Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒感染细胞的扫描与透射电镜对比观察

以感染复数为3的 HSV—Ⅱ(333株)感染兔婴肾单层细胞,不同间隔时间取材作扫描(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)观察。感染1小时后,SEM 下显示细胞表面有大量病毒颗粒吸附,颗粒均匀分布或积聚成簇,多数病毒颗粒有囊膜,少数无囊膜。感染2小时后,变化与上基本类似,但有少数细胞变园。感染4小时后,变园的细胞数量增多,在此种细胞的核周区及边缘区积聚有大量病毒颗粒,而核上区则仅见少量散在的病毒颗粒,感染16小时后,部分细胞表面出现大小及形状不规则的孔洞;部分细胞解体成碎片,在孔洞边缘及细胞碎片中,可见有囊膜及无囊膜的病毒颗粒。病毒感染1—2小时后,TEM 下可见有囊膜及无囊膜的病毒颗粒吸附于细胞表面,随后在细胞表面的凹陷及胞浆小泡中,亦可见到类似的病毒颗粒。感染4小时以内的细胞超微结构变化主要有:髓膜的形成,线粒体肿胀,粗面内质网腔扩张及染色质边聚。感染16小时后,细胞呈现严重的变性及解体,在细胞碎片中,亦可见到有囊膜及无囊膜的病毒颗粒。对病毒的吸附,穿入,释放等问题进行了讨论.     

广东大蒜花叶病原病毒初步鉴定

广东的开平金山火蒜、信宜木蒜、怀集绵蒜、怀集火蒜、高州火蒜、台山大蒜及河南大蒜等七个栽培品种看来都已100％感染了大蒜花叶病毒。典型的症状为花叶、扭曲、黄色条斑及矮缩等。病毒可由汁液传播,除大蒜外,人工接种的35种寄主植物全部不发病。电镜观察到开平金山火蒜等七个品种的病株汁液均含有二种线状病毒粒体,大小分别为12—13×500—700nm和12×900—2000nm,和一种大小为14×200—300nm的棒状病毒粒体。对开平金山火蒜病毒粗提纯液进行了病毒粒体在葡聚糖凝胶洗脱检测和蛋白外壳分子量测定,结果也都表明存在有三种病毒粒体。病叶切片电镜观察到细胞质内有环状和风轮状内含体。开平金山火蒜病毒抗血清与其它六个品种的抗原病毒具有同一血清反应,与水仙花叶病毒、TMV、马铃薯病毒X、Y和S、西瓜花叶病毒株系2和番木瓜环斑病毒均无反应。金山火蒜病毒中长度为500—700nm的粒体与加拿大大蒜花叶病毒粒体大小相同,其交互血清反应均为阳性,表明它们属同一种病毒,同为马铃薯Y组的大蒜花叶病毒(GMV)。其他两种病毒的归属有待进一步研究解决。     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染Marc-145细胞的病毒形态发生和细胞超微结构观察

以猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒四川分离株PRRSV-SC1株感染体外培养的Marc-145细胞为模型,通过透射电镜对PRRSV的病毒形态发生学和宿主细胞超微结构的动态变化规律进行研究。结果显示,病毒粒子呈球形,有囊膜,大小约45-65nm,内含直径约25-30nm的核衣壳。病毒感染细胞后以细胞内吞方式进入细胞,在胞浆内复制,装配好的病毒以出芽或细胞外分泌释放到细胞外。感染细胞超微结构变化主要表现为:细胞胞浆空泡增多,内质网扩张,线粒体增生、嵴肿胀、脱落,最后空泡化,细胞表面的微绒毛脱落,出现典型的细胞凋亡特征,并观察到凋亡小体,最后整个细胞裂解、破碎。     

