中国广西金线(鱼巴)属盲鱼一新种及其生境(鲤科，(鱼巴)亚科)

2002年8月28日在广西田林县平山乡一洞穴地下河中采到1尾鱼类标本,经鉴定为鲤科(鱼巴)亚科金线属(鱼巴)鱼类1新种,定名为田林金线(鱼巴)Sinocyclocheilus tianlinensis sp. nov..鉴别特征:眼退化;吻突出,呈鸭嘴状;头后部急剧隆起,形成一向前不分叉的额骨;新鲜标本体半透明.新种与白斑金线(鱼巴)S.albeoguttatus、鸭嘴金线(鱼巴)S.anatirostris、无眼金线(鱼巴)S. anophthalmus和透明金线(鱼巴)S.hyalinus较相近,而与其他已知种不同.模式标本保存中国科学院动物研究所.     

近金线属的分类地位及金线属的鉴别特征(鲤形目:鲤科:亚科)

本文根据系统学原理,提出了建立新类元的依据;并据此从分类和系统发育上论证了近金线属ＡｎｃｈｉｃｙｃｌｏｃｈｅｉｌｕｓＬｉｅｔＬａｎ独立成属的可能性,认为应将近金线属归于金线属;修订了金线属ＳｉｎｏｃｙｃｌｏｃｈｅｉｌｕｓＦａｎｇ的鉴别特征。     

金线鲃属鱼类一新种(鲤形目:鲤科)

作者于1986年6月在贵州盘县一溶洞的水体中采到金线鲃属鱼类一新种,命名为角金线鲃,新种Sinocyclocheilus angularis sp. nov.。本新种形状怪异,头背缘末端具一朝前的角状突,其内有顶骨突;眼正常;侧线鳞明显;鳔后室发达等特征而易与金线鲃属其他种相区别。     

中国金线鲃属一新种(鲤形目:鲤科:鲃亚科)

作者于1986年5月在广西凌云县的溶洞内(属右江水系)采到鱼类一新种,命名为小眼金线鲃,新种 Sinocyclocheilus microphthalmus sp.nov.     

云南红河水系金线鲃属鱼类一新种——西畴金线鲃

该文记述了采集自云南省文山州西畴县兴街镇干海子(红河水系)一洞穴的鲤科鲃亚科金线鲃属鱼类一新种,命名为西畴金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus xichouensis Pan,Li,Yang et Chen sp.nov.)。该新种眼睛正常,背鳍末根不分枝,鳍条变粗变硬,后缘3/5具锯齿,与属内分布在邻近南盘江水系的已知种大眼金线鲃(S.macrophthalmus)、圭山金线鲃(S.guishanensis)、狭孔金线鲃(S.angustiporus)、侧条金线鲃(S.lateristritus)、丘北金线鲃(S.qiubeiensis)、滇池金线鲃(S.grahami)、曲靖金线鲃(S.qujingensis)、麻花金线鲃(S.maculatus)、紫色金线鲃(S.purpureus)及疑似红河水系易门金线鲃(S.yimenensis)相似。籍第一鳃弓外侧鳃耙9以下的特征,可与大眼金线鲃相区别;眼间距为体长的8.1%～9.9%,吻须后伸超过眼后缘,口角须后伸超过前鳃盖骨后缘,可与圭山金线鲃相区别;背鳍起点与腹鳍起点相对,体侧沿侧线无黑色横带,可与侧条金线鲃相区别;侧线鳞74～88,侧线上鳞20,侧线下鳞16,可与滇池金线鲃相区别;侧线弯曲,侧线鳞74～88,围尾柄鳞48,可与曲靖金线鲃相区别;背鳍前距为体长的47.1%～53.7%,背鳍基长为体长的12.8%～15.8%,臀鳍前距为体长的66.0%～71.0%,臀鳍长为体长的13.7%～17.1%,胸鳍前距为体长的26.0%～29.5%,尾柄长为体长的19.3%～24.7%,下颌长为体长的4.7%～7.0%,明显区别于易门金线鲃;全身被鳞,具侧线鳞,可与其分布邻近的麻花金线鲃和紫色金线鲃相区别;背鳍前鳞35～39,鳃耙6,眼间距为体长的8.1%～9.9%,可与狭孔金线鲃及丘北金线鲃相区别。     

中国鲃亚科金线鲃属鱼类一新种——黄田金线鲃(鲤形目:鲤科)

该文记述了采自广西贺州市贺江水系——洞穴的鲤科鲃亚科金线鲃属鱼类一新种,命名为黄田金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus huangtianensis Zhu,Zhu et Lan sp.nov.)。新种眼睛正常,背鳍末根不分枝鳍条柔软,后缘无锯齿,与属内同分布在贺江水系的已知种季氏金线鲃及邻近漓江水系的桂林金线鲃相似,但新种侧线鳞为52～59枚,侧线上鳞17～23,侧线下鳞16～17,围尾柄鳞40～46,鳃耙9～10,眼径为体长的4.3%～5.4%,眼间距为体长的9.2%～9.6%,口宽为体长的6.0%～7.3%,与季氏金线鲃和桂林金线鲃有明显区别。     

