Genetic differentiation of the Mongolian population. Comparative analysis of the geographic distribution of biochemical markers of genes and restriction fragment length polymorphism of nuclear DNA in the Mongolian population]

The geographical distribution of the gene frequencies from loci: Hp, Tf, Gc, Pi, AcP1, GLO1, EsD, 6-PGD, PGM1 and RFLP's of the nuclear DNA of the loci HBG-2 (HindIII), HBB (AvaII), ApoB (XbaI), D7S8 (PstI), LDLR (HincII) and AT-3 was analysed in the Mongolian population. These data revealed the homogeneity of 18 local groups in Mongolia and extremely low genetic differences measured by GST. There was no differences in the average GST values between protein markers and nuclear DNA markers.     

中国菜粉蝶线粒体基因组遗传多样性分析

菜粉蝶Pieris rapae是十字花科蔬菜重要的农业害虫。为了深入了解中国菜粉蝶的群体遗传特征,通过高通量测序获取了中国5个群体48头菜粉蝶的线粒体全基因组,并分析了不同群体间的遗传结构与多样性。结果表明：菜粉蝶群体间有较高的线粒体单倍型多样性;相对封闭的山区和盆地地区的核苷酸多样性较低;群体间的平均遗传分化指数（FST）仅0.042,表明不同群体间的遗传分化水平较低,这也暗示了群体间基因交流频繁,推测这与甘蓝等蔬菜频繁运输有关;线粒体进化树和网络图均未形成明显的地理谱系,南北方群体之间没有明显的遗传结构差异;总群体的Tajima''s D和Fu''s Fs值均为负值,且达到了显著水平,这意味着中国地区的菜粉蝶可能经历过群体扩张事件。     

世界黄羊分布的历史变迁及种群数量变化

世界黄羊分布的历史变迁及种群数量变化金山昆高中信关东明包新康（东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,哈尔滨１５００４０）白力军王克为（内蒙古自治区林业厅,呼和浩特０１００１０）ＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＱｕａｎ...     

Contrasting patterns of mitochondrial and microsatellite population structure in fragmented populations of greater prairie-chickens

Greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) were once found throughout the tallgrass prairie of midwestern North America but over the last century these prairies have been lost or fragmented by human land use. As a consequence, many current populations of prairie-chickens have become isolated and small. This fragmentation of populations is expected to lead to reductions in genetic variation as a result of random genetic drift and a decrease in gene flow. As expected, we found that genetic variation at both microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers was reduced in smaller populations, particularly in Wisconsin. There was relatively little range-wide geographical structure (FST) when we examined mtDNA haplotypes but there was a significant positive relationship between genetic (FST) and geographical distance (isolation by distance). In contrast, microsatellite DNA loci revealed significant geographical structure (FST) and a weak effect of isolation by distance throughout the range. These patterns were much stronger when populations with reduced levels of genetic variability (Wisconsin) were removed from the analyses. This suggests that the effects of genetic drift were stronger than gene flow at microsatellite loci, whereas these forces were in range-wide equilibrium at mtDNA markers. These differences between the two molecular markers may be explained by a larger effective population size (Ne) for mtDNA, which is expected in species such as prairie-chickens that have female-biased dispersal and high levels of polygyny. Our results suggest that historic populations of prairie-chickens were once interconnected by gene flow but current populations are now isolated. Thus, maintaining gene flow may be important for the long-term persistence of prairie-chicken populations.     

