Factor VIII Lacking the C2 Domain Retains Cofactor Activity in Vitro

Factor (F) VIII consists of a heavy chain (A1A2B domains) and light chain (A3C1C2 domains). The activated form of FVIII, FVIIIa, functions as a cofactor for FIXa in catalyzing the membrane-dependent activation of FX. Whereas the FVIII C2 domain is believed to anchor FVIIIa to the phospholipid surface, recent x-ray crystal structures of FVIII suggest that the C1 domain may also contribute to this function. We constructed a FVIII variant lacking the C2 domain (designated ΔC2) to characterize the contributions of the C1 domain to function. Binding affinity of the ΔC2 variant to phospholipid vesicles as measured by energy transfer was reduced ∼14-fold. However, the activity of ΔC2 as measured by FXa generation and one-stage clotting assays retained 76 and 36%, respectively, of the WT FVIII value. Modest reductions (∼4-fold) were observed in the functional affinity of ΔC2 FVIII for FIXa and rates of thrombin activation. On the other hand, deletion of C2 resulted in significant reductions in FVIIIa stability (∼3.6-fold). Thrombin generation assays showed peak thrombin and endogenous thrombin potential were reduced as much as ∼60-fold. These effects likely result from a combination of the intermolecular functional defects plus reduced protein stability. Together, these results indicate that FVIII domains other than C2, likely C1, make significant contributions to membrane-binding and membrane-dependent function.     

Cofactor Activity in Factor VIIIa of the Blood Clotting Pathway Is Stabilized by an Interdomain Bond between His281 and Ser524 Formed in Factor VIII

The factor VIII (FVIII) crystal structure suggests a possible bonding interaction of His²⁸¹ (A1 domain) with Ser⁵²⁴ (A2 domain), although the resolution of the structure (∼4 Å) does not firmly establish this bonding. To establish that side chains of these residues participate in an interdomain bond, we prepared and examined the functional properties of a residue swap variant (H281S/S524H) where His²⁸¹ and Ser⁵²⁴ residues were exchanged with one another and a disulfide-bridged variant (H281C/S524C) where the two residues were replaced with Cys. The latter variant showed efficient disulfide bonding of the A1 and A2 domains. The swap variant showed WT-like FVIII and FVIIIa stability, which were markedly reduced for H281A and S524A variants in an earlier study. The disulfide-bridged variant showed ∼20% increased FVIII stability, and FVIIIa did not decay during the time course measured. This variant also yielded 35% increased thrombin peak values compared with WT in a plasma-based thrombin generation assay. Binding analyses of H281S-A1/A3C1C2 dimer with S524H-A2 subunit yielded a near WT-like affinity value, whereas combining the variant dimer or A2 subunit with the WT complement yielded ∼5- and ∼10-fold reductions, respectively, in affinity. Other functional properties including thrombin generation potential, FIXa binding affinity, K_m for FX of FXase complexes, thrombin activation efficiency, and down-regulation by activated protein C showed similar results for the two variants compared with WT FVIII. These results indicate that the side chains of His²⁸¹ and Ser⁵²⁴ are in close proximity and contribute to a bonding interaction in FVIII that is retained in FVIIIa.     

抗CD3/抗CD20双特异性单链抗体的表达、鉴定及活性分析

设计并合成多个60bp左右的DNA小片段 ,经重叠延伸PCR扩增获得1640bp的抗CD3 抗CD2 0双特异性单链抗体完整基因片段 ,将其克隆入真核定点表达载体pcDNA5 FRT中 ,脂质体法转染Flp-In^TM CHO细胞 ,获得稳定表达细胞株 ,目的蛋白在上清中的表达量约为 300μg/L。采用Ni_NTA柱对其进行了纯化 ,经SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳及Western-blot分析结果表明 ,含组氨酸标签的目的蛋白的分子量约为 70kD ,与预期结果一致。活细胞间接免疫荧光实验和玫瑰花环实验证明抗CD3抗CD20双特异性单链抗体具有与Ramous(CD20+)及Jurkat(CD3+)细胞特异性结合的活性。光学显微镜下可以观察到抗CD3 抗CD2 0双特异性单链抗体可以有效介导人外周血淋巴细胞裂解B淋巴瘤细胞Ramous。以上工作为进一步了解抗CD3 抗CD2 0双特异性单链抗体的体内体外生物学活性奠定了基础。     

Development of the Bispecific Antibody in Fab-scFv Format Based on an Antibody to Human Interferon Beta-1 and Antibody to HER2 Receptor

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - The development of new therapies for malignant tumors is an urgent task. Currently, the humanized antibody trastuzumab is considered the “gold...     

