麦季间作伴矿景天对不同土壤小麦-水稻生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

采用黑龙江黑土、河南潮土和浙江水稻土等我国粮食主产区典型土壤开展盆栽试验,研究小麦/伴矿景天间作、水稻轮作模式下Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天对当季小麦和后茬水稻生长及重金属吸收性的影响,探索粮食作物主产区污染土壤边生产边修复技术的可行性.结果表明:麦季间作伴矿景天,土壤硝酸钠提取态Zn、Cd浓度较小麦单作处理显著提高,间作处理下水稻土、潮土与黑土的提取态Zn较单作处理分别提高55％、32％和110％,水稻土与黑土提取态Cd较单作分别提高38％和110％,潮土的提取态Cd与对照处理没有差异.间作处理水稻土、潮土和黑土上小麦地上部重金属浓度是单作处理的1.1～1.9倍.麦季间作伴矿景天对后茬水稻生长及其地上部重金属吸收性无显著影响,虽然后茬水稻糙米中Cd含量仍高于0.2 mg·kg-1的“食品中污染物限量”标准,但种植过伴矿景天处理的水稻糙米重金属与前季单作小麦处理相比呈下降趋势.表明通过伴矿景天/小麦-水稻的间作和轮作种植模式,可吸取修复污染土壤中有害重金属,降低后茬水稻的食物链风险.     

镉锌超积累植物伴矿景天焚烧飞灰的重金属浸出特性及安全处置

为探究超积累植物伴矿景天焚烧灰浸出回收有价金属的可行性,以800℃流化床焚烧旋风灰为材料,研究盐酸、硝酸、氯化铵以及不同浓度、液固比和浸出时间对飞灰中重金属浸出规律的影响,同时评价浸出残渣的安全性.结果 表明:浸提剂种类、浓度及液固比是影响浸出的重要参数,浸出时间的影响较小,酸性浸提剂浸出能力明显强于氯化铵盐溶液浸出;...     

伴矿景天植物螯合肽合酶基因的克隆及功能分析

重金属超积累植物由于长期生长在高浓度的重金属环境中,使得经由植物螯合肽（phytochelatins, PCs）解毒途径来应对重金属毒害代价高昂。我们从Zn/Cd超积累植物伴矿景天（Sedum plumbizincicola）中克隆了植物螯合肽合酶（phytochelatin synthase, PCS）基因SepPCS。该基因在裂殖酵母和拟南芥中表达后都具有PCS活性,而且能够互补它们的PCs缺失突变体的Cd敏感表型。SepPCS在伴矿景天中的表达受到高浓度Cd处理的诱导。与其近亲非超积累生态型东南景天（S. alfredii）相比,虽然伴矿景天地上部PCs与Cd的摩尔比远低于东南景天,但是在高浓度Cd处理时PCs含量以及PCs与Cd的摩尔比急剧增加。我们推测在伴矿景天应对Cd毒害的过程中, PCs起到一定的作用,并且在高浓度Cd胁迫时地上部PCs依赖的解毒作用有所加强。     

外来物种互花米草种子萌发的生态适应性

在3种条件即不同萌发温度和光照、不同贮藏温度和时间、不同盐浓度下,研究了互花米草种子萌发及胚生长特性.结果表明:在相同温度下,种子的萌发不受光照或黑暗条件影响,最适萌发温度为16/26℃(夜/昼)和25℃,萌发率高于90%;在-5℃、0℃、5℃、10℃的贮藏温度下,贮藏120 d的种子萌发率高于74%,表明种子能够安全越冬;当盐浓度为75～225 mmol·L~(-1)时,萌发率高于90%,150 mmol·L~(-1)的盐浓度较适宜胚的生长,胚芽鞘和胚轴的生长先于胚芽和胚根,盐溶液对胚轴、胚芽鞘的生长所产生的抑制作用小于胚根、胚芽,有利于已萌发的幼苗快速出土,适应多变的潮间带环境.     