感染大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)的大麦细胞质内含体及细胞器病变的研究

超薄切片电镜观察表明,在感染大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)的大麦(品种“早熟3号”)叶肉细胞中,液泡周围偶而可看到病毒颗粒束,在发病后期黄化或坏死的叶肉细胞中,可见到散布的病毒颗粒。在所有表现症状的病叶叶肉细胞,表皮细胞和木质部薄壁细胞中均可观察到风轮体、束状体、板状集结体以及膜状体等细胞质内含体,未见 卷简体和细胞核内含体。感病初期细胞中,细胞质丰富,核糖体数量增加,内质网肥大,随着病毒症状发喂,叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器逐渐肿大,外膜破裂直至解体。     

黄地老虎质型多角体病毒病的研究

黄地老虎质型多角体病毒的多角体有两种类型：多角形和四边形,大小分别为0.6—2.7μ和0.7—2.8μ。病毒粒子近球形,外壳上有管状物,病毒粒子大小为50—70nm。黄地老虎质型多角体的毒力较高,用1×108多角体／ml的浓度感染3龄幼虫,死亡率达93．9％。石腊切片观察感染6和10天的黄地老虎幼虫,中肠柱状细胞和围食膜内都含有大量多角体。超薄切片观察感染2、4、7天的柱状细胞内形成病毒粒子和多角体。杯状细胞感染较柱状细胞晚。感染4天的围食膜内发现有带毛的游离病毒粒子。     

两种病毒侵染中国对虾后细胞超微病理学变化与免疫标记

应用电子显微技术研究人工感染的中国对虾病毒病原及其宿主细胞超微病理学变化。结果显示病虾体内存在球状与杆状两种病毒病原,有时在同一病虾组织的同一细胞中可见两种病毒同时侵染现象,该现象提示存在复合感染的可能。利用胶体金免疫标记技术对感染病虾细胞质中出现的球状病毒作定位标记,初步结果表明已分离提纯的球状病毒与感染病虾细胞质中观察到的病毒粒子性质基本相同。病毒侵染后,细胞内主要的细胞器如线粒体、内质网、核糖体均发生了显著变化;侵染后期,可见溶酶体及多种膜性结构大量增生、细胞核被一些微管样结构包裹等特殊变化的发生。     

人工感染雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒的形态发生及宿主细胞的超微结构变化

应用超薄切片及电镜观察发现,人工感染雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒(gosling new type viral enteritis virus,NGVEV)后不同时间宰杀的及发病的雏鹅,其心、肝及小肠上皮细胞的细胞核(质)中均有典型腺病毒粒子.病毒侵害的靶器官主要是小肠粘膜上皮细胞,以上皮细胞微绒毛断裂、脱落开始,进一步发展为上皮细胞核畸形,固缩,核仁消失,核膜模糊和胞核崩解;胞浆严重空化,形成含有很多病毒粒子的"封入体";粗面内质网严重扩张呈囊状,其上的核蛋白体严重脱落;线粒体外膜破裂或嵴断裂及空化,部分受到损害的线粒体充满大量的病毒粒子;形成肠道栓子的外层假膜由大量的病毒粒子、细菌以及坏死的肠上皮细胞组成.肝和心的损害主要发生于感染早期,其粗面内质网和线粒体出现类似于小肠粘膜上皮细胞的变化.病毒在细胞核复制和装配,通过芽生或核膜的破裂而进入胞质,病毒于胞浆中主要是以"封入体"的形式存在,此外还有少量游离病毒.病毒释出细胞外可通过细胞膜芽生或破裂方式,也可通过与核外膜紧密联系的特殊膜性管道将病毒由胞核运至胞外.还讨论了小鹅瘟与雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎在超微结构上的区别.     

用感染病毒细胞超微结构的差异区分RMV及TMV株系

通过透射电镜观察被长叶车前草花叶病毒(RMV)和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)不同株系感染的普通烟叶肉细胞的超微结构,发现两种病毒的粒子分布、内含体类型、被感染细胞超微结构的病变均存在差异.病毒粒子分布有成束、分散、环状、膜包被及角状成层或平行成层排列等类型,存在于细胞质及液泡中,但未见于细胞核、线粒体及叶绿体等细胞器中.内含体的X-小管形状有长杆状、短杆状及颗粒状,数量各异.细胞壁常引起增厚、结构松散及扭曲等变化.叶绿体聚集成堆或分布于细胞边缘,其数量、大小、形状及所含淀粉粒、嗜锇颗粒等存在差异,有些还有颗粒状物质积累.线粒体及内质网等在不同株系间也存在差异.本项研究表明,被感染细胞超微结构的差异可作为RMV和TMV株系区分的依据.     

