光质对湛江等鞭金藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

在气升式光生物反应器中研究不同光质光影响湛江等鞭金藻的生长。结果表明,藻细胞密度的大小顺序为：红光〉白光＋红光、白光〉白光＋蓝光＋红光〉白光＋蓝光〉蓝光。蓝光下多不饱和脂肪酸百分含量最高,占总脂肪酸的50．01％。白光下总单不饱和脂肪酸和总饱和脂肪酸含量最高,占总脂肪酸的24．19％和27．46％。多不饱和脂肪酸中C18：4。．3含量最高,占总脂肪酸的20．3％-23.3％,最高值出现在蓝光下;其次为C22：6n-3（DHA）,占总脂肪酸的10．2％-12．3％,在蓝光和白光＋蓝光中较高;而C18：2n-6和C18：3n-3均以红光下的为最高,分别达3．11％和8．04％。     

光质对中华盒形藻生长及生化组成的影响

中华盒形藻的增殖率在白光下最大,蓝光下次之,红光下最小。叶绿素、蛋白质的合成明显受蓝光促进,而红光下碳经合物含量增加。脂类含量在蓝光、红光下均有所下降。     

发光二极管光质对念珠藻葛仙米生长及生理生化特性的影响简

利用发光二极管(LED)作为光源,以冷百荧光灯光作为对照,研究不同光质[红光637 nm、绿光529 nm、蓝光453 nm、白光(400—700)nm]对念珠藻葛仙米生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:在培养前期,红光促进藻蓝蛋白合成,而藻红蛋白合成受抑制;蓝光和绿光则促进藻蓝蛋白合成。在培养后期,红光处理有利于叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素积累,其含量分别达到干重的1.33%和0.24%;绿光、白光和冷白荧光培养物的相应色素的含量均约占1.0%和0.16%;蓝光培养物的相应色素含量分别仅为0.45%和0.11%。红光培养物的氨基酸含量达干重的23.1%,是对照的1.58倍。除蓝光外其他光质对还原糖的含量影响无显著差异。在培养过程中LED白光和冷白荧光培养物的平均相对生长速率分别约为其他色光培养物的1.3和1.5倍。     

发光二极管光质对念珠藻葛仙米生长及生理生化特性的影响

利用发光二极管（LED）作为光源,以冷百荧光灯光作为对照,研究不同光质红光637 nm、绿光529 nm、蓝光453 nm、白光（400700） nm对念珠藻葛仙米生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:在培养前期,红光促进藻蓝蛋白合成,而藻红蛋白合成受抑制;蓝光和绿光则促进藻蓝蛋白合成。在培养后期,红光处理有利于叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素积累,其含量分别达到干重的1.33%和0.24%;绿光、白光和冷白荧光培养物的相应色素的含量均约占1.0%和0.16%;蓝光培养物的相应色素含量分别仅为0.45%和0.11%。红光培养物的氨基酸含量达干重的23.1%,是对照的1.58倍。除蓝光外其他光质对还原糖的含量影响无显著差异。在培养过程中LED白光和冷白荧光培养物的平均相对生长速率分别约为其他色光培养物的1.3和1.5倍。       

不同光质光对葡萄愈伤组织增殖和白藜芦醇含量的影响

研究不同光质影响‘黑比诺’种子诱导并继代10个月的葡萄愈伤组织增殖及白藜芦醇含量的结果表明：不同光质下愈伤组织的增殖顺序依次为黄光〉绿光〉红光〉蓝光〉白光;白藜芦醇的含量依次为白光〉黄光〉红光〉蓝光〉绿光：白藜芦醇的生产量是白光〉黄光〉红光〉蓝光〉绿光。     

不同光质对白芥(Sinapis alba)下胚轴愈伤组织形成和器官再生的影响(简报)(英文)

以连续白光下或黑暗中生长5天的白芥幼苗下胚轴切段为外植体(分别叫作L-外植体和D-外植体),在1mg/L NAA+2mg/L BA的MS培养基上诱导脱分化和芽的再分化。在白光、红光、蓝光和黑暗中培养,L-外植体都比D-外植体愈伤组织形成早,生长快;对于L-外植体形成愈伤组织的促进作用依次是:白光>红光>蓝光》黑暗;而对D-外植体蓝光比红光更有效。L-外植体比D-外植体芽再生的能力强得多,不同光质的作用为:白光>红光>蓝光>黑暗。     