芹菜与伴矿景天间作对污泥农用锌镉污染土壤化学与微生物性质的影响

采集长期施用污泥导致的锌镉污染菜地土壤,通过盆栽试验研究芹菜与伴矿景天单作和两者间作模式下连续种植的修复效果.结果表明:随着修复次数的增加,单作处理中的植物生长不良,而间作处理下伴矿景天生长旺盛;与芹菜单作和伴矿景天单作相比,间作处理土壤有机质、速效氮、全氮、全磷显著降低,而速效钾浓度显著上升,土壤细菌数量提高7.9和18.4倍、真菌数量提高3.7和4.3倍,但脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性没有明显变化;BIOLOG结果也显示,间作处理下土壤微生物碳源利用能力和微生物群落功能多样性指数均显著高于单作处理;间作处理下土壤中Zn和Cd全量分别降低5.8％和50.0％,显著高于单作处理.表明土壤微生物效应可能是影响植物生长的重要原因之一.     

伴矿景天-水稻轮作及磷修复剂对水稻锌镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,将锌镉超积累植物伴矿景天与镉低积累水稻中香1号轮作种植于重金属污染土壤,并向土壤添加钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉,研究两种磷修复剂对伴矿景天和镉低积累水稻生长及地上部重金属积累性的影响.盆栽试验结果表明,在轻污染土壤上施用50 g·kg^-1磷矿粉时伴矿景天地上部的Zn、Cd吸收量分别达到每盆11.5 和0.79 mg,效果好于施用4 g·kg^-1钙镁磷肥处理.在重金属污染土壤上种植伴矿景天使后茬水稻地上部Zn、Cd浓度上升,但钙镁磷肥的施用显著降低了水稻体内的Zn、Cd积累量.种植伴矿景天后添加钙镁磷肥稳定调控剂对土壤中水溶态及NH₄OAc提取态Zn、Cd的稳定效果明显优于磷矿粉,且在高污染土壤上效果更佳.田间试验结果显示,施用钙镁磷肥不仅可增加水稻产量,且可一定程度上降低水稻地上部的Zn、Cd吸收量.     

伴矿景天-水稻轮作及磷修复剂对水稻锌镐吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,将锌镉超积累植物伴矿景天与镉低积累水稻中香1号轮作种植于重金属污染土壤,并向土壤添加钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉,研究两种磷修复剂对伴矿景天和锡低积累水稻生长及地上部重金属积累性的影响.盆栽试验结果表明,在轻污染土壤上施用50gkg-'磷矿粉时伴矿景天地上部的Zn,Cd吸收量分别达到每盆11.5和0.79 mg,效果好于施用4g·kg(-1)钙镁磷肥处理.在重金属污染土壤上种植伴矿景天使后茬水稻地上部Zn、Cd浓度上升,但钙镁磷肥的施用显著降低了水稻体内的Zn,Cd积累量.种植伴矿景天后添加钙镁磷肥稳定调控剂对土壤中水溶态及NH4 OAc提取态Zn、Cd的稳定效果明显优于磷矿粉,且在高污染土壤上效果更佳.田间试验结果显示,施用钙镁磷肥不仅可增加水稻产量,且可一定程度上降低水稻地上部的Zn、Cd吸收量.     

改良剂对酸性土壤上伴矿景天铝毒缓解作用及镉锌吸收性的影响

为探究不同改良剂对酸性土壤铝(Al)胁迫条件下镉(Cd)锌(Zn)超积累植物伴矿景天Sedum plumbizincicola生长以及镉和锌吸取修复效率的影响,分别添加不同种类改良剂(钙镁磷肥(CMP)、MgCO3、KH2PO4)和不同浓度CMP进行温室盆栽试验。结果表明,CMP能够一定程度上提高土壤pH值并降低土壤交换性Al的浓度,MgCO3能够显著提高土壤pH值和降低土壤交换性Al的浓度,KH2PO4能够降低土壤中交换性Al浓度但未改变土壤pH值。施用适量的CMP(9.39 mg/kg)能够提高伴矿景天生物量和Cd、Zn吸取修复效率,用量过高会抑制伴矿景天生长和Cd、Zn修复效率;施用MgCO3可增大伴矿景天生物量和Cd、Zn修复效率,施用KH2PO4反而抑制了伴矿景天生长。酸性土壤上施用适量的CMP和MgCO3能够缓解伴矿景天的铝毒作用,维持较高的重金属吸收效率。     

