柿果实采后氧化还原电位与乙烯合成和相关酶活性的关系

该研究以广西特色柿品种‘恭城月柿''为材料,在采后贮藏过程中对其氧化还原电位(ORP)、乙烯生物合成量、硬度、色差、抗氧化酶及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化进行了测定,初步探讨柿果实氧化还原电位与乙烯生物合成和相关酶活性的关系。结果表明:贮藏期果实的硬度整体呈下降趋势,乙烯利处理果实的硬度从采后3 d即急速下降,至贮藏末期始终显著低于对照。贮藏前14 d果实转色较缓慢,采后15 d乙烯利处理果实的总色差ΔE值快速上升至29.6,转色完全,显著高于对照的11.9。在贮藏前期处理和对照果实的ORP均稳定在7.5 mv·g^-1,采后15 d乙烯利处理果实的ORP快速上升至11.9 mv·g^-1,是对照组的1.4倍。乙烯利处理果实的乙烯生物合成量在贮藏前期呈较低水平,采后15 d乙烯生成量急剧增加至0.372 μL·kg^-1·h^-1的高峰,对照乙烯生成量则始终维持在0.033 μL·kg^-1·h^-1的较低水平。可见,乙烯生成量的增加与ORP的上升关系密切。此外,抗氧化酶中的过氧化物酶(POD)和细胞壁降解酶中的β-D-半乳糖苷酶(β-D-Gal)活性与ORP呈极显著正相关,表明二者受果实ORP变化的影响。因此,经乙烯利处理柿果实的ORP贮藏末期显著上升,促进乙烯生物合成量的急剧增加,诱导抗氧化酶POD和细胞壁降解酶 β-D-Gal活性增强,导致果实急速后熟软化。柿果实ORP可能作为开关调控1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)生成乙烯这一生物化学反应,即打破ORP的稳定状态引发乙烯合成的启动。     

乙烯对蜡梅切花开放衰老及乙烯受体基因表达的影响

为探索乙烯是否参与蜡梅花朵开放衰老进程的调控,利用气相色谱法测定分析不同发育阶段花朵的乙烯释放情况,同时分析乙烯、1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对切花开放衰老进程和乙烯受体基因表达的影响。结果表明:蜡梅花朵开放衰老过程中有微量乙烯的产生,在盛开期出现峰值;外源乙烯显著加快了花朵开放衰老进程,缩短切花瓶插寿命1.9 d,而1-MCP处理则延长瓶插寿命2.4 d;存在受乙烯和1-MCP影响其在蜡梅花朵中表达的乙烯受体基因成员CpETR-1、CpETR-2、CpETR-3,且3个基因的转录水平变化与开放衰老进程关联较为紧密。说明蜡梅乙烯释放量虽然很低,但乙烯参与了蜡梅花朵开放和衰老的调控,影响其进程和相关乙烯受体基因的表达。     

热处理对脱涩后火柿生理生化变化的影响

以CO2脱涩后的火柿为试材,研究了脱涩后火柿在5℃条件下贮藏过程中主要生理生化变化及35℃热处理对其软化生理的影响。结果表明,柿果可溶性单宁含量的继续下降是柿果软化的一个原因;乙烯在脱涩柿果的软化中起着主导作用,呼吸速率及PE、PG和纤维素酶活性的变化与乙烯存在着紧密的关系。35℃热处理抑制了脱涩火柿可溶性单宁含量的下降速率,使乙烯生成量降低和乙烯峰出现时间推迟,刺激了早期的呼吸速率,抑制了后期的呼吸速率,降低了PE、PG和纤维素酶的活性,从而达到了延缓脱涩柿果轮化的目的。     

乙烯吸收剂处理可有效改善蓝莓果实的储存效果

为了揭示乙烯吸收剂(ethylene absorbent, EA)处理对冷藏期间蓝莓(Vaccinium spp.)果实软化的影响。本研究将蓝莓果实在0℃储存56 d,评价未采用EA处理的果实和采用EA处理的果实的品质属性、乙烯生物合成以及果实软化指标的变化。结果表明,EA处理抑制了果实软化,减少了重量损失和腐烂,并且降低了总酚含量的损失。EA通过抑制1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合酶(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, ACS)和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶(1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase, ACO)活性来降低果实中的乙烯产量,同时通过抑制细胞壁降解酶活性来保持果实品质。本研究表明,EA处理可以抑制0℃贮藏期间蓝莓果实的软化,在0℃冷藏超过28 d后,EA对蓝莓的储存效果具有更好的改善作用。     

荔枝果实在发育和采后的乙烯产生及其生理作用

荔枝果实在发育与成熟过程中呼吸作用和乙烯的产生不断下降。 成熟荔枝果皮的乙烯产生量约为果肉和种子的86倍。外源乙烯处理能提高荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性。 在5℃下,荔枝果实的呼吸和乙烯产生受到强烈抑制,只有常温(25℃)下的1/10或更低,但进入常温后则很快上升,果实内部乙烯最高可达17.6 ppm。     