Population origins in Mongolia: genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA

In the present study, nuclear (autosomal and Y-chromosome short tandem repeats) and mitochondrial (hypervariable region I) ancient DNA data previously obtained from a 2,300-year-old Xiongnu population of the Egyin Gol Valley (south of Lake Baikal in northern Mongolia) (Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2003 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:247-260) were compared with data from two contemporary Mongolian populations: one from the same location (Egyin Gol Valley plus a perimeter of less than 100 km around the valley), and one from the whole of Mongolia. The principal objective of this comparative analysis was to assess the likelihood that genetic continuity exists between ancient and present-day Mongolian populations. Since the ancient Xiongnu sample might have been composed of some of the ancestors of the present-day Yakuts, data from a present-day Yakut population, as well as published data from Turkish populations, were also included in the comparative analysis. The main result of our study was the genetic similarity observed among Mongolian samples from different periods and geographic areas. This result supports the hypothesis that the succession over time of different Turkic and Mongolian tribes in the current territory of Mongolia resulted in cultural rather than genetic exchanges. Furthermore, it appears that the Yakuts probably did not find their origin among the Xiongnu tribes, as we previously hypothesized.     

Glacial refugia of limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) inferred from the population structure of mitochondrial DNA

To make inferences about the glacial refugia that harboured the limber pine, Pinus flexilis James, we examined the range-wide population structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with eight size variants in the second intron of nad1. The data consisted of haplotypes from 704 trees collected from 40 localities. The value of FST for these populations was 0.80, which is a much larger value than has been reported for allozymes and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in limber pine, and it suggests that the number of seeds moving among localities per generation is approximately 0.12. Gene flow of this magnitude would allow mutation and subsequent genetic drift to have a substantial impact on the population structure of mtDNA. The majority of the mtDNA haplotypes are restricted to minor portions of the geographical range. The data are consistent with mtDNA differentiation in seven glacial refugia, followed by dispersal out of those refugia.     

Inferences from mitochondrial DNA patterns on the domestication history of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

The evolutionary history of a wild-cultivated complex is the outcome of different factors, among which are the domestication of the cultivated form, its geographical and demographic expansion, as well as gene flow between natural and cultivated populations. To clarify this history for alfalfa (Medicago sativa), we adopted a phylogeographical approach based on a sample of natural and cultivated populations of the M. sativa species complex. This sample was characterized for mtDNA variation through restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Twenty-two mitotypes were identified in the whole data set (155 individuals). In the wild pool from the presumed area of origin (Near East to Central Asia), the diversity was high but the absence of geographical differentiation hinders a more precise location of the centre of domestication. Within the cultivated alfalfa, the geographical structure suggests strongly the existence of at least two independent routes of dissemination of alfalfa from its centre of origin. In particular, original mitotypes detected in some regions suggest that wild populations not sampled in this study, and located outside the presumed area of domestication, may have contributed to the diversity of the cultivated pool. Finally, analysis of the mtDNA variation shows that natural populations collected in Spain constitute an endemic wild pool now introgressed partially by cultivated alfalfa.     

Phylogeography and population structure of the common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) inferred from variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci

Global climate fluctuated considerably throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, influencing the evolutionary history of a wide range of species. Using both mitochondrial sequences and microsatellites, we have investigated the evolutionary consequences of such environmental fluctuation for the patterns of genetic variation in the common warthog, sampled from 24 localities in Africa. In the sample of 181 individuals, 70 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were identified and an overall nucleotide diversity of 4.0% was observed. The haplotypes cluster in three well-differentiated clades (estimated net sequence divergence of 3.1-6.6%) corresponding to the geographical origins of individuals (i.e. eastern, western and southern African clades). At the microsatellite loci, high polymorphism was observed both in the number of alleles per locus (6-21), and in the gene diversity (in each population 0.59-0.80). Analysis of population differentiation indicates greater subdivision at the mitochondrial loci (FST=0.85) than at nuclear loci (FST=0.20), but both mitochondrial and nuclear loci support the existence of the three warthog lineages. We interpret our results in terms of the large-scale climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene.     

