辽宁省高等植物多样性编目

为给辽宁植物多样性保护提供本底数据, 更准确地评价植物濒危及保护等级, 以及更好地给农学、林学、生态学、系统学等研究提供可靠的基础性数据, 本文首次将几代人在辽宁境内发现的高等植物进行汇总、编目, 包括苔藓植物和维管束植物。苔藓植物根据正式发表的文献和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所东北生物标本馆(IFP)馆藏采自辽宁省全域的苔藓植物标本编制。维管束植物主要根据5个方面的信息整理: 作者多年野外调查的一手资料、文献、同行交流、公众提供信息、标本等。编目内容包括辽宁省高等植物总名录、辽宁省栽培植物名录、辽宁省外来植物名录、辽宁省仅有栽培植物的科属目录、辽宁省仅有外来植物的科属目录; 编目中涉及的物种均有科属地位、中文名、拉丁名、生境、产地(县级), 总名录中附有每个物种的信息凭证, 包括标本信息、文献信息或照片依据。本编目共计收录植物254科1,176属3,241种73亚种447变种119变型。其中, 苔藓植物为辽宁地区首次披露名录信息, 计83科205属491种4亚种7变种(含藓类52科156属373种1亚种5变种, 苔类29科46属114种3亚种2变种, 角苔类2科3属4种)。维管束植物虽非首次披露名录信息, 但与以往发布的维管束植物名录相比, 本次收录的种类数最多, 计171科971属2,750种69亚种440变种119变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科19属47种1亚种13变种2变型, 被子植物147科910属2,607种66亚种420变种117变型)。经统计, 辽宁省所有苔藓植物均为本土野生植物。维管束植物中, 野生植物计149科741属2,077种62亚种378变种93变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物4科8属12种6变种1变型, 被子植物145科133属1,969种60亚种365变种92变型), 栽培植物计104科390属673种7亚种62变种26变型(含裸子植物5科17属35种1亚种7变种1变型, 被子植物99科373属638种6亚种55变种25变型); 本土植物计158科796属2,235种65亚种421变种116变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科14属29种12变种2变型, 被子植物134科740属2,110种63亚种402变种114变型), 外来植物计88科316属515种4亚种19变种3变型(含裸子植物3科10属18种1亚种1变种, 被子植物85科306属497种3亚种18变种3变型)。本编目仅是辽宁省高等植物的阶段性汇总, 尚需要根据野外工作的拓展和研究工作的深入不断完善。     

Plasma B-esterase activities in European raptors

B-esterases are serine hydrolases composed of cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE). These esterases, found in blood plasma, are inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides and can be used as nondestructive biomarkers of exposure to anticholinesterase insecticides. Furthermore, B-esterases are involved in detoxification of these insecticides. In order to establish the level of these enzymes and to have reference values for their normal activities, total plasma cholinesterase (ChE), AChE and BChE activities, and plasma CbE activity were determined in 729 European raptors representing 20 species, four families, and two orders. The diurnal families of the Falconiforme order were represented by Accipitridae and Falconidae and the nocturnal families of the Strigiforme order by Tytonidae and Strigidae. Intraspecies differences in cholinesterase activities according to sex and/or age were investigated in buzzards (Buteo buteo), sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), barn owls (Tyto alba), and tawny owls (Strix aluco). Sex-related differences affecting ChE and AChE activities were observed in young kestrels (2-3-mo-old) and age-related differences in kestrels (ChE and AChE), sparrowhawks (AChE), and tawny owls (ChE, AChE, and BChE). The interspecies analysis yielded a negative correlation between ChE activity and body mass taking into account the relative contribution of AChE and BChE to ChE activity, with the exception of the honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus). The lowest ChE activities were found in the two largest species, Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) and Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) belonging to the Accipitridae family. The highest ChE activities were found in the relatively small species belonging to the Tytonidae and Strigidae families and in honey buzzard of the Accipitridae family. Species of the Accipitridae, Tytonidae, and Strigidae families were characterized by a BChE contribution that dominated the total ChE activity, while in the species of the Falconidae family, AChE activity dominated. With the exception of the barn owl, CbE activity (eserine-insensitive alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase [alpha-NAE] activity) in all species was almost absent or very low. The values obtained in this study for ChE, AChE, and BChE activities and the AChE:BChE ratios for buzzard, kestrel, barn owl, and tawny owl provide a good estimate of the normal values in free-living individuals of these European species. They can be used as a baseline to evaluate the effect of anticholinesterase insecticides in the field.     