碟果虫实种子萌发对策及生态适应性

以荒漠地区1年生植物碟果虫实为材料,通过温度、光照、GA3和沙埋对其种子萌发和幼苗出土影响的研究,旨在探索其种子萌发对策及生态适应性。结果表明：（1）碟果虫实种子在0h光照的条件下,萌发的最佳恒温是20℃,萌发率为（18.00±141）%,最佳的变温是15℃/25℃,萌发率为（28.00±2.31）%。（2）除了5℃/25℃,碟果虫实在变温条件下的萌发率极显著高于恒温下的萌发率(P＜0.01)。（3）碟果虫实种子萌发时属于需暗型,而且存在休眠现象。（4）在野外沙埋的条件下,碟果虫实的出苗率随着沙埋深度的增加极显著下降(P＜0.05),适宜的出苗深度为0.00—2.00cm,最佳的出苗深度是0.50cm,出苗率为（16.80±2.85）%。（5）碟果虫实种子萌发具有迅速萌发和推迟萌发两种对策;根据种子萌发率和种子活力可以推断,碟果虫实具有持久性土壤种子库的特点。结合碟果虫实萌发时的自然生存环境和本研究的结果,显示出其种子萌发对策与栖息地的生境具有高度的生态适应性。     

荭草种子萌发特性及幼苗部分营养成分研究

不同采收时期的荭草种子用98%浓硫酸处理3 min,10月份采收的种子发芽率最高;供试范围内,20℃~25℃变温条件下发芽率最高,黑暗中比光照中的发芽率高。子叶期的荭草幼苗和3片真叶期的荭草幼苗蛋白质质量分数分别为134.8mg.kg-1,152.5 mg.kg-1;Vc分别为89.1 mg.kg-1,187.0 mg.kg-1。     

外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草种子萌发与贮藏特性研究

研究了光照和温度对外来入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L．)种子萌发的影响及种子在不同温度下贮藏后的发芽力变化。结果表明,光照和变温不是三叶鬼针草种子萌发的必要条件,在15～30℃恒温条件下萌发率均达到80％以上,35℃恒温显著抑制其萌发且发芽的种子不能正常发育;零下低温(-10℃)和零上低温(4℃)贮藏6个月的三叶鬼针草种子萌发率(分别为95％和94．7％)与贮藏前的萌发率(97．7％)相比无显著差异,而在室温下贮藏6个月的种子,随着贮藏时间的增加萌发率逐渐下降,6个月后不仅萌发率急剧下降到16％、萌发时间延长至10d,而且发芽的种子亦不能正常发育。     

五蕊寄生种子萌发特性

采用室内与野外实验相结合的方法,对五蕊寄生（Dendrophthoe pentandra）种子萌发特性以及鸟类消化过程对其种子萌发的影响进行研究。结果表明：五蕊寄生种子对温度和光照较敏感,与黑暗条件相比,光照能显著提高种子的萌发率;20℃为种子萌发的最适温度,萌发率达53.8%,高温35℃及低温10℃均不利于种子萌发。研究发现纯色啄花鸟（Dicaeum concolor）是该植物的主要食果者,种子外的果肉不是限制种子萌发的关键因素,人为去除果肉并不能提高种子的萌发率,但可缩短种子萌发的时间,果实通过纯色啄花鸟类肠道消化后,随着粪便排出的种子萌发率显著提高（达69%）,暗示纯色啄花鸟在五蕊寄生的种子萌发过程中具有重要的作用。     

东北刺人参种子萌发影响因子的研究

东北刺人参(Oplopanax elatus Nakai)种子透水性良好,休眠后萌发不受其影响.种皮和胚乳的水提取物中存在萌发抑制物质,胚乳中提取物对白菜种子萌发的抑制效果比种皮更明显.种子自然脱落时胚尚未分化完全,处于心形胚阶段.种子需要先温暖层积以完成胚的分化与生长,然后转入低温层积完成生理后熟.同批种子胚的发育不完全同步,变温层积处理7个月有极少数种子萌发,连续变温层积处理17个月大部分种子萌发.不同年份受气候条件影响,种子产量和发芽率差异较大.种子耐贮性较强,贮藏2年的种子生活力变化不大,仍具有较高的萌发潜力.     

