退耕地幼龄台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)根系结瘤

结瘤量能直观地反映林木的固氮能力,根瘤是植物根系研究的核心内容之一。研究退耕还林地内林木结瘤可以为林地培肥和经营提供有益的借鉴。以四川省广元、北川、平武和丹棱4个地区退耕地内生长良好的幼龄台湾桤木为研究对象,对其根系结瘤情况及其与土壤养分含量的关系进行研究。结果表明：各地区台湾桤木根瘤的外观形态差异不大,结构紧密,呈珊瑚状,直径最小为2mm,最大达到30mm;台湾桤木根瘤生物量变化范围为2．59～132．14g·株^-1;水平分布主要集中在距树干0～50cm,垂直分布集中在0～20cm土层;50．4％～92．5％的根瘤着生在细根（d≤2mm）上,大体积（15～30mm）根瘤多着生在根颈处;单株根瘤生物量与土壤水解氮含量呈显著负相关,而与土壤有效磷含量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。     

Biocrude production in arid lands

Recent research in the development of bioenergy crops for arid and semiarid regions has stressed the objective of increasing biomass productivity in order to improve energetic and economic returns. However, an examination of the constraints on arid-adapted plant species indicates that a preferable approach to biocrude feedstock development is one that emphasizes quality, rather than quantity, of biomass. This conclusion is illustrated by economic and energetic comparisons of 4 potential biocrude feedstocks. The species with the greatest economic potential are those with high biocrude contents and moderate or low annual yields.     

Mechanisms of succession on fallow lands

Vegetation changes during succession can be regarded as plant-to-plant replacement processes. For deeper insight into the nature of these process we need to investigate the mechanisms involved. Therefore two experiments with herbaceous plant communities were analyzed. The data confirm the view that all three types of interaction: competition, coexistence by niche separation, and cooperation, act together. Likewise it can be concluded that the three models of succession proposed by Connell & Slatyer (1977) are not exclusive but describe mechanisms acting together in the same succession process. Evidence is given that seasonal events can act like a switch and influence the successional trend at a later time. It is, therefore, not meaningful to differentiate between fluctuations in the sense of yearly oscillations and the successional trend itself.Dedicated to Prof. Dr Dr h.c. Heinrich Walter on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of his birthday.     

Wheat production efficiency from Soviet virgin lands

The direction of the time trend in wheat production efficiency from Soviet arid virgin lands is analyzed with the use of a developed agrohydrologic model. It is based on the concepts of water resource input (soil moisture) and corresponding agro output (spring wheat). The model evaluates each growing season and assigns a decimal value (from 0.0 to 1.0) which is then multiplied by maximum spring wheat yield. This derived product is that growing season's estimated yield. A nonparametric statistical method by Kendall is applied to examine the study period wheat production efficiency time trend. It is suggested that an increasing trend occurred over the study period.     

绞股蓝的林下栽培

近年来由于绞股蓝的过度采收,野生资源面临枯竭危险,为了扩大绞股蓝植物的资源,人工栽培势在必行。１９９０－１９９３年在皖东琅琊山进行林下人工栽培试验,结果表明,在粗放管理的条件下,林下种植绞股蓝是可行的,选择适合的种源及林分郁闭度是关键因子,在刺槐林下栽培产量可到３３００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

Human and animal leptospirosis in irrigated lands

To study the influence of amelioration on the spread of leptospirosis, the survey of humans, agricultural animals and rodent was made on the territory where the irrigation system was under construction and during 2 years after the beginning of irrigation. This survey failed to establish the occurrence of significant changes in the number of rodents and their species composition, as well as in the number of agricultural animals showing the positive reaction to leptospirosis. No cases of leptospirosis were registered, and during the first years after the beginning of irrigation antibodies in low titers were detected only in 4 out of 536 subjects. The results obtained in this survey suggest that during the first years of artificial irrigation the conditions for a wider spread of leptospirosis do not appear, but the final solution of this problem can be made on the basis of observations lasting for many years.     