不同光质对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

光质可影响植物光合特性、形态以及生理过程。本试验研究了不同光质(白光W、红光R、红蓝混合光RB、蓝光B)对桑树植株生长、形态和光合作用的影响。结果表明:与白光对照相比,红光、蓝光和红蓝混合光处理下植株的生长、干物质积累受到抑制;红光处理下植株的株高、叶面积显著高于白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理;而白光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的LMA、叶绿素a/b比值、可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖、淀粉含量和叶片总N含量显著高于红光处理;红蓝混合光处理下植株的Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ与白光处理相近,红光、蓝光处理下植株的Pn、ΦPSⅡ低于白光、红蓝混合光处理,同时红光、红蓝混合光、蓝光处理下植株的抗氧化酶活性高于白光处理,而MDA含量低于白光处理;红光处理下植株的叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度显著小于白光处理。因此,一定比例的红蓝混合光可以使桑树植株的生长、光合特性、生理特征和叶片解剖结构与白光下生长植株相近,并减少单质红光、单质蓝光对植株生长发育的不利影响。     

不同光质对黄瓜叶片光合特性的影响

将黄瓜（ Ｃｕｃｕｍｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓ Ｌ．） 幼苗培养在相同辐照度（２０ μｍｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－１） 的白光、红光和蓝光下,研究了光质对黄瓜叶片的光合作用特性的影响。实验结果表明,生长在白光下的叶片,其叶绿素（Ｃｈｌ）含量分别比红光和蓝光下高７ ％ 和２２４％ ,在蓝光下的含量最低。生长在红光下的黄瓜叶片有较低的Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ 比值和较高的Ｃｈｌ ｂ 含量。低温（７７ Ｋ）荧光发射光谱和Ｃｈｌａ 荧光动力学诱导的实验结果表明,红光下的叶片具有较高的光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ） 活性和较低的光系统Ⅰ（ＰＳⅠ）活性,蓝光下的叶片具有较低的ＰＳⅡ活性和较高的ＰＳⅠ活性。红光下叶片的放Ｏ２ 速率比白光下叶片的放Ｏ２ 速率高４４９％ ,而蓝光下的叶片放Ｏ２ 速率略低于白光下的。表明光质对调节黄瓜叶片ＰＳⅠ和ＰＳⅡ的发育和光合活性以及光合放Ｏ２ 速率具有重要作用。     

不同光质对黍子(Panicum miliaceum)叶绿体光系统发育及psbA基因转录物稳态含量的影响

本文以一种C4植物——黍子(Panicum miliaceum)为材料,在白光、红光、蓝光、远红光和黑暗5种不同条件下培养黍子幼苗,叶片采收后用于叶绿素积累、叶绿体吸收光谱、叶绿体低温荧光发射光谱和高分子量cpRNA积累的测定以及psbA基因的Northern Blot分析。结果表明:白光、红光和蓝光下生长的黍子,它们的叶绿体都有功能完善的光合系统;而远红光下生长的黍子,已有光系统Ⅱ的发射峰,只是强度和波长都与白光、红光和蓝光下的有所不同;不同光质促进叶绿素积累和高分子量cpRNA积累的效率是平行的,其中红光较蓝光和远红光有效,而复合光(白光)的作用效果最好。当以白光诱导的积累量为100％时,可以分别求出不同光质诱导叶绿素积累和高分子量cpRNA积累的相对量,结果表明,高分子量cpRNA的积累对光的依赖性要比叶绿素积累对光的依赖性大得多。psbA基因的Northern Blot分析表明,不同光质下psbA转录物的积累与高分子量cpRNA的积累是一致的。据此我们推测,在黍子叶绿体的光诱导发育过程中,psbA的转录过程可能不受光信号的直接调控,而是受叶绿体整体发育状态的控制。     

光质对水稻幼苗超弱发光和谷氨酸胺合成酶活性的影响

生长在不同光质下的水稻幼苗叶片的超弱发光随着其生长进程不断增强,光质对ＵＢＥ有显著影响,生长在白光下的水稻幼苗的ＵＢＥ明显高于生长在红光或蓝光下的水稻幼苗的ＵＢＥ,而红光和蓝光处理之间无显著差异。     

Die Wirkung von „Störlicht” auf die Blütenbildung von Sinapis alba L.