浙江省清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物区系成分研究

通过对2013~2014年于清凉峰自然保护区采集的1 500余份苔藓植物标本进行鉴定和文献研究,统计分析了清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物种类组成,区系地理成分及特点,并对该地区与相邻8个地区藓类植物的丰富度系数比较和相似性系数比较,以明确该地区苔藓植物不同的生态分布类型,揭示浙江清凉峰保护区苔藓植物多样性的变化规律。结果表明:(1)浙江省清凉峰国家自然保护区苔藓植物共有62科143属337种(包括3个变种),其中苔类植物20科29属49种,藓类植物42科114属288种。(2)藓类植物的优势科9个、优势属16个。(3)该地区苔藓植物区系成分主要以东亚成分为主(占总种数41.84%),温带成分次之(占总种数28.57%),热带成分再次之(占总种数20.74%)。(4)浙江清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物区系与浙江省境内的金华山、大盘山、天目山和凤阳山的亲缘关系较为密切。(5)浙江清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物生态分布类型复杂多样,以石生类型(占总标本数的47.09%)最多,其次为岩面土生(占总标本数的27.68%)和土生(占总标本数的12.85%)类型。     

南京市主城区苔藓植物多样性及其与环境的关系

苔藓植物是结构特殊的高等植物,种类数量仅次于被子植物,具有独特的观赏价值,应用前景广阔.为了更好地利用苔藓植物进行园林造景,本研究对南京市主城区10个绿地样点77个样地的苔藓植物进行了调查.结果表明: 共记录苔藓植物21科36属55种,其中丛藓科、羽藓科等苔藓种类在调查区域内分布广泛.苔藓种类丰富度由城中心向周围逐渐降低.根据苔藓植物多样性的聚类分析可将10个绿地样点分为3组,与园林生境、人为干扰频度、面积等因素有关.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,郁闭度、湿度和基质类型是影响苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子.南京市多数苔藓植物喜欢生长在湿度适中、较为开阔的区域.     

岩溶城市背景下贵阳市峰丛苔藓植物多样性分布及其生态特征

以贵州典型岩溶地区贵阳市云岩区的3座峰丛为研究对象,对苔藓植物的多样性分布及其生态特征进行调查研究。结果表明：（1）该区域内,苔藓植物由13科31属62种组成;其中苔类有1科1属2种,藓类12科30属60种;（2）苔藓植物生活型有3种,主要为交织型（占61.3%）和丛集型（占35.5%）;（3）3座峰丛苔藓植物物种丰富度指数排序为仙人洞山>照壁山>东山;3座峰丛苔藓植物的Pielou指数差距不大,表明物种个体分布较为均匀;相似性指数结果表明东山与照壁山、仙人洞山苔藓物种有较大差异性,岩性是影响其差异性的重要原因之一;（4）苔藓物种数在3座峰丛山底、山腰和山顶呈现不同的分布规律,导致此趋势的直接原因可能为人为干扰;（5）CCA排序表明人类活动频繁的东山和照壁山,影响苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子为人为干扰,其次为海拔高度;受人为干扰程度轻的仙人洞山,苔藓植物的分布规律则受自然环境因子（海拔高度、光照、土壤温度）影响。美灰藓（Eurohypnum leptothallum）作为最大优势种,能适应严峻的自然环境和人为干扰,其抗干扰能力对改善恶化环境具有潜在价值。     

贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区桫椤群落苔藓植物调查

对赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区18个桫椤植物样方苔藓植物进行采集,共获165份标本。经鉴定分析,有苔藓植物26科37属61种,其中苔类植物8科10属16种,藓类植物18科27属45种;优势科有5个,分别是齿萼苔科、白发藓科、凤尾藓科、毛锦藓科、灰藓科;优势属有5个,分别是白发藓属Leucobryum、梳藓属Ctenidium、曲柄藓属Campylopus、凤尾藓属Fissidens、异萼苔属Heteroscyphus;苔藓植物种类较丰富的样方多位于沟边、沟谷潮湿的地带,在草本、蕨类、小灌木等小型植物少、桫椤植物幼苗少及腐殖质层厚的环境中,苔藓植物分布也较多;生境分析结果显示,石生基质种类最多,占总种数的85.25%。     

贵州泥堡卡林型金矿区与非金矿区苔藓植物比较研究

首次报道了贵州普安县泥堡村韭菜烂滩的卡林型金矿区和非金矿区的苔藓。记录了泥堡韭菜烂滩卡林型金矿生苔藓3科8属15种,非金矿生苔藓9科15属20种。通过比较我们得到韭菜烂滩卡林型金矿区和泥堡非金矿区苔藓的相似性系数为11.4%。这表明这两个生境下的苔藓组成差异极大。在这个地区有13种苔藓植物(包括异芽丝瓜藓Pohlia leucostoma、卵蒴丝瓜藓P.proligera、长蒴藓Trematodon longicollis等)只生长在卡林型金矿上,这表明有一些苔藓植物适应卡林型金矿这种基质。也许,在泥堡地区某些苔藓植物的分布与卡林型金矿存在一定的关系。     

贵州乌江东风水库库区消落带苔藓植物区系分析

采用典型调查与路线调查相结合的方法,对贵州乌江东风水库库区消落带苔藓植物区系的物种组成、生活型、分布区类型和丰富性进行了调查和分析.结果表明:该区域共有苔藓植物18科58属101种,其中,藓类植物有16科56属99种,苔类植物有2科2属2种;优势科为灰藓科(Hypnaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和丛藓科(Pottiaceae),优势属为青藓属(Brahchythecium B.S.G.)、真藓属(Bryum Hedw.)和小曲尾藓属〔Dicranella(Müll.Hal.)Schimp.〕;单属科和单种属所占比例均较高,分别占该区域苔藓植物总科数和总属数的500%和638%.该区域分布的苔藓植物生活型可分为交织型、丛集型、垫状和平铺型4类,以丛集型种数最多(48种),占该区域苔藓植物总种数的475%.该区域分布的苔藓植物可划分为12个分布区类型,其中,温带成分种类最多,所占比例为815%;热带成分所占比例仅为185%;中国特有种所占比例也较高,为207%.该区域苔藓植物的丰富性综合系数(Si)为-03608,低于相邻的六冲河下游流域.综合分析结果表明:该区域的苔藓植物多样性较为丰富,多数种类具有较强的抗逆性,且丛集型苔藓种类最多,与库区消落带的特殊生境相适应;地理成分以东亚成分和北温带成分为主,总体属温带性质,且中国特有种较多,反映出该区域苔藓植物区系的特殊性和复杂性.     

北京东灵山苔藓植物区系研究

在野外调查和采集标本的基础上,对北京东灵山苔藓植物区系成分及特点进行研究。结果显示,该地区共有苔藓植物27科64属150种(含2变种),其中32种为北京苔藓植物新记录。优势科为青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、灰藓科(Hypnaceae)、真藓科(Bryaceae)和绢藓科(Entodontaceae)5科;优势属为青藓属(Brachythecium)、绢藓属(Entodon)、紫萼藓属(Grimmia)、真藓属(Bryum)、金灰藓属(Pylaisia)、凤尾藓属(Fissidens)、美喙藓属(Eurhynchium)和毛口藓属(Trichostomum)8属。区系分析表明,东灵山苔藓植物区系地理成分以北温带成分为主(占36.7%)、东亚成分次之(占18.0%)。通过与我国15个地区苔藓植物区系谱主成分分析发现,东灵山苔藓植物区系成分与雾灵山、小五台山与贺兰山相近,与云蒙山最为接近。     

