固定化细胞合成酯类载体的研究

本文以海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇为材料包埋固定化细胞。建立了聚乙烯醇水凝胶的固定化方法,并与海藻酸钙凝胶剂进行了比较。该凝胶在产酯活性、机械强度、使用寿命、贮存稳定性等方面均优于后者。电镜观察也表明该凝胶适于包埋固定化细胞。     

固定化酶和细胞中应用的新载体

自固定化技术兴起以来 ,其载体的研究就广受关注 ,也取得了不少成就 ,但在实际应用中还有许多问题需要解决 ,如使用寿命较短 ,操作半衰期不够长 ;载体价格较高 ,而且对底物和产物存在扩散阻力 ,所以许多学者仍一直在致力于新载体的研制和应用。固定化技术中所使用的载体可分为有机高分子载体、无机载体和复合载体[1] 。1　有机高分子载体材料1 1　天然高分子凝胶载体此类载体材料一般无毒性 ,传质性能好 ,但强度较低 ,在厌氧条件下易被微生物分解 ,寿命短。常见的有琼脂、海藻酸钠等 ,近来研究的比较热门的新载体是甲壳素和壳聚糖。1 1 1　…     

固定化细胞载体的选择及发酵酒精特性

本文报道了采用聚乙稀醇复合凝胶为包埋介质材料,通过物理和化学方法制成不同形状的凝胶载体。载体机械强度达40～60kg／cm2,在初糖为14．6％的玉米糖化醪中,发酵周期为30～35h,酒精含量体积比达9．0％。从生产实际出发,以降低成本为目的,经生产实验证明,空心载体为最佳选择,成功的为工业化生产酒精提供了优质的固定化细胞凝胶载体。     

利用天然载体固定化活性干酵母细胞的研究

利用天然载体——蛋清固定化市售活性干酵母细胞,再经戊二醛进行共价交联而制备的具有高转化酶活力的新型粒状固定化生物催化剂,菌体包埋量大,活力回收高,机械性能好;特别是固定化生物催化剂经冷冻后,形成了均匀的多孔状颗粒,而酶活力基本不变,机械性能增强之特性．活性干酵母固定化后,其动力学特性表现为：K’m明显增大,热稳定性大大提高．于最适条件下,连续批次搅拌反应达两个月,凝胶颗粒无细胞渗漏,表现出相当稳定的酶活力．     

疏水载体固定化胆碱酯酶的研究

首次摸索了带有疏水基因琼脂珠固定化鸭血清胆碱酯酶的最佳条件,固定化酶活力回收为７０－７６％。探讨了不同疏水基因对固定化酶偶联率、稳定性及对有机磷化合物灵敏度的影响。α－萘氨基、Ｐ－甲苯氨基和苄氨基载体固定化酶连续操作半哀期分别为２２．３ｈ,２１．７ｈ,１２．８ｈ,对有机磷化合物Ｖｘ和ＧＢ的灵敏度分别提高了２．２～１２．６倍和２．８～４．９倍,这对于在环境保护、食品检验、军事侦检等领域检测微量有机磷     

固定化细胞技术及其应用研究进展

细胞固定技术是将具有特定生理功能的生物细胞用一定的方法进行固定,并以其作为生物催化剂加以利用的一门技术。相对于游离的单细胞,固定化细胞可简化生产工艺,降低生产成本。本文回顾了细胞固定技术在制备方法和载体材料等方面的研究进展,并总结了近几年来固定化细胞技术在新能源开发、食品加工及环境污染物处理中的应用,对其发展前景进行展望。     

改善固定化微生物细胞粒子机械强度的研究

以膨润土、碳酸钙和二氧化硅为添加材料,以固定化粒子在一定时间的开裂数量为指标研究固定化粒子的机械强度。结果表明:向固定化载体配方中添加CaCO3粉末可以显著提高粒子的机械稳定性,添加量以0.8%为宜。     