Summary The induction of flowering in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was studied by means of night-breaks (Störlicht). The plants were cultivated under fully controlled conditions: 8000 Lux white light (mixed fluorescent and incandescent) 18°C, 80% relative humidity. Raised under our conditions in short days (8 hours of white light) mustard behaved as a quantitative long-day plant (Fig. 2). Flowering can be promoted by long-day treatment (Fig. 3). The long day (16 hours of white light) can be replaced by a short day plus a night-break. The highest effectiveness of the night-break is found near the middle of the dark period (Figs. 4, 5). —The spectral dependence of flower induction was studied with blue, green, yellow, red (Fig. 1) and far-red light using a 2-hour break near the middle of the dark period. The dose response curves (Fig. 6) and the action spectrum (Fig. 7) indicate a very strong effectiveness in the blue part of the spectrum, a small response in red and yellow light and no response at all in green and far-red light. The participation of phytochrome is indicated (Table 1), but no far-red reversibility could be detected (Table 2). Simultaneous irradiation with red and far-red light yielded significant enhancement effects (Fig. 8). In view of the strong shadowing in the leaves (Figs. 9, 10) these data are interpretable on the basis of phytochrome.     

Time measurement in the photoperiodic induction of sexual rest in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille)

The photoperiodic control of sexual rest in Armadillidium vulgare was investigated using various experimental protocols. When reared in conditions of a Nanda-Hamner (i.e. resonance) protocol from their first parturial moult to their post experimental moult, females showed a weak resonance effect in sexual rest incidence. The transfer from a long day cycle to a symmetrical skeleton photoperiod--consisting of two equal light pulses per 24 h of continuous darkness--revealed the involvement of a circadian oscillatory system in the photoperiodic clock of this species. The data, obtained in the whole experiments, suggested that both oscillator and hourglass features are involved in the photoperiodic response controlling the sexual rest in Armadillidium vulgare. Moreover, when non-24-h light-dark cycles (with a long photophase) were applied, a mechanism responsible of arrest of reproduction also implied a photoperiodic counter which accumulated and added up the photoperiodic information within a sensitive period during post parturial intermoult.     

Photoperiodic regulation of receptacle induction in Sargassum horneri (Phaeophyceae) using clonal thalli

We developed a clonal culture of Sargassum horneri to investigate the effect of photoperiod on reproduction in this species. Regenerated vegetative thalli were obtained using lateral branches excised from a thallus grown from a single embryo under short‐day conditions (SD = 10:14 h light : dark cycle). Lateral branches excised from the SD‐regenerated thallus became vegetative thalli that remained in that phase as long as they were cultured under SD. When an excised lateral branch was cultured under long‐day conditions (LD = 14:10 h light : dark cycle), it began to enter the reproductive phase while still less than 50 mm long. Induction of the reproductive phase was accompanied by a distinctive morphological change – suppression of blade formation at the apical region of the branch; elongation of branches without blades was then followed by differentiation of receptacles bearing conceptacles on their surface. Apices of receptacles were able to interconvert between reproductive and vegetative phases, as blades resprouted upon transfer from LD to SD. The critical day length for induction of receptacle formation was between 13 and 14 h; receptacle formation was also induced under SD conditions with night breaks (NBs). These results strongly suggest that reproductive regulation of S. horneri is a photoperiodic long‐day response. NBs with blue and green light were effective for reproductive induction but not with red light. This suggests that blue‐ and/or green‐light photoreceptors are involved in the photoperiodic reproductive response of S. horneri.     