佛坪国家自然保护区地面生苔藓植物物种多样性

通过对秦岭南坡佛坪国家自然保护区地面生苔藓植物的调查,采用相似性系数、重要值、多样性指数对其进行物种多样性的研究。结果表明:29个样地内地面生苔藓植物共33科69属189种,包括苔类植物7科8属15种和藓类植物26科61属174种,其中青藓科是最优势的科。落叶阔叶栎(Quercus)林下地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性最高,其次是落叶阔叶桦(Betula)林带、竹林、针叶林和沟谷岩石,杜鹃(Rhododendron)灌丛带的最低。落叶阔叶栎林带和落叶阔叶桦林带的种相似性最高,杜鹃灌丛与其它植被带的种相似性都很低。研究表明秦岭南坡的佛坪国家自然保护区内,低山地区的落叶阔叶栎林带是该地区苔藓植物多样性的分布中心,是物种多样性保护的关键地带;亚高山地区杜鹃灌丛带的苔藓植物物种多样性虽然不高,但种类明显不同于别的地带,所以也应是苔藓植物多样性保护值得注意的地带。     

贵州百里杜鹃国家森林公园土生和石生苔藓植物比较研究

对贵州百里杜鹃国家森林公园的土生型和石生型苔藓植物的物种多样性进行比较研究,结果表明:两种基质上共有苔藓植物17科34属57种,其中土生型17科27属35种,石生型10科12属19种,兼生型3种.土生型与石生型苔藓植物的种相似性系数为0.22,Shannon-Wiener指数和种间相遇机率指数均较低,Simpson指数较高,表明百里杜鹃国家森林公园苔藓植物的种类分布显著受基质影响.     

六盘水娘娘山国家湿地公园的苔藓植物区系特点

为了解娘娘山国家湿地公园苔藓植物区系特点,对苔藓植物的物种组成和中国特有种的迁移特点进行了研究.结果表明,湿地公园共有苔藓植物51科106属266种(含12变种),易危苔藓植物2种.苔藓植物区系可划分为17种类型,以北温带分布(17.37％)占优势,其次是热带亚洲分布(14.83％).属于热带(73种.R)区系类型的物...     

浙江西天目山主要森林类型的苔藓多样性比较

苔藓是森林的重要组分, 是森林保护区的重要保护对象, 在物种资源和生态系统功能维护中有重要作用。该研究以浙江西天目山国家自然保护区内7种主要森林类型(落叶矮林、落叶阔叶林、常绿-落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林和竹林)内的苔藓植物为对象, 调查了32个10 m × 10 m的样地, 记录地面生苔藓植物盖度和树附生苔藓植物多度, 采用重要值、相似性系数、多样性指数分析了森林类型间的苔藓植物多样性差异。共采集969份标本, 隶属41科84属142种, 其中苔类植物13科18属33种, 藓类植物28科66属109种, 优势科为灰藓科、青藓科和羽藓科。2种混交林(常绿-落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林)的物种丰富度和多样性指数均高于其余5种森林, 其中物种丰富度以针阔混交林最高, 苔藓植物多样性则以常绿-落叶阔叶混交林最高, 竹林两者均为最低。海拔等环境因子较为接近的植被类型的苔藓植物多样性相似性较高, 常绿阔叶林与针叶林相似性最高, 而落叶矮林和竹林相似性最小。     

Age-dependent changes in plasma and brain cholinesterase activities of house wrens and European starlings