Variation in mitochondrial DNA reveals multiple distant glacial refugia in black spruce (Picea mariana), a transcontinental North American conifer

Range-wide genetic variation of black spruce (Picea mariana) was studied using polymerase chain reaction-random fragment length polymorphism markers of the mitochondrial genome. Four polymorphic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci were surveyed and two or three alleles were detected at each locus, resulting in 10 multilocus mtDNA types or mitotypes. A significant subdivision of population genetic diversity was detected (GST = 0.671; NST = 0.726), suggesting low levels of gene flow among populations. The distribution of mitotypes was not random (NST > GST; P < 0.05) and revealed four partially overlapping zones, presumably representative of different glacial populations. Comparison of the genetic structure derived from mtDNA markers and the colonization paths previously deduced from the fossil and pollen records allow us to infer at least three southern and one northeastern glacial populations for black spruce. The patterns revealed in this study suggest that black spruce shares its biogeographical history with other forest-associated North American species.     

Multiregional introgressions inferred from the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of a hybridizing species complex of gobiid fishes, genus Tridentiger

Partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene (402 bp) in mtDNA were determined for brackishwater gobiid fishes, genus Tridentiger, collected from geographically distant locations in the Japanese Archipelago, and their interspecific and geographic variations were analyzed and compared. Contrary to the results of a previous allozyme analysis which revealed the existence of considerable genetic divergence (Nei's genetic distance > 0.5) between T. obscurus and T. brevispinis, the mtDNA haplotypes (mitotypes) of these two species were very similar and could not be distinguished by any of the neighbor- joining, maximum-likelihood or parsimony analyses. Hybrid individuals between the two species were also found, with several mitotypes being shared by both species and their hybrids. The phylogenetic relationships of mitotypes were divided into three subgroups, the geographical distributions of the latter being allied to geographical features of the Archipelago. These results suggested the occurrence of multiregional introgression between the two species, with mitotypes transferring from one species to the other.      

内蒙古白粉菌区系多样性

为阐明内蒙古白粉菌区系组成特点、探讨其起源和演化,对其区系多样性进行了分析.区系中含有10种以上的属为自粉菌属(Erysiphe)、单囊白粉菌属(Podosphaera)和高氏白粉菌属(Golovinomyces),3属共104种,占总种数的84.55%.根据地理分布资料,内蒙古白粉菌可划分为世界广布种(13.82%)...     

Biological assessment of Three Beauties of the Gobi National Conservation Park, Mongolia

Three Beauties of the Gobi National Conservation Park was established in south central Mongolia in 1994. We performed a biological assessment of the parks wildlife and other biological/ecological resources from 1995-to assist in conservation management initiatives. Ground and aerial surveys collected data on 130 vertebrate species, several of which are listed as threatened or endangered globally or in Mongolia. We analyzed group structures and estimated population sizes for goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), ibex (Capra sibirica), and argali (Ovis ammon). We report on 20 species previously not reported in the park, including 17 birds, 2 mammals, and 1 reptile. The park is rich in diversity and abundance of raptors, and we observed 29 species of raptors. Several vertebrates appear to be faring better in the park than in other regions of Mongolia or the world. Under a new protected areas law (1994), the Mongolian Protected Areas Bureau is required to establish management zones within the park. Data from this study should be used to facilitate this process.     

Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA and distribution of cytoplasmic symbionts in the populations of two-spot ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata

In geographically distant populations of ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata from Eurasia mitotypes and infection with symbiotic bacteria Spiroplasma and Rickettsia were determined. All populations examined demonstrated mtDNA polymorphism and striking differences in prevalence of bacteria (from about 50% of individuals infected with Spiroplasma in St.-Petersburg population and 50% of the Rickettsia prevalence in Kem' population to complete absence of bacteria in the population from Archangelsk). In the populations studied a total of 14 mitotypes were discovered, including two mitotypes that were remarkably different from the others in nucleotide composition. Mitotype 10, which was the most different from all the others, was found in all populations from Germany to Transbaikalia, excluding the population from Tashkent. Linkage disequilibrium between mitotype 10 and the Rickettsia infection was confirmed. Infection with the Spiroplasma bacteria was typical of the individuals with haplotype 1 and relative to it. The results obtained supported the conclusion on the association between infection with Spiroplasma and Rickettsia and certain mitotype of A. bipunctata, which was the consequence of either absence or rare horizontal transfer of symbionts and ancientness of the first contact between the bacteria and A. bipunctata ladybird beetles.     