广西金线Ba属一新种

描记采于广西凌云县泗城镇沙洞地下河中的金线Ｂａ属１新种,以采集地县名命名为凌云金线ＢａＳｉｎｏｃｙｃｌｏｃｈｅｉｌｕｓ ｌｉｎｇｙｕｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种以侧线鳞７１－７８对４８－５０;背鳍最末不分枝鳍条下半部为硬刺,后缘有锯齿对纤细柔软,光滑无锯齿等特征区别于相近种季氏金线ＢａＳ．ｊｉｉ Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔＤａｉ。     

贵州金线鲃属鱼类一新种记述(鲤形目,鲤科)

描记采于贵州省荔波县茂兰自然保护区范围内的尧兰村地下河中的金线鲃属一新种,命名为尧兰金线鲃Sinocyclocheilus yaolanensis Zhou, Li et Hou, sp. nov.新种的胸鳍、腹鳍和臀鳍等性状以及体形大致与东兰金线鲃Sinocyclocheilus donglanensis和高肩金线鲃Sinocyclocheilus altishoulderus相似.但是,新种的侧线鳞与二者都具有一定差距,新种的侧线鳞为52(20-21)/(10-11)54;东兰金线鲃为44(14-17)/(9-11)52;高肩金线鲃为54(14-17)/(9-11)58.     

广西金线鲃属一新种

描记采于广西凌云县泗城镇沙洞地下河中的金线属 1新种 ,以采集地县名命名为凌云金线Sinocyclocheiluslingyunensissp nov 。新种以侧线鳞 71～ 78对 48～ 5 0 ;背鳍最末不分枝鳍条下半部为硬刺 ,后缘有锯齿对纤细柔软 ,光滑无锯齿等特征区别于相近种季氏金线S jiiZhangetDai。     

近金线Ba属的分类地位及金线Ba属的鉴别特征：（鲤形目：鲤科：Ba亚科）

本文根据系统学原理，提出了建立新类元的依据；并据此从分类和系统发育上论证了近金线Ｂａ属Ａｎｃｈｉｃｙｃｌｏｃｈｅｉｌｕｓ Ｌｉ ｅｔ Ｌａｎ独立成属的可能性，认为应将近金线Ｂａ属归于金线Ｂａ属；修订了金线Ｂａ属Ｓｉｎｌｃｙｃｌｏｃｈａｉｌｕｓ Ｆａｎｇ的鉴别特征。     

THE FIDELITY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD: THE IMPROBABILITY OF PRESERVATION

Abstract:  The fidelity of the fossil record reflects how accurately it preserves the history of life. Since Darwin's time any mismatch between our theories and the fossil record has been attributed to the imperfections of the record. For over a century scarcity of gradual evolutionary trends was explained in this way until the punctuated equilibrium model was proposed. A null hypothesis that all morphological patterns in the fossil record are unbiased random walks can be rejected because it predicts far more apparent trends than exist. Current best estimates suggest that trends occur in at most 5% of characters. When an organism dies either it becomes fossilized or it doesn't. To be confident a species has not been preserved the probability against preservation must be significantly larger than the total number of individuals of that species that ever existed. For skeletized species preservation was the norm not the exception. Nevertheless, fossils must then avoid subsequent destruction and be discovered to be useful.     

用离散量预测蛋白质的结构型

基于蛋白质的结构类型决定了它的二级结构序列的概念,用二级结构序列参数Nα,Nβ,Nβaβ,N(βαβ）构成离散源,并计算离散量D（Xα）,D（Xβ）,D（Xα＋β）,利用离散增量预测蛋白质的结构类型,它是由这个蛋白质的离散量D（Xn）与四个标准离散D（Xα）,D（Xβ）,D（Xα／β）,D（Xα＋β）之间离散增量的最小值所决定的,预测结果表明,准确率分别达到84．8％（标准集）和83．3％（检验集）。     

THE ONTOGENY OF CARBONIFEROUS ARTICULATES: THE APEX OF SPHENOPHYLLUM

Twig apices of Sphenophyllum lescurianum, S. constrictum, and two new Sphenophyllum taxa are described in transverse and longitudinal section from middle and upper Pennsylvanian age specimens. In all of the species the single apical cell has the shape of a tetrahedron, with a triangular upper surface and three internal cutting faces. Segment cells are produced from each of the cutting surfaces in a dextrorse or sinistrorse direction, depending upon the species. The central portion of each segment cell contributes to the initiation of the procambium, while the remaining outer portion undergoes a vertical and subsequent horizontal division to form segment cells. Segment cells are aligned in vertical tiers beneath the respective apical cell cutting faces, with the individual leaves positioned directly beneath a tier of segment cells. Leaf primordia are first observed as a series of surface undulations below the apex, with an intercalary meristem located directly beneath each primordium. The vegetative apical organization of Sphenophyllum is demonstrated to be very similar to the type of organization found at the stem tips of Catamites and Equisetum.