盐胁迫对玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对玉米叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响. 结果表明：NaCl胁迫破坏了玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜的正常结构,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,玉米叶肉细胞核膜,线粒体膜,细胞膜,叶绿体膜,液泡膜都受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体基粒类囊体膨胀,间质片层空间增大,片层紊乱。100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,质膜,液泡膜,线粒体,叶绿体都受到严重的破坏。细胞质膜破坏,破损的叶绿体充斥在细胞间隙中;叶绿体外膜破坏,甚至解体消失,叶肉细胞中充满膜结构,基粒排列方向改变,垛叠层数减少,基粒和基质片层界限模糊不清,有的基粒解体消失,甚至叶绿体完全解体;核膜破坏、解体,核中的染色质高度凝缩;线粒体的数量增多,线粒体膜破坏,脊的数量减少,甚至整个线粒体破损解体;液泡膜破坏;由于各种生物膜的破坏,使细胞内充满许多囊状小泡、多泡体或斑层小体;叶肉细胞发生严重的质壁分离,严重时发生细胞壁断裂;甚至整个细胞溶解。     

鹅源鸭瘟病毒和小鹅瘟病毒在同一宿主系统增殖的观察

本文首次报道了鹅源鸭瘟病毒(DPV—Ⅰ)和鸭胚化小鹅瘟病毒(GPV—Ⅰ)能同时在同一鸭胚内复制增殖,未发现干扰作用,在理论上说明某些不相关的两种病毒可在同一宿主增殖,实践上为利用同一鸭胚研制二联疫苗提供了依据。研究结果表明:1.DPV—Ⅰ和GPV—Ⅰ联合感染同一鸭胚后,其尿囊液在电镜下见两种病毒,DPV—Ⅰ呈园形或椭园形,有囊膜,直径为38—109nm,GPV-Ⅰ呈园形,无囊膜,直径为18—25nm;2.含毒尿囊液使鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)单层发生细胞病变作用(CPE),证实存在DPV-Ⅰ,而用小鹅瘟微量免疫扩散(MID)试验,又能检出GPV-Ⅰ抗原;3.含毒尿囊液免疫鹅的血清中存在抗两种病毒的(?)和抗体和GPV沉淀抗体;4.含毒尿囊液免疫的成鹅对DPV强毒攻击有相当免疫力,免疫鹅血清能中和GPV,使其失去对鸭胚的致病力;5.GPV-Ⅰ单独或与DPV-Ⅰ联合感染DEF单层后,均未见在细胞上复制。     

Ultrastructural Studies of Barley Mesophyll Cella lnfected with Barley Yellow Mosaic Viruses

lexuous filamentous, rod-shaped particles, and laminated, pinwheel inclusions were observed in the mesophyll cells of the barley plants naturally infected with barley yellow mosaic viruses. These virus particles had a length of 480–920 nm and a width of 10–20 nm. In addition, bundles of filamentous structures which consisted of many particles with more 2000 nm in length were found in the leaves of the infected barley plants. The ultrastructural alterations of the infected mesophyll cells were rather conspicuous. The cytoplasmic matrix was lost seriously, and the chloroplast membrane system was destroyed. The cristae and matrix of the mitochondrium were decreased and some of them became vacuoles. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expanded teristic membranous network structures occurred in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The virus particles were often associated at one end with ER and with the membranes of network structures. The nucleus, membrane and wall of ceils also had somewhat variation.     

