干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被演替过程土壤种子库变化特征

土壤种子库是反映气候与土地利用变化的指示器,也是荒漠植被更新与恢复的基础。典型荒漠白刺灌丛植被广泛分布于我国西北绿洲边缘地带,对保护绿洲免受风沙危害发挥着重要作用。但是,对干旱荒漠白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库仍未见研究报道。应用空间代替时间的方法,选择石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替的初始阶段、稳定阶段、衰退阶段与严重衰退阶段样地,研究了白刺灌丛植被演替过程的土壤种子库物种组成、时空分布和数量变化特征。结果表明:石羊河下游白刺灌丛植被演替过程中,土壤种子库共出现9科18种植物,其中草本植物占到55%—80%,是白刺灌丛植被土壤种子库的主体。不同演替阶段土壤种子库密度以稳定阶段最高,达到660.7粒/m2,是初始阶段、衰退阶段和严重衰退阶段的5.6、14.5倍和6.2倍。不同沙堆部位,土壤种子库密度以迎风坡中部与背风坡中部最高,分别达到329粒/m2和309粒/m2;沙堆土壤种子库密度是堆间地的1.9倍,土壤种子库主要分布于灌丛沙堆上。不同演替阶段土壤种子库间的相似性系数均在0.6以下,除稳定阶段外,其他阶段间均属于中等相似水平;土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数均在0.5以上,达到中等相似或极相似水平。该研究进一步证明了灌丛沙堆和土壤种子库在白刺灌丛植被中的重要性,也说明人为干扰损害了白刺灌丛地下潜在植被及其恢复潜力。因此,需要开展人工种子库或人工植被建设以控制干旱荒漠白刺灌丛沙堆活化,并实现退化白刺灌丛植被恢复。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被和两种优势克隆半灌木的空间格局

群落优势种重要值的变化可以表征植被的演替状况。研究了鄂尔多斯高原飞播后不同演替阶段的沙地植被 ,以及两种优势克隆植物羊柴 (H edysarum laeve)和油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)种群的空间格局。结果表明 :在调查的尺度内 ,群落水平上 ,演替前期和演替中期的植被盖度空间自相关发生的尺度远小于演替后期。随着植被的演替和发育 ,小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异逐渐增加。暗示着植被盖度空间格局的变化与羊柴种群和油蒿种群在群落中的地位的变化有关。种群水平上 ,小尺度的空间自相关控制着羊柴种群在 3个演替阶段的空间格局 ;处于前 2个演替阶段的油蒿种群 ,空间格局受更大尺度的过程控制 ,并在自身为建群种的群落随机分布。对于 3个演替阶段的油蒿种群而言 ,发生在小于抽样尺度 (<1m)的随机变异都高于相应的羊柴种群。这两种克隆半灌木的种群空间格局的差异可能与二者克隆构型和克隆性的不同有关。本文还根据这两种植物的生物学特性探讨了二者对鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被恢复的不同作用     

草地灌丛化研究进展

在草地生态系统中, 灌木入侵不仅会改变草本植物的分布格局, 还对生态系统的结构和功能产生重要影响。灌丛化的成因、影响、时空动态一直是植被生态学研究的热点问题, 这些问题的探究将有助于理解灌木在天然草原中的作用和地位, 对干旱半干旱区植被的保护和恢复具有重要科学意义。综述了灌丛化的成因、入侵后对生态系统中植被与土壤的影响、草地灌丛化空间动态变化和草地灌丛化演替过程, 以期为将来草地灌丛化的研究提供一些有益途径。     

科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复演替进程中群落优势种群空间分布格局研究

通过对处于流动沙地、半固定沙地和固定沙地等不同恢复演替阶段的群落的取样调查 ,研究了科尔沁沙地草地植被恢复进程中群落优势种群的空间分布格局及其动态变化。运用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、Green指数、聚集强度、Poisson分布和负二项分布的 χ2 拟合检验等 7项指标 ,对群落优势种群的分布格局的研究结果基本一致 ,大多数物种的空间分布呈显著的聚集分布。在演替进程中种群格局强度的变化和群落总体聚集程度的变化与种群动态和群落结构的空间异质性相对应 ,较高的聚集程度是种群分布斑块化和群落结构的空间异质性的反映 ,随着演替进展 ,优势种的种群数量扩展 ,但种群分布的聚集强度下降 ,群落结构的空间异质性降低。在 7种测定分布格局的指标中 ,聚块性指数、Green指数和聚集强度是无量纲的指标 ,其大小不受种群大小的影响 ,其变化可以较好地指示格局强度本身的变化 ,并与种群动态和群落结构变化相联系     