内蒙古自治区干旱脆弱性评价

干旱带来的环境影响及经济损失,阻碍了地区的可持续发展。开展干旱脆弱性评价是合理制定区域规划与管理措施的前提条件。然而,国内目前鲜有以省或自治区为研究区域,以市级行政区域为尺度的自然-社会-经济耦合的干旱脆弱性研究。根据IPCC提出的干旱脆弱性评价模型,选取19个指标,在3个维度上(暴露度、敏感度和适应能力)对内蒙古自治区的12个盟市开展了干旱脆弱性评价。采用熵值法确定各指标权重,并用综合指数法和系统分类法计算干旱脆弱性指数并进行分类。研究结果表明,内蒙古自治区的干旱脆弱性呈现由东向西递减的趋势,与干旱脆弱性相关性最强的三个指标分别是第一产业GDP比例、人均可支配收入和第一产业从业人员比例。导致盟市干旱脆弱性的主要贡献因素为人口与人力因素和生态与水资源因素。减缓内蒙古自治区干旱脆弱性可以从加强草原保护建设和管理,合理规划盟市建设,减少人口的集中分布,调整产业结构,提供更多的非农牧就业岗位,加强职业技能培训,完善金融服务和医疗服务等方面入手,从而促进干旱区自然生态和社会经济的可持续发展。     

Brachiopods, biostratigraphy, and correlation of the Permian marine deposits of Mongolia

Six horizons and 11 brachiopod zones are distinguished in the Permian of the Khangai-Khentei (Boreal) and South Mongolian (Tethys) marine basins of Mongolia on the base of monographic study of brachiopods and literary data on other faunal groups. The distinguished in the Permian basins of Mongolia biostratons are correlated with zonal brachiopod scales of neighboring regions of Northeast Asia. Possible bio-geographical relations of the Mongolian Permian marine basins and channels of brachiopods are analyzed. Forty-five brachiopod species are figured including species, which were first described from Mongolia, zonal index species and typical representatives of zonal assemblage.     

内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚冬季采食生境选择

蒙原羚是欧亚大陆温带草原生态系统中的特有物种和数量最多的有蹄类动物。2010年11月—2011年1月,在内蒙古达赉湖地区开展了蒙原羚冬季采食生境选择研究。结果表明:蒙原羚冬季选择利用雪深<6cm,地上生物量>50g.m-2,距围栏1000～2000m,植被高度>20cm,植被盖度>40%,隐蔽条件(可视距离)3000～4000m,到居民点距离>2000m,距家畜>2000m,坡度<20°,中上坡位,针茅(Stipa spp.)和羊草(Aneurolepidium chinnenses)等植被类型的生境采食;生境因子综合影响蒙原羚的冬季采食生境选择,依照贡献值的大小依次为到围栏距离、地上生物量、雪深和隐蔽条件。逐步判别分析表明,由这4个变量构成的判别方程在对蒙原羚采食样方进行区分时,正确判别率为82.1%。因此,建立合理的围栏管理制度、提高可利用食物量等是蒙原羚保护的关键。     

Range-wide chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA imprints reveal multiple lineages and complex biogeographic history for Douglas-fir