壳聚糖载体的制备及脲酶的固定化研究

以甲壳素为原料,制备出壳聚糖载体,并对脲酶进行固定化。通过测量悬挂醛基探讨了交联条件对载体性能的影响,优化了脲酶的固定化条件,研究了固定化酶的酶学性质,并与游离酶进行了比较。结果表明。制备载体的最优条件是将微球用6％的戊二醛活化2h,最佳联酶条件是载体与脲酶共反应1h。该固定化酶的最适温度为65℃,最适pH值为6．6,米氏常数为0．009mol／L,较游离酶均有较大改善。热稳定性较游离酶有很大的提高,且具有良好的操作稳定性。     

Comparison of the Neutral Red and Methylene Blue Assays to Study Cell Growth in Culture

The neutral red and methylene blue in vitro cytotoxicity assays were compared under a variety of conditions using normal human ovarian epithelial cells to determine whether either assay is superior for studying cell growth. The results were standardized against a DNA spectrofluorometric assay. Although the assays were equivalent in reflecting cell number, each has specific advantages: while neutral red discriminates between viable and dead cells, the methylene blue assay is more sensitive and easier to perform.     

Immobilization of UDP-Galactose 4-Epimerase from Escherichia coli on the Yeast Cell Surface

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2, Gal E) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the reversible reaction between UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. In this study, the Gal E gene from E. coli, coding UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, was cloned into pYD1 plasmid and then transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 for expression of Gal E on the cell surface. Enzyme activity analyses with EBY100 cells showed that the enzyme displayed on the yeast cell surface was very active in the conversion between UDP-Glc and UDP-Gal. It took about 3 min to reach equilibrium from UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose.     

响应面法优化荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂固定化条件

目的:以大肠杆菌表达的重组荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂为原材料,研究其固定化方法及条件。方法:以0.2%聚乙烯醇-3%海藻酸钠溶液为载体,CaCl2为固定剂,用物理包埋法对荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂进行固定化;在CaCl2浓度、载体与抑制剂体积比以及固定化时间3个单因素基础上,利用响应面法对荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂固定化的影响因素进行优化。结果:建立了响应面法优化固定荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂的模型,经优化后得到如下最佳固定化条件:CaCl2浓度为5.5%,载体与抑制剂体积比为1.6∶1,固定化时间为31min。在此条件下实际测得固定化抑制剂抑制率为72.4%,而模型预测此条件下的抑制率为74.3%,实测值与理论值相差很小。结论:所建模型拟合程度较高,用该模型优化荞麦胰蛋白酶抑制剂固定化的工艺条件参数准确可信,可为进一步开发胰蛋白酶的应用提供重要参考。     

Development of Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to Urochordate Cell Surface Antigens

Monoclonal antibodies are an important tool in the study of botryllid ascidians’ immunology and developmental biology. Here we describe the development of a panel of 38 monoclonal antibodies that are specific to Botryllus schlosseri (Ascidiacea; subfamily Botryllinae) cell surface antigens. Many of these hybridomas recognize (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry) epitopes of Botrylloides subpopulations (SP) II and III from the Mediterranean coast of Israel and show, on blood cell smear assays, reactions with subsets of Botryllus circulating blood cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses using antibodies positive for botryllid tissues revealed up to 3.6% positive cells. ELISA screenings were performed with 64 new monoclonal antibodies on 5 different individual botryllid ascidian colonies (B. schlosseri, Botrylloides). The positive antibodies in this panel identified a large number of different antigenic determinants, some of which distinguish Botryllus versus Botrylloides colonies, and other, different colonies within these two species, or different cell types within tissues, embryos, and buds of individual colonies. Only 21 monoclonal antibodies tested positive with all colonies. Cross-reactivity with at least one Botrylloides colony was recorded in 49 hybridomas that identified Botryllus cells. This wide panel of monoclonal antibodies is the first such detailed set of monoclonals available for studies on botryllid ascidians.     