中和性流行性感冒病毒基因工程抗体在昆虫细胞中的全基因表达、纯化及鉴定

将中和性流行性感冒 (流感 )病毒基因工程抗体IV 2、IV 6的轻链和重链Fd段基因 ,分别克隆入全抗体表达载体 pAC L Fc ,构建成杆状病毒表达载体pAC L Fc Ⅳ 2和 pAC L Fc Ⅳ 6 ,转染昆虫Sf9细胞 ,利用杆状病毒 /昆虫细胞系统实现抗体的分泌型表达 ,表达产物进行亲和层析分离纯化。SDS PAGE电泳和Westernblot法证实有完整免疫球蛋白的表达 ,免疫印迹法证实它们能与流感病毒血凝素蛋白特异性结合。经间接竞争性抑制ELISA法测定 ,抗体与流感病毒抗原结合的解离常数KD 值分别为 2 5× 10 -9M和 3 0× 10 -9M。流感病毒基因工程全抗体经在昆虫细胞中的表达、纯化和抗体特性鉴定 ,获得了两株纯化的全抗体 ,可用于以后的动物模型呼吸道粘膜被动免疫抗感染的研究。     

一种新的延胡索酸水合酶抗体的制备及功能研究

延胡索酸水合酶(fumarate hydratase,FH)是三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA)中的一个关键性酶。FH的基因突变将导致延胡索酸合酶缺乏症、遗传性平滑肌瘤和肾细胞癌(hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma,HLRCC)等疾病。FH缺失导致HLRCC分子的确切生物学机制尚不明确。作者将FH基因片段克隆到原核表达载体上,在大肠杆菌中表达GST-FH(400-510)融合蛋白。该融合蛋白为抗原免疫小鼠获得抗体,通过免疫印迹实验证明了该抗体的特异性并发现FH在心脏和肝脏中的含量较高。通过免疫共沉淀实验发现,在大鼠肝脏组织中FH可能与多个蛋白形成蛋白复合物。     

抗CD3基因工程嵌合抗体IgG在哺乳动物细胞中的表达和活性测定

利用基因工程方法将鼠源性抗CD3抗体HIT3a的可变区和人源抗体(IgG)的完整的恒定区连接起来,构建全抗型抗CD3嵌合抗体,该型抗体具有较低的免疫源性可作为免疫抑制剂应用于器官移植,减少受体产生免疫排斥,提高移植器官的存活率。利用PCR方法从抗CD3 ScFv重组噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB 5E上扩增抗CD₃抗体的轻链和重链可变区,将轻链和重链可变区组装到含有人抗体（IgG）恒定区的表达载体中,构建抗CD3嵌合抗体IgG的轻链和重链表达载体PKN100和PG1D105,并用脂质体法共转染CHO细胞。结果证明,抗CD₃嵌合抗体的V_L和V_H与HIT3a抗体的V_L和V_H完全相符,ELISA和Western blot检测结果证实转染细胞的培养上清中含有抗CD₃嵌合抗体IgG的表达,表达产物能与Jurkat细胞结合,并能竞争性抑制HIT3a抗体和Jurkat细胞结合活性,³H-TdR掺入实验表明, 抗CD3嵌合抗体与亲代抗体HIT3a一样,具有促进外周血单核细胞增殖的作用。我室构建的全抗型抗CD3嵌合抗体分子表达载体可在CHO细胞中稳定表达,表达产物有较好生物活性,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