We determined age-dependent changes in plasma and brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity for two species of passerines: house wren (Troglodytes aedon) and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris, starling). In plasma from nestlings of both species, total ChE activity increased with age, acetycholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activity declined rapidly immediately after hatching, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) activity increased steadily. For both species, total ChE and BChE activities and the BChE:AChE ratio in plasma were significantly greater in adults than nestlings suggesting trends observed in nestlings continue post fledging. In older nestlings and adults, AChE activity in plasma was significantly greater and BChE:AChE ratio less in house wrens than starlings. For house wrens as compared with starlings, ChE activity in brain increased at a significantly greater rate with age in nestlings and was significantly greater in adults. However, ChE activity in brain was similar at fledging for both species suggesting that the increase in ChE in brain is more directly related to ontogeny than chronologic age in nestlings of passerines. For both species, ChE activity increased significantly with brain weight of nestlings but not adults. House wrens hold similar patterns of age-dependent change in ChE activity in common with starlings but also exhibit differences in AChE activity in plasma that should be considered as a factor potentially affecting their relative toxicologic response to ChE inhibitors.     

北京百花山自然保护区不同植被地面生苔藓植物物种多样性

采用相似性系数和物种多样性指数对北京百花山自然保护区8种植被内地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性进行了研究,得知8种植被中地面生苔藓植物有13科31属65种（含种以下的单位）,优势科6科,优势种12种。不同植被中苔藓植物的物种组成、优势科和优势种不同,丛藓科和真藓科植物在草甸和灌丛内占绝对优势,而森林植被内的绢藓科为绝对优势科;油松林和落叶阔叶混交林的物种相似性最高为51.63,草甸和荆条灌丛与大部分植被的物种相似为0。地面生苔藓植物的分布与其生长的基质相关性最大,另外水分条件、小生境、草本层盖度和凋落物盖度等也影响地面生苔藓植物的分布。白桦林和落叶阔叶混交林应成为生物多样性保护的重点植被类型。     

Brain cholinesterase activity of apparently normal wild birds

Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are potent anticholinesterase substances that have killed large numbers of wild birds of various species. Cause of death is diagnosed by demonstration of depressed brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity in combination with chemical detection of anticholinesterase residue in the affected specimen. ChE depression is determined by comparison of the affected specimen to normal ChE activity for a sample of control specimens of the same species, but timely procurement of controls is not always possible. Therefore, a reference file of normal whole brain ChE activity is provided for 48 species of wild birds from North America representing 11 orders and 23 families for use as emergency substitutes in diagnosis of anticholinesterase poisoning. The ChE values, based on 83 sets of wild control specimens from across the United States, are reproducible provided the described procedures are duplicated. Overall, whole brain ChE activity varied nearly three-fold among the 48 species represented, but it was usually similar for closely related species. However, some species were statistically separable in most families and some species of the same genus differed as much as 50%.     

贵阳喀斯特城市墙壁苔藓植物物种多样性研究

为了解环境对墙壁苔藓植物的影响,采用典范对应分析方法对贵阳市照壁山墙壁苔藓植物的多样性特征及其环境影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,该区墙壁苔藓植物有9科17属45种,以凤尾藓科(Fissidentaceae)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、真藓科(Bryaceae)和羽藓科(Thuidiaceae)为优势科。不同生境苔藓植物的物种组成、优势种、常见种不同,墙壁上部和中部的苔藓植物优势种和常见种主要为矮丛集型,墙壁下部的优势种和常见种主要为交织型。CCA排序表明,温度和湿度是苔藓植物在墙壁上分布的主要影响因子。卷叶湿地藓(Hyophila involuta)、尖叶对齿藓(Didymodon constrictus)、长尖对齿藓(Didymodon ditrichoides)、小凤尾藓原变种(Fissidens bryoides var.bryoides)在墙壁上部、中部和下部都能很好生长。因此,在城市垂直绿化时可选择适宜的苔藓植物进行配置。     