小叶、中间和柠条三种锦鸡儿的分布式样及其生态适应

确定了小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿3种植物的分布式样:小叶锦鸡儿为蒙古高原东部-F松辽平原西部-华北山地分布种,中间锦鸡儿为东戈壁-鄂尔多斯高原-黄土高原北部分布种,柠条锦鸡儿为南阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯分布种。小叶锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原典型草原带和森林草原带以及华北山地落叶阔叶林带,在草原带高平原上可形成灌丛化草原的景观,在草原带的沙地上可形成以小叶锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;中间锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原的荒漠化草原及草原化荒漠带、鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原和荒漠化草原带的沙地及梁地上、黄土高原北部的黄土丘坡上,常形成以中间锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;柠条锦鸡儿则适应分布于草原化荒漠和典型荒漠带的固定和半固定沙地上。近缘的3种锦鸡儿的地带性分布从东至西或从北向南形成明显的有规律的地理替代分布格局。     

1992—2018年内蒙古自治区植被动态演替特征及驱动力

人类的建设与破坏活动是植被动态变化的重要根源之一,利用遥感探究植被演替的量化监测过程及驱动力能够很好揭示人类活动对生态本底的影响。本研究利用欧洲航天局逐年土地覆被数据及地理学信息图谱方法,从植被型组、植被型尺度分析1992—2018年内蒙古自治区植被动态演替方向、演替速度及演替序列,明晰植被演替特征并量化其演替驱动力。结果表明: 研究期间,内蒙古自治区植被数量结构为“植增荒减”,具体年增长速率依次为耕地(353.10 km²)>草原(243.92 km²)>森林(-16.22 km²)>灌丛(-120.37 km²)>荒漠(-556.31 km²),并且空间相邻分布的草原、荒漠、灌丛三者的面积变化存在权衡关系。植被演替空间呈“绿进沙退”格局,演替热点集中于西辽河平原、内蒙古中部荒漠-草原交界处及黄河沿岸;植被演替序列结构复杂,进展、逆行演替相互交错,不同群落演替流量的截流率差距突出,其中,植被型组草原、灌丛与植被型草地、雨养农田群落在演替过程中截获最多演替流量。植被动态演替的核心驱动力为农牧业生产、经济发展水平、人口规模、生态工程、气候变化。作为“植物群落学-景观生态学”的实例研究,本研究结果可为植被格局优化、演替等级提升等生态措施实施空间的划定提供科学依据。     

三峡地区石灰岩灌丛植被特征及其合理利用

灌丛是三峡石灰岩地区分布最广的植被类型。除中华蚊母树灌丛、黄杨灌丛为原生性植被外,其它灌丛多为森林植被破坏后,环境条件恶化,水土流失加剧,土壤肥力下降、水分缺乏,致使原有乔木树种难以为继而由多种阳性灌木组成的,主要包括雀梅藤－铁仔灌丛、马桑灌丛等７种。它们处在逆向演替的不同阶段上,具有不稳定性,但其种类组成与原来的森林植被有着密切联系。由于石灰岩生境恶劣、脆弱,它们自然演替为森林植被在短期内是不可能的,但它们在资源开发利用和保持水土、改善环境方面充当着重要角色．     

毛乌素沙地飞播植被与生境演变的研究

飞播造林作为沙地大面积绿洲化的有效的手段，已在毛乌素沙地中运用并取得了显著的成效。本文根据伊金霍洛旗４个播区飞播后十余年的调查资料，分析了杨柴灌丛群落动态变化的特点以及演替的机制，并指出沙地土壤水分生境的改变是群落发生演替的主要原因。随着生境的变化，群落的演替可分为４个阶段：先锋植物群落、杨柴群落、油蒿群落和黑格兰、沙地柏、蒙古莸和柠条等中旱生灌丛群落阶段。为了防止杨柴群落的进一步演替或退化，确保这一人工草场的质量，对群落演替的合理人为干扰，是必要的。     

古浪县北部荒漠植被主要植物种的生态位特征

利用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式,计测分析了甘肃省古浪县北部荒漠植被主要植物种在不同植被演替阶段的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:在流动沙地上花棒的生态位宽度最大,其次是沙蒿;在半固定沙地上白刺的生态位宽度最大;在固定沙地上,不论是封育植被还是未封育植被中均是花棒的生态位最宽。同一植物种的生态位随着植被演替阶段的变化而发生变化,这种变化反映了不同演替阶段下的植被恢复效果。优势种的生态位重叠大,生态位宽的物种对重叠值也大,相同物种对在不同演替阶段的生态位重叠不一致。有些物种生态位宽度窄,但重叠值大,是由荒漠植被区物种分布存在生境斑块现象造成的。     

