重组酵母菌乙醇脱氢酶基因的克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆产麻黄碱重组酵母菌乙醇脱氢酶基因片段,并对其进行序列分析,为研究该基因在重组酵母中与麻黄碱生物合成途径的关系提供参考.方法:根据一段利用抑制差减杂交技术获得的来源于重组酵母乙醇脱氢酶基因片段,采用RACE的方法扩增Adh基因,使用分子生物学软件对该基因进行生物信息学分析.结果:获得一段大小为1 245 bp的基因片段,编码375个氨基酸,含有两个催化域和两个锌结合域,与来源于Gandida boidinii ADH3基因的同源性为85％.结论:克隆的基因为乙醇脱氢酶基因,并在GenBank注册,登录号为JF293468.     

Kinetics of Encapsulated Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase Dispersed in an Organic Solvent

Microcapsules dispersed in organic solvents provide a suitable environment for conducting enzyme reactions involving cofactors and hydrophobic substrates. Encapsulated YADH is active and stable in cyclohexane provided the pH is adjusted appropriately. Mass transfer does not influence batch reaction rates. Conversion in a fluidized-bed reactor containing encapsulated YADH/NAD⁺ and employing cyclohexane as the continuous phase depends strongly on residence time and inlet cinnamyl alcohol concentration. However, interpretation of these results is complicated by enzyme inactivation by the product, cinnamaldehyde, and interference from residual encapsulating agents.     

Kinetics of Encapsulated Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase Dispersed in an Organic Solvent

Microcapsules dispersed in organic solvents provide a suitable environment for conducting enzyme reactions involving cofactors and hydrophobic substrates. Encapsulated YADH is active and stable in cyclohexane provided the pH is adjusted appropriately. Mass transfer does not influence batch reaction rates. Conversion in a fluidized-bed reactor containing encapsulated YADH/NAD⁺ and employing cyclohexane as the continuous phase depends strongly on residence time and inlet cinnamyl alcohol concentration. However, interpretation of these results is complicated by enzyme inactivation by the product, cinnamaldehyde, and interference from residual encapsulating agents.     

酵母醇脱氢酶ADHI的纯化及动力学研究

本文报道了啤酒酵母醇脱氢酶组成型同工酶ＡＤＨＩ的快速高效的纯化方法。通过活性蓝色染料柱亲和层析的方法将该酶纯化至电泳均一,收率达４７％,对该酶的产物抑制及端点抑制动力学研究结果支持Ｗｒａｔｔｅｎ,Ｃｌｅｌａｎｄ提出的序列有序机制。     

Comparison of the Gene Expression Patterns of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isozymes in the Thermotolerant Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and Their Physiological Functions

Four genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) isozymes in the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, a potent candidate for ethanol production at high temperatures, were investigated. Of these, KmADH3 and KmADH4 were cloned and sequenced, and their deduced amino acid sequences were compared with those of KmAdh1 and KmAdh2 and other Adhs of Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The four KmAdhs had high sequence similarity, though KmAdh3 and KmAdh4 possessed an amino-terminal extension as a mitochondrial targeting sequence, and appear to belong to the zinc-containing Adh family. These results and the results of Southern blot experiments suggest that there are at least four Adh isozymes in K. marxianus, two cytoplasmic enzymes and two mitochondrial enzymes. The expression profile revealed that KmADH genes are differently expressed depending on growth phase and carbon source, suggesting that these highly homologous Adhs play distinctive roles in cells.     

Kinetics of Ethanol Oxidation Catalyzed by Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecylsulfate

A study has been made of the effect of sodium dodecylsufate (SDS) addition on the oxidation of ethanol catalyzed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Experiments were performed at pH = 8.1 and SDS concentrations employed were below and above the surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC). The double reciprocal plots obtained in the absence and in the presence of the surfactant were compatible with a sequential bi-bi ordered mechanism. In the presence of the surfactant the initial reaction rates were consistently lower than in pure buffer at all the surfactant concentrations considered (0.5-50 mM). This effect is mainly due to an increase in the dissociation constant of beta-NAD(+) which reaches its maximum value (7,100 +/- 1,700 microM) at the CMC. Above the CMC the effect of the surfactant is mainly due to an increase in the Michaels constants of the alcohol, with values of 41 +/- 1 mM for 15 mM SDS and 50 +/- 1 mM for 50 mM SDS. The catalytic rate constant was found to be practically independent of the presence of the surfactant in the range of concentrations considered (up to 50 mM).     

