measured continuously with glass microelectrodes (1- to 2-microns tip diameter). Cisternal CSF pH was measured continuously with an indwelling pH probe (1-mm tip diameter). Both ventral medullary and thalamic ISF [H+] changed significantly, whereas arterial PCO2 remained constant. CSF [H+] did not change. We conclude from these data that 1) changes in blood acid-base conditions are rapidly reflected in cerebral ISF and 2) transient differences in [H+] and [HCO-3] can exist between cerebral ISF and CSF.     

Red cell hemoglobin, hydrogen ion and electrolyte concentrations during exercise in trained and untrained subjects

Red cell concentrations of hemoglobin (MCHC), H+, Na+, K+, Mg++, cl- were measured in femoral venous blood of six untrained (UT), six endurance trained (TR) and three semitrained (ST) subjects during graded increasing work (4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 mkp/s, 10-15 min on each step) on a bicycle ergometer. Before exercise no significant differences were detected for the measured variables when comparing UT and TR. During exercise MCHC, [Na+], [K+] and [Mg++] remained constant indicating lack of water shift into the erythrocytes in spite of a marked acidosis (lowest pH Blood value 7.225). This lack resulted from an elevated extracellular osmolality. [H+]Ery and [Cl-]Ery maximally increased by 2.0 X 10(-8) eq/kg H2O and 10 meq/l, respectively. The change was markedly greater in UT than in TR at equal load. However, if [H+] Ery and [Cl-] Ery were related to pH of whole blood, differences between groups, almost disappeared and the ions were distributed as predictable from in vitro experiments (Fitzsimmons and Sendroy, 1961). Behaviour of H+ and Cl- may be of importance for oxygen dissociation under in vivo conditions.     

Effects of chronic hypoxia on kidney function

Renal disfunctions which appear in the chronic respiratory insufficient patient are analysed, as well as the participation of the arterial blood hypoxemia in their genesis. Renal clearances of Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg and Pi, and those of urea and creatinine, were lower in 36 patients having chronic hypoxemia than in 15 normosemic controls, showing significant statistical differences for Na, K, Cl, Ca and urea. The correlations between the clearances of these substances and the pO2 arterial blood levels had a greater statistical significance than can be established with pCO2 or [H+] levels. Thus, the existence of a causal dependency between renal disfunction and hypoxemia may be deduced.     

Comparison of changes evoked by GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and anoxia in [K+]o, [Cl-]o, and [Na+]o in stratum pyramidale and stratum radiatum of the guinea pig hippocampus

Ion-selective microelectrode recordings were made to assess a possible contribution of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation to early responses evoked in the brain by anoxia and ischemia. Changes evoked by GABA or N2 in [K+]o, [Cl-]o, [Na+]o, and [TMA+]o were recorded in the cell body and dendritic regions of the stratum pyramidale (SP) and stratum radiatum (SR), respectively, of pyramidal neurons in CA1 of guinea pig hippocampal slices. Bath application of GABA (1-10 mM) for approximately 5 min evoked changes in [K+]o and [Cl-]o with respective EC50 levels of 3.8 and 4.1 mM in SP, and 4.7 and 5.6 mM in SR. In SP 5 mM GABA reversibly increased [K+]o and [Cl-]o and decreased [Na+]o; replacement of 95% O2 -5% CO2 by 95% N2 -5% CO2 for a similar period of time evoked changes which were for each ion in the same direction as those with GABA. In SR both GABA and N2 caused increases in [K+]o and decreases in [Cl-]o and [Na+]. The reduction of extracellular space, estimated from levels of [TMA+]o during exposures to GABA and N2, was 5-6% and insufficient to cause the observed changes in ion concentration. Ion changes induced by GABA and N2 were reversibly attenuated by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI, 100 microM). GABA-evoked changes in [K+]o in SP and SR and [Cl-]o in SP were depressed by > or =90%, and of [Cl-]o in SR by 50%; N2-evoked changes in [K+]o in SP and SR were decreased by 70% and those of [Cl-]o by 50%. BMI blocked delta [Na+]o with both GABA and N2 by 20-30%. It is concluded that during early anoxia: (i) accumulation of GABA and activation of GABA(A) receptors may contribute to the ion changes and play a significant role, and (ii) responses in the dendritic (SR) regions are greater than and (or) differ from those in the somal (SP) layers. A large component of the [K+]o increase may involve a GABA-evoked Ca2+-activated gk, secondary to [Ca2+]i increase. A major part of [Cl-]o changes may arise from GABA-induced g(Cl) and glial efflux, with strong stimulation of active outward transport and anion exchange at SP, and inward Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transport at SR. Na+ influx is attributable mainly to Na+-dependent transmitter uptake, with only a small amount related to GABA(A) receptor activation. Although the release and (or) accumulation of GABA during anoxia might be viewed as potentially protectant, the ultimate role may more likely be an important contribution to toxicity and delayed neuronal death.     

A comparison of osmoregulatory responses in plasma and tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following acute salinity challenges

Euryhaline teleosts regulate their internal osmotic and ionic status across a wide range of external salinities. Studies often rely on measurements on plasma when osmoregulatory status is perturbed, whereas tissue measurements are used for small fish with limited blood volume. However, a direct comparison is lacking for plasma and various tissues. In the present study the relationships between plasma, white muscle and carcass were examined for a range of osmoregulatory variables in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following challenge with an acute (24 h) transfer from freshwater to a hyper-osmotic salinity of either 25 or 35. Significant increases in plasma osmolality, [Na+], [Cl?], [Ca2+], and [Mg2+] were observed when salinity was increased, but plasma [K+] was unaffected. The water content of both tissues showed reciprocal changes to plasma osmolality. The carcass content of all ions measured showed a significant increase at the highest ambient salinity. In white muscle, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ showed significant increases with external salinity, but Cl? and Ca2+ were unaffected. Measurements from both tissues can provide reliable surrogates for most of the plasma osmoregulatory variables except Cl? and Ca2+ when using white muscle tissue. In the case of internal regulation of K+ both tissues provide sensitive and quantitatively similar indicators of environmental salinity disturbance, whereas plasma does not.     

Rapid Release of [3H]Dopamine from Median Eminence and Striatal Synaptosomes

Release of preaccumulated, tritium-labeled dopamine ([3H]DA) from preparations of isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) of rat median eminence (ME) and corpus striatum (CS) was examined over short time intervals (1-20 s). In both preparations, basal efflux of [3H]DA was linear with time. Depolarization with high K+ resulted in an initial rapid release of [3H]DA which stabilized by 20 s, whereas veratridine elicited an increased rate of release over basal levels that was linear over the first 20 s. The calculated rate constants of release for both the initial phase of K+- and the veratridine-stimulated release were approximately threefold greater in CS than in ME synaptosomes. The major component of the high K+-induced release of [3H]DA from both synaptosome preparations increased as a graded function of [Ca2+]o. However, a smaller component, independent of external Ca2+, existed in both ME and CS synaptosomes. Increasing the [Mg2+] in the external solution resulted in a right shift of both the [K+]o and the [Ca2+]o dose-response curves, consistent with actions of Mg2+ on screening surface membrane charges and blocking voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In all studies, steady-state uptake of the [3H]DA was about twofold greater into CS than into ME synaptosomes. Moreover, the fraction of incorporated [3H]DA released by stimulation from the CS was much greater than that released from ME synaptosomes. These data are consistent with differences between these two types of dopaminergic terminals with respect to packaging and/or distribution of the accumulated neurotransmitter in intraneuronal pools, as well as marked differences in the apparent kinetics of DA release.