沙质草原沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状和展望

在综述了我国半干旱地区沙质草地沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状,提出了目前沙地植被演替研究中存在的主要问题和今后的研究工作。指出,①沙地植被演替的最大特点就是沙质地表基质的流动性和风沙活动伴随着植被演替的各阶段,研究中应考虑近地表风沙流的影响;②在干扰对生态系统影响越来越大的今天,沙地植被的演替序列往往出现一些随机性和不规则性,应加强对沙地植被演替序列的非线性和演替顶极的多元性、多样性的研究;③应继续从生理生态、种群生态、群落生态以及生态系统生态等不同水平层面上深入研究演替过程中植物种的替代机制,还应加强沙地土壤种子库与地上植被动态耦合、种子岛效应等的研究,以及沙地植被演替趋势和速率等的预测。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿群落的循环演替

流动沙地→半流动沙地白沙蒿群落→半固定沙地油蒿＋白沙蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿群落→固定沙地油蒿＋本氏针茅＋苔藓群落→地带性的本氏针茅草原及其迅速沙化的植被发展过程是毛乌素沙地植被自发演替的基本过程。油蒿具有耐沙埋、抗风蚀、耐土壤贫瘠等特性,是该地区最主要的优良固沙植物和重要牧草。半固定、固定沙地池蒿群落在毛乌素沙地的生态环境保护和农牧业生产方面发挥着极其重要的作用,维持其稳定十分重要。然而,其沙化的现     

Woody plant encroachment impacts on soil carbon and microbial processes: results from a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of soil incubation data

Quantitative methods were used to examine soil properties and their spatial heterogeneity in a 0-year fenced mobile dune (MD0), an 11-year fenced mobile dune (MD11) and a 20-year fenced mobile dune (MD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of vegetation restoration on heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes and to provide a concept model to describe the relationship between vegetation succession and spatial heterogeneity variation of soil properties in the dunes. The results showed that the average values of vegetation cover, species number and diversity, soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and electrical conductivity (EC) increased with the increase in fenced age of mobile dunes, while soil water content (0–20 cm) showed the reverse trend. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial heterogeneity of soil organic C, total N, EC, very fine sand content, and soil water content (0–20 cm) increased from MD0 to MD11 with succession from sand pioneer plant to shrub species then decreased from MD11 to MD20 due to continuous development of herbaceous plants. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that there was a relatively high correspondence between vegetation and soil factors, suggesting that the major gradients relating soil organic C, total N, EC, pH, slope, very fine sand content, and soil water content are the main factors for the distribution of dune plants and account for 68.1% of the species-environment relationship among the three sites. In addition, the distribution of the sand pioneer plant was positively related to the relative height of the sampling site and soil water content, and that of most herbaceous plants were determined by soil organic C, total N, EC, pH, and very fine sand content in mobile dunes. The conceptual model of relationship between vegetation succession and spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in mobile dunes suggests spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to plant-induced heterogeneity in dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion, and conversely, the magnitude and degree of spatial heterogeneity in soil properties can influence the plant distribution pattern and vegetation succession of mobile dunes.     

Above and belowground community development in a marine sand dune ecosystem

Transects across undisturbed marine sand dunes sequentially traversed the following plant communities: littoral, foredunes, intradune complex of ridges and hollows, deflation plain, myrtle forest, and mature conifer forest. Organic carbon levels were low in the littoral zone and increased across the dune ecosystem landward to the forest communities. The highest percentage of nutrients was isolated from the heavy fraction of soil residues. Soil microfloral populations responded to vegetation, physical dune characteristics, and seasonal moisture patterns. Populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were higher in winter than during summer sampling periods in all communities. Populations of microscopic fungi were higher in winter in all the communities except the hollows. The distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi responded to vegetation and sand dune succession but did not display seasonality. Species of Gigaspora and Acaulospora were the most commonly isolated VAM fungi.Sand aggregation increased along the dune transect and was correlated to plant community succession: the most highly aggregated soil was found in the two forest communities. With scanning electron microscopy, sand grains and organic residues were observed entangled by strands of filamentous mciroorganisms. Many of the filaments were of the dimensions of VAM fungi, which may be important for the release of nutrients associated with the cementing agents of sand aggregates and for the survival of early pioneer plants of sand dunes.     

科尔沁沙地植物群落圆环状分布成因地统计学分析

调查发现,在科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘的丘顶、丘坡和丘间地,植物群落依生境梯度而分布,呈典型圆环状分布格局．沙层水分状况分析表明,同一沙丘不同部位的沙层含水量为丘顶低于丘坡地,且二者均低于丘间地．地统计学分析表明,无论是流动沙丘还是固定沙丘,从丘顶、丘坡到丘间地,沙层含水量的空间异质性呈规律性的变化,块金值与基台值之比逐渐减小,变程逐渐减小,分维数逐渐增大,表明随机部分引起的空间异质性逐渐降低,而由空间自相关部分引起的空间异质性逐渐增高．因此,沙丘不同部位沙层含水量及其空间异质性的有规律变化是科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘植物群落呈圆环状分布格局的一个重要原因．     