酵母乙醇脱氢酶胍变性时的失活与去折叠的比较研究

应用荧光发射光谱,圆二色光谱,二阶导数光谱和紫外差吸收光谱等监测手段,研究了酵母乙醇脱氢酶在胍溶液中的去折叠。比较不同盐酸胍浓度下酵母乙醇脱氢酶的失活与构象变化,实验表明酶的失活先于构象变化：在低浓度胍溶液中,构象尚未发生明显变化时,酶活几乎已经完全丧失。由上述结果可见,含有辅基金属离子Ｚｎ~（２＋）酶的活性部位较酶分子的整体结构也具有柔性。     

Dye Affinity Labelling of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Abstract

The interaction of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with the reactive chlorotriazine dye Vilmafix Blue A-R (VBAR) was studied. VBAR was purified to homogeneity on lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 and characterised by reverse phase HPLC and analytical TLC. Incubation of ADH with purified VBAR at pH 8.0 and 37°C resulted in a time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. The observed rate of enzyme inactivation (k_obs) exhibited a non-linear dependence on VBAR concentration from 22 to 106nmol, with a maximum rate of inactivation (k₃) of 0.134min^?1 and k_D of 141.7 μM. The inhibition was irreversible and activity could not be recovered by gel-filtration chromatography. The inactivation of ADH by VBAR was competitively inhibited by the nucleotides NADH and NAD⁺. These results suggest that VBAR acts as an affinity label at the nucleotide binding site of yeast ADH.     

Kinetics of Inhibition of Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase byp-Methylbenzyl Hydroperoxide

Abstract

The complex kinetic behaviour of p-methylbenzyl hydroperoxide in its inhibitory action on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was examined. The kinetic patterns are markedly different at very low (<10^?8 M) and high (> 10^?7 M) hydroperoxide concentrations. In both cases very low inhibition constants (4nM and 14nM, respectively) were found. A possihle mechanistic model based on these results is discussed.     

Increased Conformational and Thermal Stability Properties for Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase by Chemical Glycosidation with End-group Activated Dextran

A mono-aminated dextran derivative was attached to Bacillus badius phenylalanine dehydrogenase via a carbodiimide-catalyzed reaction. The optimum temperature for the conjugate was 10 °C higher than for native enzyme, and its thermostability was improved by 8 °C. The activation free energy of thermal inactivation at 45 °C was increased by 16.8 kJ/mol. The improved conformational stability of the modified enzyme was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy.     

木质素合成关键酶——肉桂醇脱氢酶的研究进展

肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)是木质素合成途径的关键酶之一,它作用于木质素单体生物合成的最后一步。重点综述了肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)的在基因家族方面,基因调控方面以及蛋白结晶方面的研究进展,讨论了存在的问题并提出了相关策略。     

Synthesis of 1-Hydroxyalkyl-3-Substituted Ureas and Thioureas,Substrates for Alcohol Dehydrogenase

A series of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)- and 1-(3-hydroxyethyl)-3-substituted ureas and thioureas were synthesized. 1-(3-Hydroxyethyl)-3-acylthioureas were shown to be specific substrates for alcohol dehydrogenase in vitro.     

Metabolite Profiling Reveals a Role for Atypical Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase CAD1 in the Synthesis of Coniferyl Alcohol in Tobacco Xylem

In angiosperms, lignin is built from two main monomers, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol, which are incorporated respectively as G and S units in the polymer. The last step of their synthesis has so far been considered to be performed by a family of dimeric cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD2). However, previous studies on Eucalyptus gunnii xylem showed the presence of an additional, structurally unrelated, monomeric CAD form named CAD1. This form reduces coniferaldehyde to coniferyl alcohol, but is inactive on sinapaldehyde. In this paper, we report the functional characterization of CAD1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced CAD1 expression were obtained through an RNAi strategy. These plants displayed normal growth and development, and detailed biochemical studies were needed to reveal a role for CAD1. Lignin analyses showed that CAD1 down-regulation does not affect Klason lignin content, and has a moderate impact on G unit content of the non-condensed lignin fraction. However, comparative metabolic profiling of the methanol-soluble phenolic fraction from basal xylem revealed significant differences between CAD1 down-regulated and wild-type plants. Eight compounds were less abundant in CAD1 down-regulated lines, five of which were identified as dimers or trimers of monolignols, each containing at least one moiety derived from coniferyl alcohol. In addition, 3-trans-caffeoyl quinic acid accumulated in the transgenic plants. Together, our results support a significant contribution of CAD1 to the synthesis of coniferyl alcohol in planta, along with the previously characterized CAD2 enzymes. Sequences of NtCAD1-1 and NtCAD1-7 were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers AY911854 and AY911855, respectively.     

Characterization of Two Isozymes of Coniferyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K

We purified two isozymes of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CADH I and II) to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of Streptomyces sp. NL15-2K. The apparent molecular masses of CADH I and II were determined to be 143 kDa and 151 kDa respectively by gel filtration, whereas their subunit molecular masses were determined to be 35,782.2 Da and 37,597.7 Da respectively by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Thus, it is probable that both isozymes are tetramers. The optimum pH and temperature for coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity were pH 9.5 and 45 °C for CADH I and pH 8.5 and 40 °C for CADH II. CADH I oxidized various aromatic alcohols and allyl alcohol, and was most efficient on cinnamyl alcohol, whereas CADH II exhibited high substrate specificity for coniferyl alcohol, and showed no activity as to the other alcohols, except for cinnamyl alcohol and 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanol. In the presence of NADH, CADH I and II reduced cinnamaldehyde and coniferyl aldehyde respectively to the corresponding alcohols.     