检测人血清中SARS冠状病毒IgG抗体的ELISA方法建立及其应用

为了建立方便、敏感和特异的SARS病毒血清学诊断方法,利用PQE30表达系统在大肠杆菌M15中分段高效表达了SARS病毒N蛋白.通过金属鏊合亲和层析纯化了目的蛋白N-1和N-2,Western blot结果显示,两个表达蛋白均具有较好的抗原性.然后将N-1和N-2蛋白共同包被,建立了检测人血清中SARS病毒IgG抗体的间接ELISA法.用此方法检测120例临床诊断为SARS的病人和244个不同年龄组正常人血清IgG抗体,结果120例SARS病人的第一份血清IgG抗体总阳性率为60.0%,发病第0～7、8～10、11～14、15～27和28天后的血清中,SARS病毒IgG抗体阳性率分别为0、11.1%、60.0%、60.5%和70.3%;而244份正常人血清检测结果均为阴性,包括100份14岁以下儿童血清也未发现假阳性.结果表明,利用大肠杆菌表达的N蛋白完全能够替代全病毒灭活抗原,所建立的间接ELISA方法简单,价格低廉,能保证生物安全,对SARS可疑病例的确诊和排除具有重要的实际应用价值,可用于SARS高危人群的血清流行病学监测,SARS疫情的控制和预防,以及SARS病毒蛋白功能的研究.     

跨膜型TNF-alpha单克隆抗体腺病毒表达载体的构建和鉴

目的：应用AdEasy-1 系统构建包含tmTNF-alpha单克隆抗体轻、重链序列的重组腺病毒表达载体。方法：首先PCR 合成抗体 轻、重链序列,分别将轻、重链序列插入经过改造的含有双启动子的穿梭质粒pShuttle-2CMV,将穿梭载体电转化转化AdEasy 系 统BJ5183 感受态,挑取单克隆扩增质粒后酶切鉴定。结果：成功构建重组腺病毒表达载体pAdEasy-tmTNF-alpha,抗体重链、轻链序 列酶切后经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳证实条带片段大小正确,电转化BJ5183 后挑选重组克隆提取质粒,PacI酶切后重组片段位于4.5 kb及3 kb位置,证明重组腺病毒质粒pAdeasy-1-tmTNF-alpha构建成功。结论：将腺病毒系统与单克隆抗体技术相结合,利用AdEasy-1 系统成功构建腺病毒重组tmTNF-alpha单克隆抗体表达载体,为进一步开展肿瘤基因治疗的研究提供基础。     

Identification and characterization of an IgG binding protein in the secretion of the rat coagulating gland

A merocrine released protein (named 115k protein) was highly enriched from the secretion of the rat coagulating gland. The protein has a molecular mass of 115 kDa as calculated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Furthermore, the 115 kDa protein is glycosylated, and carries Man, GlcNAc, Gal, Fuc and sialic acid residues. For identification, N-terminal amino acid and nucleotide sequence analyses were performed. The sequences obtained showed 86 to 100% identity with human and mouse IgGFc binding proteins. The functional capacity of IgG binding of the 115 kDa protein was shown by overlay experiments, indicating its membership in the IgG binding protein family.     

A Novel Glycoengineered Bispecific Antibody Format for Targeted Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor Type I (IGF-1R) Demonstrating Unique Molecular Properties

In the present study, we have developed a novel one-arm single chain Fab heterodimeric bispecific IgG (OAscFab-IgG) antibody format targeting the insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (IGF-1R) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with one binding site for each target antigen. The bispecific antibody XGFR is based on the “knob-into-hole” technology for heavy chain heterodimerization with one heavy chain consisting of a single chain Fab to prevent wrong pairing of light chains. XGFR was produced with high expression yields and showed simultaneous binding to IGF-1R and EGFR with high affinity. Due to monovalent binding of XGFR to IGF-1R, IGF-1R internalization was strongly reduced compared with the bivalent parental antibody, leading to enhanced Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. To further increase immune effector functions triggered by XGFR, the Fc portion of the bispecific antibody was glycoengineered, which resulted in strong antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. XGFR-mediated inhibition of IGF-1R and EGFR phosphorylation as well as A549 tumor cell proliferation was highly effective and was comparable with a combined treatment with EGFR (GA201) and IGF-1R (R1507) antibodies. XGFR also demonstrated potent anti-tumor efficacy in multiple mouse xenograft tumor models with a complete growth inhibition of AsPC1 human pancreatic tumors and improved survival of SCID beige mice carrying A549 human lung tumors compared with treatment with antibodies targeting either IGF-1R or EGFR. In summary, we have applied rational antibody engineering technology to develop a heterodimeric OAscFab-IgG bispecific antibody, which combines potent signaling inhibition with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity induction and results in superior molecular properties over two established tetravalent bispecific formats.     