西双版纳热带雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓的组成与多样性格局

为探讨西双版纳热带雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓的组成、多样性格局及其维持机制,该文对两种植被的树干附生苔藓植物进行了调查与分析。所选择的样地位于西双版纳勐腊县,每种植被类型选择10个20 m×20 m的样方,每个样方选择约10棵样树。结果表明:(1)本调查共记录到附生苔藓20科39属60种,其中热带雨林附生苔藓有19科33属48种,热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓有9科14属19种,共有种6种。(2)热带雨林最优势科为平藓科,热带山地常绿阔叶林最优势科为锦藓科。(3)热带雨林比热带山地常绿阔叶林具有更高的物种丰富度、β多样性和γ多样性。(4)不同径级和不同树皮粗糙度宿主上附生苔藓植物的盖度差异显著,而物种丰富度差异不显著。(5)苔藓植物的生活型对植被类型有所偏好,表现为悬垂型、扇型、交织型、粗平铺型集聚于热带雨林,丛集型、垫状型、细平铺型集聚于热带山地常绿阔叶林。(6)直接排序结果表明,宿主特性特别是树皮粗糙度显著影响苔藓植物生活型的组成和分布。热带雨林比热带山地常绿阔叶林能提供更多样的微生境,因而孕育了物种更丰富的附生苔藓植物。考虑到不同的植被类型或宿主特性条件下孕育着不同生活型组成的苔藓植物,因此可将苔藓生活型作为今后森林监测的一项重要指标。     

Relation of brain regional physostigmine concentration to cholinesterase activity and acetylcholine and choline levels in rat

The relationship between physostigmine (Phy) concentration, acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch) and cholinesterase (ChE) activity was examined in whole rat brain after the administration of [³H]Phy (650 g/kg i.m.). Cholinesterase inhibition was found to be inversely related to Phy levels. Maximal inhibition (80%) was seen at 5 min and by 2 hrs ChE activity had returned to control levels. Acetylcholine levels in whole brain peaked at 30 min at a concentration (80 nmol/g) 2.3 times higher than controls (33 nmol/g). Choline levels were not significantly altered. The regional distribution of Phy concentration and ChE activity was studied in six areas of the brain following i.m. administration of three different dosages of [³H]Phy. Physostigmine concentration and ChE activity showed a dose dependency in each area examined except in SP (medial septum). Striatum (ST) showed the greatest relative increase of ACh up to 30 min, when compared to other areas. Choline levels were not changed in any area with the exception of ST at 5 min where a decrease was seen. There was a relationship between ChE activity, Phy concentration and ACh levels in all areas examined with exception of the medulla oblongata (MO). Our results indicate that even though ChE was inhibited practically uniformly in all brain areas, the percent increase with respect to control animals and the relative increase of ACh varied widely from area to area. This finding has clinical implications in cases in which cholinomimetic therapy is used to elevate ACh levels in specific brain areas which show a cholinergic deficit.Special issue dedicated to Prof. Eduardo De Robertis.     

杭州市区土生苔藓植物分布与生态因子的关系

在杭州市区设立的21个样点中,记录到土生苔藓植物22科31属47种.基于样点中苔藓植物种类的生态重要值和样点生态因子数据进行典范对应分析.结果表明:人为干扰和土壤pH是影响杭州市区土生苔藓植物分布的主要生态因子.在市区平原地势的公园和绿地,人为干扰较大,土壤呈碱性,苔藓植物种类以小羽藓属、真藓属和丛藓科为主;而在海拔较高的丘陵地区,人为干扰较小,土壤呈酸性,苔藓植物种类相对丰富,侧蒴藓类和苔类较多.对47种土生苔藓植物进行生态位宽度计测,多数苔藓植物的生态位宽度较窄.其中,东亚拟鳞叶藓的生态位宽度最大(0.3510),广泛分布在西湖西南的丘陵地区;平叶毛口藓和细叶小羽藓的生态位宽度次之,分别为0.2239和0.2185,是市区平原地势的公园和绿地中的常见种.