核糖体蛋白参与调控p53诱导活化的分子机制

核转录因子p53是重要的肿瘤抑制因子,具有DNA损伤修复、促细胞凋亡、促细胞分化及增殖抑制等功能,并通过调控细胞周期行进和促进细胞凋亡发挥肿瘤抑制功能。原癌蛋白MDM2为p53的E3泛素化连接酶,MDM2－p53信号轴的功能异常与多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展相关。核糖体蛋白（RP）是蛋白质合成反应的关键调节蛋白,其功能失常与多种疾病相关。近年来的研究发现,RP能通过调节MDM2－p53信号轴在p53相关性肿瘤调控中发挥重要作用。我们根据目前的研究进展,对RP－MDM2－D53信号轴进行简要综述。     

p53参与代谢调控的研究进展

p53作为肿瘤抑制因子,其不仅参与遗传毒性应激调节,而且在代谢平衡调控中也发挥重要作用。当机体或细胞处于不同生理逆境时,活化的p53通过参与糖代谢、脂肪酸代谢、ROS水平等相关调节信号通路影响各种代谢途径,进而通过诱导细胞周期阻滞、修复、衰老或凋亡的发生,最终调控机体或细胞产生代谢应激。总结了近年来p53途径的相关报道,对p53与癌症、代谢综合证的关系进行了阐述,以期为进一步理解p53参与的代谢调控提供参考。     

肿瘤细胞中存活蛋白与p53的相互作用

存活蛋白(survivin)作为凋亡抑制蛋白(IAP)家族的最小成员,在肿瘤组织中高表达,且具有严格的细胞周期依赖性,而p53作为细胞周期中的负调节因子,参与了细胞周期调控和细胞凋亡等重要的生物学功能。最近研究表明,存活蛋白与p53的相互作用在肿瘤的发生发展中具有重要作用。该文将从细胞周期与细胞凋亡的角度对存活蛋白/p53通路在肿瘤中的研究进展进行阐明。     

癌症中p53失活的分子机制和靶向p53的抗癌药物研究进展

肿瘤抑制因子p53主要作为转录因子发挥作用.当细胞受到诸如缺氧、DNA损伤等胁迫时,p53蛋白迅速在细胞内积聚并激活,从而调控一系列基因的转录,导致细胞周期停顿、凋亡或衰老,避免细胞癌化.p53功能的失活往往导致癌症发生.编码p53蛋白的TP53基因的突变是p53失活的主要方式.突变型p53不仅失去抑癌作用,而且还具有...     

细胞凋亡中p53转录依赖与非依赖性调控

p53介导由胞内压力诱导的细胞凋亡等多种细胞应答.传统上认为, p53主要在细胞核内作为转录因子调控多种促凋亡靶基因的表达, 从而发挥其促凋亡功能.而最新的研究表明, p53也能直接在细胞质中发挥其促凋亡作用, 并且该过程不依赖于其核内的转录活性.此外, 在特定的刺激下, p53的转录依赖性(细胞核内)与转录非依赖性(细胞质内)促凋亡作用存在着偶联和协同机制, 从而有效的决定细胞在生存与死亡间进行选择.现对近年来关于细胞凋亡中p53转录依赖性和转录非依赖性调控及它们之间的偶联机制的研究进行综述.     

突变型p53与NF-κB在肿瘤发生中的相互作用

p53是人体内重要的肿瘤抑制因子。但超过50%人类肿瘤携带突变型p53(mutant p53,mutp53)而失去功能。核转录因子NF-κB作为调节炎症反应的关键因子,不仅参与免疫应答,还可促进组织或器官由慢性炎症向肿瘤的恶性转化。同时,p53和NF-κB的异常激活与肿瘤的预后不良以及化疗耐受性密切相关。在炎症和肿瘤中,mutp53与NF-κB两者之间存在相互调控关系。因此,mutp53和NF-κB均可作为肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点。该文总结了在炎症和肿瘤中mutp53和NF-κB蛋白之间相互作用的分子机制,以及两者相互作用对肿瘤进程的影响,从而为进一步研究两者间的相互作用及相关抗肿瘤策略设计提供思路。     