松材线虫生防细菌的筛选、鉴定及其毒性因子的初步研究

从河南南阳不同农田的植物根部采取土壤样本,共分离获得了198株细菌。通过毒性测试和平板生测从中筛选出松材线虫生防细菌6株,其中NS-3菌株对松材线虫的杀灭活性最高。结合该菌株的形态学、生理学特征及16S rDNA序列分析等结果将该菌株归为芽孢杆菌属,命名为Bacillus sp.strain NS-3。将该细菌液体培养的上清液和上清蛋白粗提物分别处理松材线虫48h后线虫的死亡率分别达到50%和100%;线虫死亡后虫体消解。然而,细菌的上清蛋白粗提物经煮沸变性后,基本丧失了对松材线虫的侵染活性,结果显示细菌Bacillus sp.strain NS-3的杀线虫活性物质主要要存在于细菌培养上清液中,并且为热不稳定性物质。     

Structure and Function of an Elongation Factor P Subfamily in Actinobacteria

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Construction, MD Simulation, and Hydrodynamic Validation of an All-Atom Model of a Monoclonal IgG Antibody

At 150 kDa, antibodies of the IgG class are too large for their structure to be determined with current NMR methodologies. Because of hinge-region flexibility, it is difficult to obtain atomic-level structural information from the crystal, and questions regarding antibody structure and dynamics in solution remain unaddressed. Here we describe the construction of a model of a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab) from the crystal structures of fragments. We use a combination of molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation, continuum hydrodynamics modeling, and experimental diffusion measurements to explore antibody behavior in aqueous solution. Hydrodynamic modeling provides a link between the atomic-level details of MD simulation and the size- and shape-dependent data provided by hydrodynamic measurements. Eight independent 40 ns MD trajectories were obtained with the AMBER program suite. The ensemble average of the computed transport properties over all of the MD trajectories agrees remarkably well with the value of the translational diffusion coefficient obtained with dynamic light scattering at 20°C and 27°C, and the intrinsic viscosity measured at 20°C. Therefore, our MD results likely represent a realistic sampling of the conformational space that an antibody explores in aqueous solution.     

抗伏马菌素单链抗体与碱性磷酸酶的融合表达及活性鉴定

为原核表达抗伏马菌素单链抗体-碱性磷酸酶融合蛋白并分析其活性,本研究根据抗伏马菌素单链抗体H2的基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增获得目的基因,经限制性核酸内切酶SfiⅠ和Not Ⅰ的酶切位点克隆到pDAP2/S载体中,转化大肠杆菌(Eschrichia coli)菌株XL1-Blue并鉴定阳性转化子.IPTG诱导H2-AP...     

Asymmetric Microtubule Function Is an Essential Requirement for Polarized Organization of the Drosophila Bristle