蓝光对水稻幼苗碳水化合物和蛋白质代谢的调节

分别以白光和黑暗处理为对照,蓝光处理１０ｄ的水稻幼苗碳水化合物含量下降,蛋白质含量增加,亚胺环已酮可抑制蓝光引起的蛋白质含量增加。蓝光处理的水稻幼苗总氨基酸含量比白光和黑暗处理分别提高１２％和３６％,游离态Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ含量也比对照增加。蓝光处理促进水稻幼苗的呼吸作用,对丙酮酸激酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶和转氨酶的活性表现出一致的促进效应。     

Light is a key factor in triggering sexual reproduction in the pennate diatom Haslea ostrearia

Sexual reproduction is an obligatory phase in the life cycle of most diatoms, as cell size decreases with successive vegetative divisions and the maximal cell size is only restored by a specialized cell, the auxospore, which follows zygote formation as a result of sexual reproduction. While in pennate diatoms the induction of sexual reproduction depends primarily on cell–cell interactions, the importance of different external factors for the induction of sexual reproduction is less well known. Here, we investigated the effects of light on sexualization in the marine benthic pennate diatom Haslea ostrearia (Gaillon) R. Simonsen. Compatible clones were crossed and exposed to different combinations of light levels, qualities, and photoperiods. Light was found to be a key factor for sexualization, and to a certain extent, to control auxosporulation in H. ostrearia . The light conditions most favorable for sexual reproduction were low irradiances (<50 μmolphotons m⁻² s⁻¹) and short photoperiods (6–10 h), conditions that prevail during winter, and to a lesser extent, the higher irradiances and longer photoperiods that correspond to the spring and fall, when blooms of this organism form in the natural environment. Auxospore formation was very rare in continuous light, and maximum in presence of red radiation, while it was never observed in darkness or in radiation other than red.     

光周期和光刺激对雄性灰文鸟行为及生理状况的影响

光周期变化是导致动物行为发生变化的重要因素之一。为揭示不同光周期条件下鸟类对光刺激的生理和行为反应,本文通过比较雄性灰文鸟(Lonchura oryzivora)在经长(16L︰8D)、中(12L︰12D)、短(8L︰16D)3个光周期条件驯化后,再给予72 h的光刺激,研究其行为、血清皮质酮含量和血清蛋白的变化特征。结果表明,光周期改变直接影响雄性灰文鸟的行为。雄性灰文鸟的血清皮质酮含量受光周期和光刺激的影响,中光照周期条件下雄性灰文鸟皮质酮激素对光刺激的响应与长、短光照周期条件下明显不同。不同光周期条件下灰文鸟α-球蛋白区、β-球蛋白区和γ-球蛋白区血清蛋白的成分存在差异。上述结果表明,光周期显著影响雄性灰文鸟对光刺激的生理应激反应方式。     

蓝光对绿豆下胚轴愈伤组织形成和生长过程中蛋白质代谢的影响

蓝光、白光和黑暗对绿豆下胚轴愈伤组织形成和生长过程中蛋白质代谢的影响不同。培养后３～１８ ｄ ,蓝光处理材料的可溶性蛋白质含量明显高于白光处理,更高于黑暗培养的材料。蓝光和白光明显促进３Ｈ亮氨酸掺入蛋白质,而蓝光和白光处理后游离氨基酸含量与黑暗对照相比,下降时间早,幅度大。在培养过程中,蛋白酶活性的变化与游离氨基酸相似。蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚胺（ＣＨＭ） 抑制愈伤组织生长,其中以蓝光最大,白光次之,黑暗最小。在培养基中加入ＣＨＭ 愈早,抑制程度愈大。实验表明,ＣＨＭ 抑制愈伤组织蛋白质合成,也是以蓝光最甚。由此可见,蓝光促进绿豆下胚轴愈伤组织的形成、生长和蛋白质合成。     

黑眶蟾蜍的两性异形与选型配对模式

本研究以黑眶蟾蜍(Duttaphrynus melanostictus)为研究对象,通过对比黑眶蟾蜍抱对个体的体长、头长、头宽、眼间距、鼓膜径、耳后腺长、眼径、前臂及手长、前肢长以及后肢长等形态特征,分析雌性黑眶蟾蜍繁殖输出与其体型的关系,探究黑眶蟾蜍两性异形模式及其与雌性生育力的关系;同时通过对配对个体形态学特征的相关性分析探究了黑眶蟾蜍的配对模式。结果表明,黑眶蟾蜍雌性体长和体重显著大于雄体;两性的所有局部形态特征均与体长成正相关;去除体长因素影响后,雄性头长以及后肢长均明显大于雌性,其余局部形态特征两性间则皆无显著差异。雌体的窝卵重、窝卵数均与其体长和体重成正相关关系。雌性成体的前肢长与抱对雄性成体的前肢长之间呈显著正相关,其余形态特征两性间均无相关性。研究表明,生育力选择是导致黑眶蟾蜍两性异形的重要驱动力;黑眶蟾蜍的选型配对模式未表现在个体大小上,而是体现在局部特征(前肢长),这不仅为揭示两栖类配对模式的普遍性提供了参考,还表明对两栖类选型配对的研究应以多个性状为对象。     