Seed Dormancy and Germination in Cimicifuga nanchuanensis

Seed anatomy, dormancy breakage, the temperature effect to seed germination and seed life-span of Cimicifuga nanchuanensis Hsiao were studied and the endangerment of this plant in association to these biological characteristics was explored. The embryos were at the globular stage at the time of seed shedding in late November. Low temperature and humid conditions or treatment with exogenous GA3 stimulated the development of embryos and sped up the process of seed germination. The optimum temperature of germination was 20 ℃, but the seeds almost lost their viability after 9 months of storage. Nevertheless, in its natural habitation, the seeds could not acquire enough environmental humidity to accomplish their after-ripening during the dry and cold winter from late November to the following March; after then the temperature in the spring (averaged 10.1 ℃ in April and May) was much lower than 20 ℃ or so which is favorable for seed germination. Moreover, the testa could not provide adequate protection for the embryos and the short life-span of the seeds prevents their survival until the next germination. Therefore it seems reasonable to infer that the unfavorable environmental condition during the process of after-ripening until seed maturation is involved in the cause of endangerment of this plant species.     

Seed dormancy and germination in Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) from south-western Saudi Arabia

Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) is widespread in the mountainous highlands of the southwestern part of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where it is a medicinally important species for the people in Saudi Arabia. Seeds of this species were collected from Mount Atharb in Al-Baha region, at an altitude of 2100 m. The aims of this study were to determine if the seeds of D. viscosa have physical dormancy (i.e. a water-impermeable seed coat) and, if so, what treatments would break dormancy, and what conditions promote germination after dormancy has been broken. The dormancy-breaking treatments included: soaking of seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) for 10 min, immersion in boiling water for 10 min and exposure to 50 °C for 1 min. After seeds had been pre-treated with H₂SO₄, to break dormancy, they were incubated at constant temperatures from 5 to 35 °C, under 12-h photoperiods or in continuous darkness, and germination recorded. Salinity tolerance was investigated by incubating acid-scarified seeds in different concentrations of mM NaCl in the light at 25 °C.Untreated seeds had low final germination 30%. Seeds that had been acid-scarified, immersed in boiling water or exposed to 50 °C all achieved 91% subsequently when incubated at 25 °C. Thus, seeds of this species in Saudi Arabia have physical dormancy, which can be broken by all three treatments designed to increase the permeability of the testa. After pre-treatment, there was a broad optimum constant temperature for germination that ranged between 5 and 25 °C but germination was inhibited by higher temperatures (30 and 35 °C). Light had little effect on this germination response. Scarified seeds were also sensitive to salinity, with the highest germination in distilled water and complete inhibition in 400 mM NaCl. Seeds that failed to germinate in saline treatments were mostly able to germinate on transfer to distilled water, suggesting osmotic inhibition.     

Seed dormancy release and germination characteristics of <i>Corispermum lehmannianum</i> Bunge,an endemic species in the Gurbantunggut desert of China

Seed dormancy release and germination of Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge were tested using various treatments: temperature, cold stratification, gibberelins (GA3), dry storage and sand burial. Results showed that temperature and light did not affect the germination of fresh seeds, cold stratification and GA3 could improve seed germination, whereas dry storage and sand burial did not. The germination percentage was highest at 35/20 °C after the cold stratification and GA3 treatments. Corispermum lehmannianum seeds were classified as non-deep, Type-2, physiological dormancy (PD), whose seed dormancy could be released by cold stratification and GA3.     

Validation of names of Leptodermis pilosa var. acanthoclada and L. pilosa var. spicatiformis (Rubiaceae)

The names of Leptodermis pilosa Diels var. acanthoclada Lo and L. pilosa Diels var. spicatiformis Lo are invalid because no type specimens were indicated in the protologue when they were published. Two names are here validated at the rank of variety, with the specimens designated as types. A key to varieties in Leptodermis pilosa Diels and a distribution map of two new varieties and their relatives are provided.     

珍稀药用植物云南萝芙木种子休眠与萌发特性

研究了云南萝芙木（Rauvolfia yunnanensis）种子吸水及内源萌发抑制物特性,探讨了赤霉素浓度、温度和光照对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：云南萝芙木新鲜饱满种子28℃和31℃／22℃光照或黑暗下1个月内不萌发,种子胚已分化发育完全,种皮透水,种仁含有萌发抑制物,GA可促进种子萌发,说明云南萝芙木种子具有浅度生理休眠。400-1800mg·L-1是打破云南萝芙木种子休眠的适宜GA处理浓度范围。云南萝芙木种子的适宜萌发温度范围为22～2822和31℃／22℃变温,28％发芽指数最高,1023种子不萌发。云南萝芙木种子在周期性光照和全黑暗下均可萌发,但31℃和31℃／22℃下周期性光照促进种子萌发。