p53转录非依赖活性介导细胞凋亡

p53主要通过两条途径诱导细胞凋亡：p53作为转录因子,促进细胞凋亡的靶基因的表达上调,如PUMA、NOXA、PIDD、p53AIP1、COP1等,并通过这些蛋白参与内源和外源凋亡途径;另一方面,胞浆中的p53能转位到线粒体,激活内源性的线粒体途径,促进凋亡。后者已成为研究p53促凋亡机制的热点。本文就p53对转录非依赖活性诱导细胞凋亡途径的研究进展作一概述。     

microRNAs与TP53基因调控网络研究进展

TP53基因(编码p53蛋白)作为一个重要的抑瘤基因,通过调控一系列信号转导通路广泛参与了多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展,一直是肿瘤分子生物学研究领域的热点.最近的研究发现,microRNAs(miRNAs)参与了TP53的信号通路,它们之间存在着复杂的调控网络.一方面,p53通过调控一些miRNAs的转录及转录后成熟,促进细胞周期阻滞、诱导细胞凋亡和衰老,抑制肿瘤发生.另一方面,许多miRNAs,如miR-25、miR-30d、miR-125b和miR-504等可直接调控p53的表达与活性,参与TP53信号通路的调节,还有一些miRNAs则通过调节p53上下游基因,发挥重要的生物学功能.其中,最具有代表性的是miR-34家族,它们受p53直接调控并参与TP53信号通路,通过靶向抑制多个TP53信号通路关键分子的表达,发挥抑瘤作用.此外,它们还可以通过抑制沉默信息调节子,增强p53的活性,反馈调节TP53信号通路.miRNAs与TP53之间调控网络的研究,是对TP53抑瘤机制的重要补充.     

PAI-2与IRF-3相互作用的鉴定

2型纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 (plasminogenactivatorinhibitortype 2 ,PAI 2 )除了参与纤溶活性的调节、肿瘤的浸润和迁移外 ,在抑制细胞凋亡方面也发挥着重要作用。现已明确 ,PAI 2分子中的CD螺旋间区是PAI 2与其他蛋白质相互作用的结构域 ,该区的缺失将直接导致PAI 2丧失对TNF α诱导细胞凋亡的拮抗功能 ,但其作用机制不详。以PAI 2的CD螺旋间区为诱饵 ,利用Gal 4酵母双杂交系统筛选凋亡过程中的HeLa细胞cDNA文库 ,发现干扰素调节因子 3(interferonregulatoryfactor 3,IRF 3)C端的 98个氨基酸残基与PAI 2的CD螺旋间区之间存在相互作用。通过RT PCR获得IRF 3的全长cDNA。免疫共沉淀实验进一步证实PAI 2通过其CD螺旋间区与IRF 3在细胞内也存在特异性的相互作用。IRF 3是一种转录调节因子 ,在抗病毒感染、免疫调节、病毒诱导的细胞凋亡中发挥重要作用。因此证实PAI 2与IRF 3之间存在相互作用 ,为进一步研究PAI 2参与抗病毒感染或抗细胞凋亡等方面打下了基础     

肿瘤抑制蛋白p53的活性调控

p53 又称为分子警察或基因的保护神.在面对不同类型和强度的应激时,细胞究竟选择细胞周期停滞、凋亡还是衰老时 p53发挥中心调节作用.作为一种转录调控因子它主要通过对下游的目的基因进行转录调控来发挥功能.p53 结合 DNA 启动子能力也可通过多种方式被调节.这些调节机制主要包括 p53 的亚细胞定位调控、p53 的蛋白稳定性调控和 p53 的翻译后修饰.     

The novel p53 target gene IRF2BP2 participates in cell survival during the p53 stress response

The tumor suppressor p53 contributes to the cellular fate after genotoxic insults, mainly through the regulation of target genes, thereby allowing e.g. repair mechanisms resulting in cell survival or inducing apoptosis. Unresolved so far is the issue, which exact mechanisms lead to one or the other cellular outcome. Here, we describe the interferon regulatory factor-2-binding protein-2 (IRF2BP2) as a new direct target gene of p53, influencing the p53-mediated cellular decision. We show that upregulation of IRF2BP2 after treatment with actinomycin D (Act.D) is dependent on functional p53 in different cell lines. This occurs in parallel with the down-regulation of the interacting partner of IRF2BP2, the interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF2), which is known to positively influence cell growth. Analyzing the molecular functions of IRF2BP2, it appears to be able to impede on the p53-mediated transactivation of the p21- and the Bax-gene. We show here that overexpressed IRF2BP2 has an impact on the cellular stress response after Act.D treatment and that it diminishes the induction of apoptosis after doxorubicin treatment. Furthermore, the knockdown of IRF2BP2 leads to an upregulation of p21 and faster induction of apoptosis after doxorubicin as well as Act.D treatment.     