绿洲―荒漠交错带土壤水分变化特征初步研究

 以甘肃省的民勤绿洲为例,选择土壤水分最为亏缺的7月,对白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)沙包不同迎风面,以及绿洲和荒漠交错地带的土壤水分进行了取样分析。结果表明,对于白刺沙包而言,其上层和深层土壤水分是迎风坡大于背风坡,中间层次（40～80 cm）则刚好相反。在绿洲与荒漠的交错带上,灌丛沙包与沙丘间低地水分变化有很大的不同,总体而言,丘间地水分含量大于灌丛沙包,但在距离绿洲406 m处,二者均出现一个土壤水分的最低值。在丘间地表层,水分变化是距离绿洲愈近,土壤含水量愈高;而深层土壤水分的变化趋     

Climate and coastal dune vegetation: disturbance, recovery, and succession

The sand dune habitats found on barrier islands and other coastal areas support a dynamic plant community while protecting areas further inland from waves and wind. Foredune, interdune, and backdune habitats common to most coastal dunes have very different vegetation, likely because of the interplay among plant succession, exposure, disturbance, and resource availability. However, surprisingly few long-term data are available describing dune vegetation patterns. A nine-year census of 294 plots on St. George Island, Florida suggests that the major climatic drivers of vegetation patterns vary with habitat. Community structure is correlated with the elevation, soil moisture, and percent soil ash of each 1 m² plot. Major storms reduce species richness in all three habitats. Principle coordinate analysis suggests that changes in the plant communities through time are caused by climatic events: changes in foredune vegetation are correlated with temperature and summer precipitation, interdune vegetation with storm surge, and backdune vegetation with precipitation and storm surge. We suggest that the plant communities in foredune, interdune, and backdune habitats tend to undergo succession toward particular compositions of species, with climatic disturbances pushing the communities away from these more deterministic trajectories.     

The sand dune vegetation of Chrystalls Beach, southern New Zealand, with particular reference to the cushion community

The sand dune system at Chrystalls Beach, New Zealand comprises front dune, dune hollow and rear dune areas. On the front dunes are two communities: one on the seaward face of the dunes, and another on the landward face. Most of the dune hollow is occupied by a series of grassland communities, but there are areas of a distinctive cushion community, still largely native in its species composition. It is suggested that the cushion community is maintained against invasion by a switch, possibly involving sand grain size, soil organic content, water supply, wind and magnesium:calcium ratio. The coarse sandy/pebbly substrate, with its low organic content, causes water stress. The water stress permits only low vegetation, which exacerbates the low soil organic content. The low vegetation results in high wind, again favouring cushion species. The water regime has also allowed a buildup of Mg:Ca ratio, especially in the lower layers of the soil.     

Coastal plant and soil relationships along the southwestern coast of South Korea

We studied how plant species distribution was regulated by the relationships between vegetation and soil factors on the southwestern coast of South Korea. Vegetation was classified using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), thereby producing four vegetation groups that were linked to three habitat types. Two ordination techniques —; detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) —; were applied to examine the relationships between vegetation and 12 edaphic factors, including soil pH, water and osmotic potentials, moisture content, electrical conductivity, Cl and Na⁺ contents, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and contents of organic matter, sand, silt, and clay. Results were similar for both types of evaluations. According to DCA and CCA, the 23 communities tended to cluster into three types: salt swamp, salt marsh, and sand dune. The first two canonical axes accounted for 14.9% of the community-soil factor relationship among communities. As identified via CCA, the main gradients were soil-water relations and soil texture.     

典范分析法在黄河三角洲莱州湾滨海区盐生植物群落研究中的应用

典范变量分析能同时处理两种类型的变量集并给出它们之间的相关系数。本文采用该方法对黄河三角洲地区的10个植物群丛及其土壤的有关性质进行了分析。典范相关系数是0.9和1。文中同时求出了所有典范变量,保留了原数据的全部信息。结果表明该地区植被的动态变化与土壤水盐及有机质含量的动态变化显著相关。土壤的水盐动态是这一地区植被演替的制约因素。二维典范变量图较直观地表示出了群丛间的演替关系。初步判断出芦苇和白茅群丛是这一地区植被演替过程中相对稳定的阶段。该方法对研究植物群落的分布及植被演替等内容是很有帮助的。     

河西走廊盐化草甸主要植物群落分布特点及其土壤环境特征

 采用系统网格法调查河西走廊盐化草甸典型地段的植被和土壤环境因素,用DCA排序技术进行定量分析,来划分该区植物群落的分布格局,并以土壤环境指标(有机质、全盐含量、pH值、潜水位埋深)解释其所形成的5个样方组,反映出内陆干旱次生盐渍化区土壤水盐分布的差别同潜水位的关系。