The contemporary genetic structure of species offers key imprints of how organisms responded to past geological and climatic events, which have played a crucial role in shaping the current geographical distribution of north-temperate organisms. In this study, range-wide patterns of genetic variation were examined in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a dominant forest tree species distributed from Mexico to British Columbia in western North America. Two organelle DNA markers with contrasting modes of inheritance were genotyped for 613 individuals from 44 populations. Two mitotypes and 42 chlorotypes were recovered in this survey. Both genomes showed significant population subdivision, indicative of limited gene flow through seeds and pollen. Three distinct cpDNA lineages corresponding to the Pacific Coast, the Rocky Mountains, and Mexico were observed. The split time of the two lineages from the Rockies lineage was dated back to 8.5 million years (Ma). The most recent common ancestors of Mexican and coastal populations were estimated at 3.2 and 4.8 Ma, respectively. The northern populations of once glaciated regions were characterized by a high level of genetic diversity, indicating a large zone of contact between ancestral lineages. A possible northern refugium was also inferred. The Mexican lineage, which appeared established by southward migration from the Rockies lineage, was characterized by the lowest genetic diversity but highest population differentiation. These results suggest that the effects of Quaternary climatic oscillations on the population dynamics and genetic diversity of Douglas-fir varied substantially across the latitudinal section. The results emphasize the pressing need for the conservation of Mexican Douglas-fir.     

内蒙古发现白冠燕尾和黑胸麻雀

<正>2014年12月至2015年2月,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市鄂托克前旗城川镇大沟湾村滴哨沟(37o72′N,108o51′E)先后5次观察并拍摄到前额至头顶具大的三角形白色斑,颏至下胸均为黑褐色,两翼黑色具整齐条状白色横斑,尾羽长而分叉的燕尾类鸟2只,经鉴定为白冠燕尾(Enicurus leschenaulti)。城川镇位于内蒙古最西南部,南与陕     

Genetic Diversity of the Mongolian Gazelle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Procapra guttorosa</Emphasis> Pallas, 1777

The mitochondrial DNA D-loop hypervariable fragment sequence polymorphism was examined in 27 the Mongolian gazelles from Mongolia, Russia, and China. Intraspecific polymorphism of the D-loop fragment examined was demonstrated. All haplotypes described were unique. The average nucleotide diversity (π) for the mtDNA fragment investigated constituted 5.85 ± 2.92%. A relatively high number of insertions and deletions was observed. In particular, a haplotype with the 77-bp insertion was described. The data obtained point to high genetic diversity of Mongolian populations. There was no correlation between the distribution of haplotypes examined and geographical location of the animal tissue sampling sites.     

荒漠破碎化生境中长爪沙鼠集合种群野外验证研究

近年来,人类活动和自然干扰,导致内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区生境的破碎化,出现了长爪沙鼠在不同斑块间的不连续分布,每一斑块内可能存在一个局域种群,而集合种群建立的前提条件,是局域种群斑块状分布在离散的栖息地环境中。2002~2012年每年的4~10月,在阿拉善荒漠区禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种人为不同利用方式形成的生境斑块中,采用标志重捕法对长爪沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）种群进行定点监测。通过分析长爪沙鼠种群动态,计算各局域种群的灭绝风险,利用Spearman秩相关系数检验种群动态的空间同步性,同时以种群周转率对长爪沙鼠扩散能力进行评估,以检验阿拉善荒漠区长爪沙鼠种群空间结构是否具有经典集合种群的功能。结果表明：（1） 不同生境斑块可被长爪沙鼠局域种群占据,11年间捕获长爪沙鼠2~7次不等;（2） 长爪沙鼠所有局域种群均具有灭绝风险,在轮牧区和禁牧区灭绝率高达1.000 0,开垦区灭绝率最低,也达到0.333 4,而本研究期间最大局域种群（2008年过牧区,26只/hm²）,在2010年发生了局域灭绝;（3） 不同生境斑块间没有明显的空间隔离而阻碍局域种群的重新建立,长爪沙鼠扩散能力较强,绝大部分月份的种群周转率在50.0%以上,特别是周转率达到100.0%的月份较多;（4） 不同生境斑块间仅轮牧区和禁牧区中长爪沙鼠种群密度显著正相关（P<0.05）,而其他生境斑块间相关性均不显著（P >0.05）,长爪沙鼠局域种群整体显示出明显的非同步空间动态。阿拉善荒漠区长爪沙鼠种群满足作为经典集合种群物种区域续存的4个条件,具有作为研究小哺乳动物集合种群的潜在价值。