Immobilization of yeast by adhesion to a support without use of a chemical agent

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been immobilized by adhesion to plate supports of glass or polycarbonate after a suitable pretreatment, and sedimentation on the support, followed by washing the non-adhering cells. The pretreatment consists of starving the cells in pure water. Its efficiency is related to both a release of substances, decreasing the electrostatic repulsion between the particles involved, and a modification of the cell wall itself. A single layer of immobilized cells is obtained and a large fraction of the cells keep the capacity to reduce methylene blue and to multiply. The influence of various experimental factors (pretreatment, harvesting time, time of contact with the support) is discussed.     

A Comparison of Five Experimental Techniques to Measure Charge Carrier Lifetime in Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells

It is important to accurately measure the charge carrier lifetime, a crucial parameter that influences the collection efficiency in organic solar cells. Five transient and small perturbation experimental techniques that measure charge carrier lifetime are applied to a device composed of the polymer PDTSiTTz blended with the fullerene PCBM: time‐resolved charge extraction (TRCE), transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), photoinduced charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (photo‐CELIV), transient photovoltage, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The motivation is to perform a comprehensive comparison of several different lifetime measurement techniques on the same device in order to assess their relative accuracy, applicability to operational devices, and utility in data analysis. The techniques all produce similar charge carrier lifetimes at high charge densities, despite previous suggestions that transient methods are less accurate than small perturbation ones. At lower charge densities an increase in the apparent reaction order is observed. This may be related to surface recombination at the contacts beginning to dominate, or an inhomogeneous charge distribution. A combination of TAS and TRCE appears suitable. TAS enables the investigation of recombination mechanisms at early times since it is not limited by RC (resistance‐capacitance product) or charge extraction losses. Conversely, TRCE is useful particularly at low densities when other mechanisms, such as surface recombination, may occur.     

改良的肥大细胞甲苯胺蓝染色法

目的:本研究旨在运用一种改良的甲苯胺蓝染色方法鉴定体外分离培养的肥大细胞形态,为肥大细胞研究提供简便的检测方法。方法:体外诱导分化培养小鼠骨髓来源的肥大细胞,4周后收集细胞、固定、染色。比较不同固定温度及时间对甲苯胺蓝染色效果的影响,确定最佳条件。结果:SCF和IL-3体外培养诱导出小鼠骨髓来源肥大细胞。肥大细胞用改良的甲苯胺蓝染色后细胞着色效果较好,细胞多呈圆形或椭圆形且胞膜较完整,胞浆中充满大量的紫红色颗粒。结论:本研究成功运用一种适用于体外培养小鼠骨髓源肥大细胞的甲苯胺蓝染色法,并发现肥大细胞在37℃充分固定后进行染色,可以降低肥大细胞发生脱颗粒。此操作方法稳定性好、简便,适用于体外培养的肥大细胞形态学观察。     

A Novel Method for Localizing Reporter Fluorescent Beads Near the Cell Culture Surface for Traction Force Microscopy

PA gels have long been used as a platform to study cell traction forces due to ease of fabrication and the ability to tune their elastic properties. When the substrate is coated with an extracellular matrix protein, cells adhere to the gel and apply forces, causing the gel to deform. The deformation depends on the cell traction and the elastic properties of the gel. If the deformation field of the surface is known, surface traction can be calculated using elasticity theory. Gel deformation is commonly measured by embedding fluorescent marker beads uniformly into the gel. The probes displace as the gel deforms. The probes near the surface of the gel are tracked. The displacements reported by these probes are considered as surface displacements. Their depths from the surface are ignored. This assumption introduces error in traction force evaluations. For precise measurement of cell forces, it is critical for the location of the beads to be known. We have developed a technique that utilizes simple chemistry to confine fluorescent marker beads, 0.1 and 1 µm in diameter, in PA gels, within 1.6 μm of the surface. We coat a coverslip with poly-D-lysine (PDL) and fluorescent beads. PA gel solution is then sandwiched between the coverslip and an adherent surface. The fluorescent beads transfer to the gel solution during curing. After polymerization, the PA gel contains fluorescent beads on a plane close to the gel surface.