MiR-23a Facilitates the Replication of HSV-1 through the Suppression of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. It has been reported that miRNAs are involved in host-virus interaction, but evidence that cellular miRNAs promote virus replication has been limited. Here, we found that miR-23a promoted the replication of human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HeLa cells, as demonstrated by a plaque-formation assay and quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), an innate antiviral molecule, is targeted by miR-23a to facilitate viral replication. MiR-23a binds to the 3′UTR of IRF1 and down-regulates its expression. Suppression of IRF1 expression reduced RSAD2 gene expression, augmenting HSV-1 replication. Ectopic expression of IRF1 abrogated the promotion of HSV-1 replication induced by miR-23a. Notably, IRF1 contributes to innate antiviral immunity by binding to IRF-response elements to regulate the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and apoptosis, revealing a complex interaction between miR-23a and HSV-1. MiR-23a thus contributes to HSV-1 replication through the regulation of the IRF1-mediated antiviral signal pathway, which suggests that miR-23a may represent a promising target for antiviral treatments.     

p53 Degradation by a Coronavirus Papain-like Protease Suppresses Type I Interferon Signaling

Infection by human coronaviruses is usually characterized by rampant viral replication and severe immunopathology in host cells. Recently, the coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLPs) have been identified as suppressors of the innate immune response. However, the molecular mechanism of this inhibition remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that PLP2, a catalytic domain of the nonstructural protein 3 of human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), deubiquitinates and stabilizes the cellular oncoprotein MDM2 and induces the proteasomal degradation of p53. Meanwhile, we identify IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor 7) as a bona fide target gene of p53 to mediate the p53-directed production of type I interferon and the innate immune response. By promoting p53 degradation, PLP2 inhibits the p53-mediated antiviral response and apoptosis to ensure viral growth in infected cells. Thus, our study reveals that coronavirus engages PLPs to escape from the innate antiviral response of the host by inhibiting p53-IRF7-IFNβ signaling.     

p53 serves as a host antiviral factor that enhances innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza A virus

Several direct target genes of the p53 tumor suppressor have been identified within pathways involved in viral sensing, cytokine production, and inflammation, suggesting a potential role of p53 in antiviral immunity. The increasing need to identify immune factors to devise host-targeted therapies against pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) led us to investigate the role of endogenous wild-type p53 on the immune response to IAV. We observed that the absence of p53 resulted in delayed cytokine and antiviral gene responses in lung and bone marrow, decreased dendritic cell activation, and reduced IAV-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity. Consequently, p53(-/-) mice showed a more severe IAV-induced disease compared with their wild-type counterparts. These findings establish that p53 influences the antiviral response to IAV, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, in addition to its established functions as a tumor suppressor gene, p53 serves as an IAV host antiviral factor that might be modulated to improve anti-IAV therapy and vaccines.     

IRF7 in the Australian Black Flying Fox,Pteropus alecto: Evidence for a Unique Expression Pattern and Functional Conservation

As the only flying mammal, bats harbor a number of emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which cause severe diseases in humans and other mammals yet result in no clinical symptoms in bats. As the master regulator of the interferon (IFN)-dependent immune response, IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) plays a central role in innate antiviral immunity. To explore the role of bat IRF7 in the regulation of the IFN response, we performed sequence and functional analysis of IRF7 from the pteropid bat, Pteropus alecto. Our results demonstrate that bat IRF7 retains the ability to bind to MyD88 and activate the IFN response despite unique changes in the MyD88 binding domain. We also demonstrate that bat IRF7 has a unique expression pattern across both immune and non-immune related tissues and is inducible by double-strand RNA. The broad tissue distribution of IRF7 may provide bats with an enhanced ability to rapidly activate the IFN response in a wider range of tissues compared to other mammals. The importance of IRF7 in antiviral activity against the bat reovirus, Pulau virus was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of IRF7 in bat cells resulting in enhanced viral replication. Our results highlight the importance of IRF7 in innate antiviral immunity in bats.