Restoration of degraded lands through bioenergy plantations

Land degradation has become a worldwide problem. Increasing population, the conversion of forest land into cropland, and its gradual degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices have led to this prevailing scenario. Unsustainable agriculture practices like use of chemical fertilizers for increasing crop productivity (recorded 281.75 lakh tonnes in the year 2010–2011) also leads to degradation of land. A total of 4.1 million hectares of culturable wasteland was recorded in the same year. Also, crude oil consumption is increasing at a rate of 1.7% which prompts for massive input of crude oil. Thus, biofuel plantations have recently attracted a lot of attention because of several advantages that they present. The genetically engineered bioenergy crops can help in land restoration by increasing the soil fertility, growing in stress conditions, and they also lead to the production of fuels through their various parts. The use of genetically engineered bioenergy crops will not only help in the prevention of degraded land but also yield biofuel as a product and enhance soil fertility and health for further sustainable agricultural practices.     

Experimental technique for the conservation of private lands

A community-based sanctuary for the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) has been established on 18 square miles of riverine forest along the Belize river, Belize. It is based on voluntary signed pledges by subsistence farmers to abide by management plans for their lands. Conservation-education programs which impact favorably on the villagers are being carried out.     

科尔沁西部地区荒漠化土地植被恢复技术研究

在科尔沁沙地西部对植物抗旱性、抗旱造林技术、沙丘植被恢复技术、退化草地改良技术进行了研究试验。抗旱生理的研究结果表明,差巴嘎蒿、小叶锦鸡儿比紫穗槐、胡枝子更适应干旱。对于杨树、山杏和樟子松,施用保水剂、固体水和在根际地表覆膜可分别提高造林成活率10%~30%。1.0 m×1.0 m的草方格在当地较适宜。如果综合利用生物措施和工程措施,固沙植物选择适当,在二、三年内就可将流沙固定。通过围栏封育、翻耙、补播、施肥、施用土壤改良剂等技术改良退化、碱化草场,平均产量提高2~4倍。施加氮肥明显提高了牧草蛋白质含量。改良后的草场土壤中蛋白酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶等总体上向良性发展。     

Functional properties and organization of grazing lands ecosystem

This paper describes the relationships between production, dominance, and species diversity on some semi-arid Indian grazing lands. The results of the data collected by harvest method show that dominance is directly related to production, and species diversity is inversely related to both production and dominance. An attempt is made to find the biological meaning for such interrelationships among these functional properties in terms of the niche and niche-space concept.     

Biogeochemical features of fallow lands in the steppe zone

Fallow lands in ancient agricultural areas of Northwestern Crimea which had experienced repeated phases of agricultural activity at different time periods (the Late Bronze Age, antiquity, and the last 150?200 years) have been studied. Differences in biogeochemical fluxes for virgin and fallow soils are analyzed from the chemical elements determining the composition of secondary clay minerals. The most informative and evolutionarily significant biogeochemical indicators of relict agricultural loads and duration of fallow periods are specified.     

沙地土壤磷循环研究

磷素是干旱半干旱地区沙地生态系统的限制性养分因子,沙地土壤磷循环对沙地生态系统生产力维持至关重要,越来越受到人们的关注.本文根据国内外研究成果,对沙地土壤磷的来源、磷库容量、磷循环途径和影响磷循环的因素等关键问题进行综述,认为磷循环研究方向可归纳为以下几个方面:1)影响沙地土壤磷循环各因素的作用机制;2)不同磷循环途径的磷收支通量;3)不同土壤利用状态下,磷平衡状况;4)不同土壤利用状态下,土壤生产力的可持续性;5)维持土壤磷平衡采用的生态恢复手段.上述研究,对于维持沙地生态系统稳定的生产力,解决人与资源和环境的矛盾均有指导作用.     

采矿地的生态恢复技术

矿藏开采给生态环境带来严重破坏,矿地与尾矿的自然恢复是相当缓慢的,有些甚至是不大可能自然恢复的,本文总结了在过去20年全球发展起来的各种生态恢复技术措施,包括基质的改良,优良物种的选择等,并总结出一套人工恢复的一般步骤,分析了目前所存在的评判人工生态恢复成功与否的几种评价体系的优劣。     

Amsonia spp. as potential fuel crops for arid lands

The biomass of three desert plants, Amsonia kearneyana, A. grandiflora and A. palmeri, was used for the production of glucose and ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation techniques. Ethanol yields were 0.46 g g^-1 for A. keurneyana, 0.51 g g^-1 for A. grandiflora and 0.51 g g^-1 for A. palmeri. When the plant materials were saccharified into glucose only, the yields obtained were 0.35 g g^-1 for A. kearneyana, 0.39 g g^-1 for A. grandiflora and 0.22 g g^-1 for A. palmeri.H. Punnapayak is with the Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; J.J. Hoffmann is with the Bioresources Research Facility, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85706, USA.