Electron microscopy of the novel barley yellow streak mosaic virus

Unique particles of barley yellow streak mosaic virus (BYSMV) were detected in diseased barley, wheat, and several species of grass. They appeared to be about 64 nm in width and from 127 nm to an astonishing 4000 nm in length. Individual particles were circular in transverse section. The outermost layer of each particle seemed to be a membrane-like envelope. The internal structure of many particles was bead-like. Some particles had centers that were translucent. The BYSMV particles were distributed throughout the leaf, sheath, root, and own organs of barley. Virus particles were present in all cell types of the epidermis, mesophyll, phloem, and xylem. However, mesophyll cells contained the greatest number of particles. Most BYSMV particles occurred in large clusters of quasi-parallel arrays. Both individual and groups of particles were located within the cavities of ER elements. Ribosomes were attached to some outer surfaces of the ER bounding membrane. BYSMV particles are unique because they do not resemble any in presently classified groups or families of plant viruses: they are, however, similar to those of some unclassified viruses that infect insects.     

Morphogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Green Monkey Kidney Cell Line (Vero)

The structure and morphogenesis of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus particles in a green monkey kidney cell line (Vero) were examined. Infected cells contained dense intracytoplasmic inclusions composed of filamentous structures. In places where inclusion material was associated with membranes, structural modifications were induced. There was a thickening of the membrane and an addition of projections 12 to 15 nm in length. The same changes were most frequently observed after association of isolated filamentous structures with the cytoplasmic membrane. The budding-off process was clearly visualized. The diameter of mature virus particles varied between 90 and 130 nm and that of the internal component varied between 11 and 15 nm. The similarities between ultrastructural features of cells infected with RS virus and pneumonia virus of mice are pointed out. It is proposed that these two viruses should be classified together in a third subgroup of myxoviruses.     

盐胁迫下大麦和小麦叶片脂质过氧化伤害与超微结构变化的关系

研究了耐盐的大麦和不耐盐的小麦幼苗在 NaCl 胁迫下叶片脂质过氧化作用、膜系统伤害、叶肉细胞超微结构变化三者之间的关系。在盐胁迫初期,叶肉细胞能维持较高的 SOD 活性,脂质过氧化作用较弱,膜系统基本完整;随着胁迫强度加大,SOD 活性下降,脂质过氧化作用加强,膜透性增加,细胞内的电解质和紫外吸收物质大量外渗,细胞器破坏,甚至整个叶肉细胞结构崩溃。试验结果表明盐胁迫下超微结构的变化反映了细胞内膜系统的紊乱和伤害,而膜系统的伤害可能是脂质过氧化作用增强的结果。     

根瘤菌在大麦和水稻根上形成拟瘤的细胞结构

用3种方法使紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium astragali Huikui)、田菁根瘤菌(R.sesbania sp.)分别入侵大麦(hordeum vulgare L.)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.),形成拟瘤状组织。一是用一定磁场强度处理根瘤菌和植物,并接种培养。二是用含有水稻幼苗根提取物的培养基培养根瘤菌,接种水稻。三是重复别人用2,4-D外源激素处理植物,接种根瘤菌。镜检观察,用紫云英根瘤菌接种形成的大麦根拟瘤细胞结构非常精细,保持各种细胞器。有侵入线结构和根瘤菌从侵入线释放。根瘤菌被宿主细胞来源的膜包围,成为拟菌体。这些形态结构与豆科根瘤细胞相似,有共生状态特征,但拟菌体有泡状化现象。田菁根瘤菌入侵水稻根形成的拟瘤,在细胞间隙和细胞内都有细菌分布。受侵染的细胞结构粗糙,根瘤菌裸露,无胞膜包围。用2,4-D处理接种根瘤菌的拟瘤细胞结构也如此,但在维管系统内有大量密集的细菌存在。这种结构完全不同于豆科根瘤细胞结构,细菌与植物细胞的形态学相互关系是一种非共生联合作用。     

A Three-Dimensional Comparison of Tick-Borne Flavivirus Infection in Mammalian and Tick Cell Lines

Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) are sustained in nature through cycling between mammalian and tick hosts. In this study, we used African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) and Ixodes scapularis tick cells (ISE6) to compare virus-induced changes in mammalian and arthropod cells. Using confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron tomography (ET), we examined viral protein distribution and the ultrastructural changes that occur during TBFV infection. Within host cells, flaviviruses cause complex rearrangement of cellular membranes for the purpose of virus replication. Virus infection was accompanied by a marked expansion in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) staining and markers for TBFV replication were localized mainly to the ER in both cell lines. TEM of Vero cells showed membrane-bound vesicles enclosed in a network of dilated, anastomosing ER cisternae. Virions were seen within the ER and were sometimes in paracrystalline arrays. Tubular structures or elongated vesicles were occasionally noted. In acutely and persistently infected ISE6 cells, membrane proliferation and vesicles were also noted; however, the extent of membrane expansion and the abundance of vesicles were lower and no viral particles were observed. Tubular profiles were far more prevalent in persistently infected ISE6 cells than in acutely infected cells. By ET, tubular profiles, in persistently infected tick cells, had a cross-sectional diameter of 60–100 nm, reached up to 800 nm in length, were closed at the ends, and were often arranged in fascicle-like bundles, shrouded with ER membrane. Our experiments provide analysis of viral protein localization within the context of both mammalian and arthropod cell lines as well as both acute and persistent arthropod cell infection. Additionally, we show for the first time 3D flavivirus infection in a vector cell line and the first ET of persistent flavivirus infection.     

Ultrastructural pathology of leaf cells of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) infected with ryegrass mosaic virus.

Ryegrass mosaic virus particles and virus induced lamellar inclusions were found in mesophyll and epidermal cells of virus infected ryegrass leaves. The lamellar inclusions were occasionally found in phloem cells also. Virus particles occurred in cytoplasm, inside plasmodesmata and often in membrane bound sacs embedded in a matrix between plasmalemma and cell wall at or near plasmodesmata. Electron dense plugs protruding from plasmodesmata, finger-like cell wall outgrowths and cell wall deposits usually at plasmodesmata were also observed. Cytopathological changes in organelles in infected cells included dense deposits in the cisternae of endosplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, mitochondria with electron-dense or opaque matrix, proliferating cristae and deteriorating unit membrane; and disintegrating chloroplasts.     

Ebola virus VP40 drives the formation of virus-like filamentous particles along with GP

Using biochemical assays, it has been demonstrated that expression of Ebola virus VP40 alone in mammalian cells induced production of particles with a density similar to that of virions. To determine the morphological properties of these particles, cells expressing VP40 and the particles released from the cells were examined by electron microscopy. VP40 induced budding from the plasma membrane of filamentous particles, which differed in length but had uniform diameters of approximately 65 nm. When the Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion was expressed in cells, we found pleomorphic particles budding from the plasma membrane. By contrast, when GP was coexpressed with VP40, GP was found on the filamentous particles induced by VP40. These results demonstrated the central role of VP40 in formation of the filamentous structure of Ebola virions and may suggest an interaction between VP40 and GP in morphogenesis.     

我国13种天南星科作物上的芋花叶病毒

用直接负染和免疫电镜方法从我国浙江省(杭州、奉化、温州等地)、上海、北京、福建、湖南等地的13种天南星科大田作物:芋(Colocasia esadenta)、魔芋(Amorphophallus sinesis)、药用植物:半夏(Pinellia ternata)、掌叶半夏(P. cordata)、盾叶半夏(P. pedatisecta)以及观赏植物:马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica)、海芋(Alocasia macrorrhiza)、象耳芋(Colocasia gigantea)、台果芋(Syngonium podophygum)、黄金葛(Scindapsus aureus)、广东万年青(Aglaonema modestum)、花叶芋(Caladium bicolar)、剑叶喜林芋(Philodendium oxycadium)上均检测到芋花叶病毒(Dasheen mosaicvirus, DMV)。在免疫吸附-免疫修饰电镜水平上,该病毒与DMV抗血清和PVY抗血清均有强阳性反应。在人工接种条件下,DMV各分离物均不侵染烟草等非天南星科供试植物,但接种天南星科指示植物Philodendr…