植物肉桂醇脱氢酶及其基因研究进展

肉桂醇脱氢酶(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD)作为植物次生代谢特别是木质素合成的关键酶,与植物生长发育和抵御病原菌入侵关系密切,研究CAD基因表达调控及其与组织木质化的关系具有重要的植物生理学意义.该文综述了植物CAD的蛋白特征、酶学性质、基因分布和分类、基因结构和表达调控以及CAD表达与木质素合成的关系,为研究CAD在植物生长发育和抗病中的作用提供理论指导.     

葛花鸢尾苷的酸水解及其对乙醇脱氢酶激活作用的研究

本文对葛花提取物鸢尾苷经酸解法得到鸢尾苷元的水解工艺及鸢尾苷和鸢尾苷元对乙醇脱氢酶的激活作用进行了研究.结果表明,葛花鸢尾苷酸水解的最佳条件为:固液比1∶1 (mg/mL),甲醇浓度50％,反应温度80℃,反应时间5h,盐酸浓度4％,此条件下,鸢尾苷水解率可达99％以上.鸢尾苷和鸢尾苷元对乙醇脱氢酶均有一定的激活作用,其激活率分别为127.35％和132.35％.酸水解提高了葛花异黄酮类物质的生物利用率.     

茶树醇脱氢酶基因的表达特征及番茄遗传转化分析

根据茶树醇脱氢酶基因(CsiADH1)的cDNA序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法从茶树品种‘龙井43’中克隆了CsiADH1序列,分析了CsiADH1在生物和非生物胁迫下的诱导表达情况并转化番茄。结果表明:CsiADH1包含一个1 044bp的最大开放阅读框,编码347个氨基酸。qRT-PCR分析显示,CsiADH1的表达受到茶尺蠖取食、机械损伤、茉莉酸和水杨酸的诱导;将CsiADH1基因ORF区域克隆进pCAMBIA1301载体中,构建了由CaMV35S启动子驱动的CsiADH1基因植物表达载体pCAMBIA-ADH,并以农杆菌介导的方法侵染番茄‘中蔬四号’子叶,经PCR鉴定,获得了8个转CsiADH1基因阳性植株。该结果为进一步揭示CsiADH1基因在植物诱导防御反应中的分子机理研究奠定了基础。     

锌酵母分批流加发酵动态优化

对锌酵母分批流加发酵过程的控制变量反应温度和pH的动态最优化进行研究。基于酵母流加发酵有抑制的状态模型．通过龙格一库塔法计算微分方程组、单纯形法优化对模型参数进行估计。采用不同的温度和pH控制策略进行研究,由此获得动力学模型参数与温度和pH关系的回归模型。在此基础上,以极大值原理、梯度法优化求解以获得最高锌酵母产量为目标的最优温度和pH分布T*（t）、pH*(t)。实验验证,在T*(t)和pH*(t)下操作,锌酵母产率可提高13.7％。     

Effect of Copper on Growth of Yeast

The effect of copper was tested on the growth of many strains of yeast. Plate culture on density gradient agar of copper was used for estimating the growth response to copper. Growth in many strains was more strongly inhibited by the copper-aquo complex than by the copper-amino acid complex. Debaryomyces hansenii IFO 023 was found a suitable strain for the present study, because it was not resistant, not producing H₂S, and copper absorption by this strain was similar to that of the resistant strain. Growth of yeast cells in medium containing copper was affected by pH and concentration of amino acid in medium. Absorption of copper into intact cells was almost saturated for the initial few minutes. It was also affected by the addition of amino acid to copper solution. Our results indicated that the growth response of yeast to copper was closely related to copper absorption into cells. About 60 percent of copper absorbed into cells was distributed in the soluble fraction of the cell homogenate which was obtained by centrifugation at 105,000 g for 60 min.     

Immobilization of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase on magnetic nanoparticles for improving its stability

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) was immobilized covalently on Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (10.6 nm) via carbodiimide activation. The immobilization process did not affect the size and structure of magnetic nanoparticles. The YADH-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles were superparamagnetic with a saturation magnetization of 61 emu g^–1, only slightly lower than that of the naked ones (63 emu g^–1). Compared to the free enzyme, the immobilized YADH retained 62% activity and showed a 10-fold increased stability and a 2.7-fold increased activity at pH 5. For the reduction of 2-butanone by immobilized YADH, the activation energies within 25–45 °C, the maximum specific activity, and the Michaelis constants for NADH and 2-butanone were 27 J mol^–1, 0.23 mol min^–1 mg^–1, 0.62 mM, and 0.43 M, respectively. These results indicated a structural change of YADH with a decrease in affinity for NADH and 2-butanone after immobilization compared to the free enzyme.