Phytochrome-mediated growth responses in green and etiolated Lemna minor

Summary The growth of Lemna minor in darkness is log-linear, at a much reduced rate compared to growth in white or red light. This rate of frond production in darkness is stimulated by kinetin, yeast extract, and thiamine either in green plants transferred directly from the light or in plants which had been grown in the dark for 54 days. (Fig. 1).The magnitude of the stimulation of frond production by interruption of darkgrowth with red light (Fig. 2) is smaller in green than in etiolated plants, and is shown to depend upon the length of time that initially green plants were held in darkness (Fig. 4, Table 2). The stimulation of frond production in either green or etiolated plants does, however, obey the reciprocity law (Fig. 3).The stimulation by red light can be fully and repeatedly nullified by far red light only in etiolated plants, but the efficiency of nullification of the red effect by far red seems to increase in green plants with increasing sets of red + far red exposures (Fig. 5).As the dark-interval between red and far red exposures is lengthened, the efficiency of nullification is lessened significantly for etiolated plants only after 30 min (Fig. 6).     

Photoperiodic Control of Pre-Adult Development and Adult Diapause Induction in Zoophytophagous Bug Dicyphus errans (Wolff) (Heteroptera,Miridae)

Zoophytophagous plant bugs (Heteroptera, Miridae) increasingly attract interest as agents of biological plant protection. In the laboratory experiment, the effects of the day length and temperature on the duration of the pre-adult period and on induction of facultative winter adult diapause were studied in Dicyphus errans (Wolff, 1804) collected in Italy. The experiment demonstrated that at 20°C the duration of the pre-adult period of D. errans significantly depended on the day length. On average, females developed 1.3 days longer than males and, at the same time, the day length equally influenced the duration of the pre-adult period in both sexes. The pre-adult period was the shortest under short-day conditions (10 to 12 h of light per day), reached its maximum at day length of 14 h, but then decreased at 15 h, and at day length of 16 h it was as short as under short-day conditions. Also, a pronounced long-day type photoperiodic response of adult diapause induction was recorded in females of D. errans at 20°C: under short-day conditions (10 to 14 h of light per day) almost all females entered diapause, whereas under long-day conditions (15 and 16 h of light per day) about 90% of females were mature. The threshold of this photoperiodic response was close to 14 h 30 min. The mean (± S.D.) egg load of mature females was 6.3 ± 4.0 eggs per female and did not depend on the day length at which the female was reared before and after the final molt. When photoperiodic response of adult diapause induction was observed at two constant temperatures (20 and 25°C), the proportion of mature females depended significantly on the day length but not on the temperature: the shapes of the photoperiodic response curves of diapause induction were almost the same within the near-threshold zone at 20 and 25°C, i.e., the photoperiodic response was thermostable. The set of two photoperiodic responses manifested at different stages of the species’ life cycle has an obvious adaptive significance. In Central Europe, D. errans has 2 or 3 generations per year and hibernates at the adult stage. Due to the thermostable photoperiodic response, females enter diapause always at the same time at the end of summer, regardless of the weather conditions of a particular year. When oviposition and pre-adult development are extended over a prolonged period in summer, nymphs from the later eggs might not be able to molt to adults in due time and then fully prepare for stable winter diapause. Under such circumstances, the photoperiodic response controlling the rates of pre-adult development acquires apparent adaptive meaning: with an autumnal shortening of the day length to 10–12 h, even under conditions of seasonal decrease in temperature, the rates of nymphal development increase and, thus, the chances of nymphs from the later eggs to molt to adults and properly prepare for overwintering also increase. The new data should be taken into account when analyzing the seasonal cycle of D. errans and developing the programs of mass rearing of this zoophytophagous mirid as an agent of biological plant protection.