乙烯对苹果果实细胞壁降解效应初探

以陕西主栽苹果品种'秦冠'为试材,研究了不同浓度乙烯利以及加热处理下苹果果实中与细胞壁代谢相关酶的活性变化及其与细胞壁组分降解的关系.结果表明:乙烯对各细胞壁酶活性的促进效应因乙烯利施用浓度不同而异.乙烯利浓度由10 mg/L增至1 000 mg/L时,果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CS)的活性先逐渐增强,而后又被抑制;木聚糖(Xyl)没有受到明显影响.加热处理可增进乙烯利的作用,如在60℃时,PME、PG、CS、Xyl活性分别是对照的1.5、2.7、1.1和1.5倍.PG活性的显著增加同时引起了果实可溶性糖含量的显著升高,但其他酶活性变化与可溶性糖含量无直接相关.     

甜橙褐斑病与乙烯产生的关系

甜橙褐斑病在5℃较在2℃和7～9℃下发病更快,显示出中间温度效应的存在。低温可刺激甜橙果实内源乙烯的产生,外源乙烯处理可诱导和促进低温贮藏甜橙的褐斑病,除去乙烯则可减轻病害。 蒂部果皮是甜橙果实内源乙烯产生的主要部位,也是褐斑病的始发部位。甜橙果实在开始发病时,蒂部果皮中的乙烯浓度已达到20.6 ppm。     

乙烯在绿豆下胚轴不定根形成中的作用

选择易产生不定根的绿豆下胚轴做试验材料,研究乙烯在不定根形成中的作用。试验指出,乙烯利和乙烯气体在低浓度下(1—5mgL~(-1))促进或不抑制不定根的形成,随着浓度增加,抑制作用加强。IBA促进不定根形成的作用十分显著。IBA和乙烯相结合的试验说明,两者的作用似乎是独立的。可以设想,存在一个适于生根的低内源乙烯的界限,超过这个界限,抑制不定根形成。     

猕猴桃果实乙烯受体基因Ad-ETR1的克隆及其表达

以"布鲁诺"美味猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa cv.Bruno)果实为材料,根据其它植物乙烯受体氨基酸保守区序列,设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出1个657bp大小的cDNA片段(Ad-ETR1)该片段编码219个氨基酸,与其它植物乙烯受体及其基因的氨基酸及核苷酸同源性在72%～90%之间.Northern杂交结果表明,猕猴桃果实成熟衰老进程中Ad-ETR1 mRNA的积累趋于增加.这种积累的最大值出现在乙烯进入跃变之后;乙烯处理可以促使Ad-ETR1 mRNA最大值提前出现,乙酰水杨酸(ASA)处理则显著抑制Ad-ETR1表达.     

1—MCP处理对油桃果实硬度、呼吸及乙烯合成的影响

研究了1-MCP处理对“秦光”油桃果实硬度,呼吸,乙烯,EFE活性的影响。结果表明：1-MCP处理可抑制油桃果实乙烯的合成,显著地降低了乙烯峰值,仅为对照的一半,推迟了乙烯峰和呼吸峰的出现,但提高了呼吸峰值,延缓了果实硬度的下降,介对EFE活性无明显影响。     

Expression of ethylene response genes during persimmon fruit astringency removal

Thirteen ethylene signaling related genes were isolated and studied during ripening of non-astringent ‘Yangfeng’ and astringent ‘Mopan’ persimmon fruit. Some of these genes were characterized as ethylene responsive. Treatments, including ethylene and CO₂, had different effects on persimmon ripening, but overlapping roles in astringency removal, such as increasing the reduction in levels of soluble tannins. DkERS1, DkETR2, and DkERF8, may participate in persimmon fruit ripening and softening. The expression patterns of DkETR2, DkERF4, and DkERF5 had significant correlations with decreases in soluble tannins in ‘Mopan’ persimmon fruit, suggesting that these genes might be key components in persimmon fruit astringency removal and be the linkage between different treatments, while DkERF1 and DkERF6 may be specifically involved in CO₂ induced astringency removal. The possible roles of ethylene signaling genes in persimmon fruit astringency removal are discussed.     

Effect of orchard and postharvest application of daminozide on ethylene synthesis by apple fruit

The effects of daminozide (butanedioic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide) on ethylene synthesis by apple fruits were investigated. The objective was to determine the effects of postharvest applications as compared to the standard application of diaminozide in the orchard. Immersion in a solution containing 4.25 g L^?1 active ingredient for 5 min delayed the rise in ethylene production in individual “Cox” apples at 15°C by about 2 days, whereas orchard application of 0.85 g L^?1 caused delays of about 3 days. Both modes of application depressed the maximal rate of ethylene production attained by ripe apples by about 30%. Daminozide did not affect the stimulation of respiration by ethylene treatment of “Gloster” apples, but it delayed the increase in ethylene synthesis. Daminozide applied immediately after harvest delayed the rise in ethylene synthesis in “Golden Delicious” held at 15°C, but it was less effective when applied 48 h after harvest or when apples were held at 5°C. Exposure to 1–2 μl L^?1 ethylene for 48 h was less effective in promoting the rise in ethylene in daminozidetreated “Cox” and “Gloster” apples than in untreated fruit. High (100–1000 μl L^?1) concentrations of ethylene more or less overcame the daminozide effect. Apples absorbed about 40% of surface-applied [¹⁴C]daminozide in 48 h, but more than 90% of the radioactivity in the fruit was recovered from the peel and outer 1 cm of the cortex. Daminozide was partly converted to carbon dioxide and other metabolites.     

Xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides induce ethylene synthesis in persimmon (Diospyros khaki L.) fruit

In this work the effect of injection of xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides (XGOs) into whole persimmon (Diospyros khaki L.) fruits on ethylene biosynthesis was investigated. Fruits collected during different ripening stages produced low levels of ethylene without a climacteric-like peak. Pretreatment of these fruits with 10 cm³ C2H4 m^-3 for 8 h stimulated little or no endogenous ethylene production. However, when persimmon fruits were injected with a mixture of XGOs a burst in ethylene production was observed compared with water-injected control fruits or fruits injected with different monosaccharide solutions. In order to study the influence of oligosaccharide structure and fruit ripening stage on the ability of XGOs to induce ethylene synthesis, fucosylated and non-fucosylated XGOs were injected into persimmon fruits harvested at two different ripening stages. Both oligosaccharide structures were able to induce ethylene production. Induction of ethylene by XGOs was much more evident in fruits harvested later in time, indicating that the process is developmentally regulated. The levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in injected persimmon fruits were also examined. This study showed that the increase in the rate of ethylene biosynthesis induced by XGOs was accompanied by the accumulation of its metabolic precursor ACC.     

Cloning of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene and the role of ABA on fruit ripening

In order to understand more details about the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit ripening and senescence, six 740 bp cDNAs (LeNCED1, LeNCED2, PpNCED1, VVNCED1, DKNCED1 and CMNCED1) which encode 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) as a key enzyme in ABA biosynthesis, were cloned from fruits of tomato, peach, grape, persimmon and melon using an RT-PCR approach. A Blast homology search revealed a similarity of amino acid 85.76% between the NCEDs. A relationship between ABA and ethylene during ripening was also investigated. At the mature green stage, exogenous ABA treatment increased ABA content in flesh, and promoting ethylene synthesis and fruit ripening, while treatment with nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), inhibited them, delayed fruit ripening and softening. However, ABA inhibited the ethylene synthesis obviously while NDGA promoted them when treated the immature fruit with these chemicals. At the breaker, NDGA treatment cannot block ABA accumulation and ethylene synthesis. Based on the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that ABA plays different role in ethylene synthesis system in different stages of tomato fruit ripening.Key words: tomato, NCED gene, ABA, ethylene, fruit ripening, peach, grape, persimmon, melon     

外源抗坏血酸处理对人工脱涩柿果的保鲜作用

该研究以广西中部地区的早熟品种‘牛心柿’(Diospyros kaki cv.Niuxin)的果实为材料,研究果实萼片施用5%抗坏血酸溶液处理对CO_2脱涩柿果采后贮藏期果实软化和细胞壁降解以及抗氧化体系等相关生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:抗坏血酸对人工脱涩后‘牛心柿’果实的保鲜效果明显,与空白和去离子水对照相比,外源抗坏血酸处理更好地延缓柿果实硬度的降低和总色差的升高。抗坏血酸处理后7~15 d,原果胶的下降速率和可溶性果胶的上升速率得以延缓,细胞壁降解酶PG和Cx活性均低于空白和对照。同时,外源抗坏血酸阻滞了整个贮藏期果实内源抗坏血酸的减少,并抑制了POD的活性和MDA的积累,果实自身抗氧化体系功能受到保护。此外,抗坏血酸处理还在一定程度上提高了果实还原糖的含量。因此,采后外源施用抗坏血酸不仅可以延长脱涩后鲜食柿果的货架期,而且还有助于提高果实的商品品质。     

New volatile and water-soluble ethylene antagonists

Twenty cyclopropenes were prepared and their anti-ethylene activity was evaluated in the fruit ripening and plant senescence bioassays. The treatment of banana fruits with developed antagonists led to delay of fruit ripening. Some antagonists were capable to extend exhibition life of cut mini carnation flowers as well as delay senescence of bean leaves. The potency of ethylene antagonists declined with increase in molecular weight and reduction in their solubility in water, irrespective of bioassay used. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 585–591. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Calcium nitrate delays climacteric of persimmon fruit

Calcium nitrate (20 g litre^?1) delayed persimmon (Diospyros kaki) ripening on the tree and also reduced postharvest fruit deterioration when applied prior to fruit colour break. The magnitude of the response depended on the date of treatment. Application made one month prior to the peak of estimated commercial harvest was the most efficacious, and colour development, fruit softening and ethylene production were significantly retarded by the treatment. At harvest, there was no effect on fruit size or soluble solids content. Although there was a tendency for the content of soluble solids and fruit firmness to decrease with storage period, firmness of treated fruit was maintained.