While previous studies have shown that microtubules (MTs) are essential for maintaining the highly biased axial growth of the Drosophila bristle, the mechanism for this process has remained vague. We report that the MT minus-end marker, Nod-KHC, accumulates at the bristle tip, suggesting that the MT network in the bristle is organized minus end out. Potential markers for studying the importance of properly polarized MTs to bristle axial growth are Ik2 and Spindle-F (Spn-F), since mutations in spn-F and ik2 affect bristle development. We demonstrate that Spn-F and Ik2 are localized to the bristle tip and that mutations in ik2 and spn-F affect bristle MT and actin organization. Specifically, mutation in ik2 affects polarized bristle MT function. It was previously found that the hook mutant exhibited defects in bristle polarity and that hook is involved in endocytic trafficking. We found that Hook is localized at the bristle tip and that this localization is affected in ik2 mutants, suggesting that the contribution of MTs within the bristle shaft is important for correct endocytic trafficking. Thus, our results show that MTs are organized in a polarized manner within the highly elongated bristle and that this organization is essential for biased bristle axial growth.Polarized cell growth, manifested as cellular growth biased toward one pole of a cell, is the result of dynamic developmental processes that require an extensive reorganization of the cytoplasm in response to both intracellular and extracellular signals. Essentially, all cells can polarize in response to internal and/or external cues, such as matrix components, cell-cell contacts, or chemical gradients. Eukaryotic cells generally interpret these cues by assembling a polarized actin cytoskeleton at the cortex, which in turn coordinates with microtubules to guide internal membranes. This network ultimately polarizes events that occur internally and at the cell surface (10). A critical issue in this respect concerns how the cytoskeleton responds to those cues that lead to polarized growth.During development, Drosophila epidermal cells form a variety of polarized structures. These include the epidermal hairs that decorate much of the adult cuticular surface, the shafts of the bristle sense organs, the lateral extensions of the arista, and the larval denticles. These cuticular structures are produced by cytoskeleton-mediated outgrowths of the epiderma (13, 16). Since alterations in bristle morphology are easy to detect in living flies and since small changes in the actin cytoskeleton, as induced by drugs or mutations, often result in an easily detectable phenotype, the growth of the bristle cell is used to define the role of the cytoskeleton in polarized cell growth.Bristle cells sprout during metamorphosis and elongate over the course of ∼18 h. Growth is driven by actin filament polymerization (41). The actin bundles in bristle sprouts begin as microvilli (45) and are cross-bridged into modular bundles 1 to 5 μm in length by at least two cross-linking proteins, forked and fascin (43, 45, 46). These modules are then grafted together by end-to-end joining into stiff bundles (15) which run longitudinally along the bristle shaft, attached to the plasma membrane (40), to support the cell extension as well-spaced ribs. Bundles are tapered, with the largest cross-sectional area of individual bundles found at the base, containing >500 filaments (40). In Drosophila pupae, developing bristles contain 7 to 11 (microchaeta) or 12 to 18 (macrochaeta) bundles of cross-linked actin filaments and a large population of microtubules (MTs) that run longitudinally along the bristle shaft. It was suggested that bristle MTs are highly stable, forming at the start of elongation and then moving out along the shaft as the cell elongates (44). Inhibitor studies suggest that MTs are essential for maintaining bristle axial growth, since injection of microtubule antagonists, such as vinblastine, into pupae resulted in short and fat bristles (13).It was previously demonstrated that mutations in the Drosophila ikkɛ homologue, ik2, and in the novel gene spindle-F (spn-F), which is not conserved outside insect species, affect both egg chamber polarity and bristle development (1, 37). During oogenesis, both ik2 and spn-F affect mRNA localization due to their effects on actin and MT minus-end organization. Moreover, we were able to show that Ik2 and Spn-F form a complex that regulates cytoskeleton organization during Drosophila oogenesis, with Spn-F serving as the direct regulatory target for Ik2 kinase activity (11). Further evidence for the role of ik2 in cytoskeleton-related processes comes from its interaction with the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1). It was suggested that ik2 acts as a negative regulator of F-actin assembly and maintains the fidelity of polarized elongation during cell morphogenesis by modulating DIAP1 levels (22, 29). Recently it was shown that ik2 regulates the dendrite pruning involved in MT disassembly (23).Since ik2 and spn-F affect bristle polarity organization, we investigated the role of these genes in shaping bristle morphology. We report that MTs within the bristle are organized in a polarized manner, minus-end out. We also demonstrate that both the Spn-F and Ik2 proteins are localized to the bristle tip. Close examination during the bristle elongation period revealed that mutations in either gene affect cytoskeleton organization. Specifically, upon mutation of ik2, the MT minus-end marker is no longer accumulated at the bristle tip. Moreover, we found that the Hook protein is localized at the bristle tip and that such localization is affected in spn-F and ik2 mutants, suggesting that MT functionality within the bristle is essential for recruitment of components of the endocytic trafficking to the tip of the bristle. Thus, we suggest that ik2 and spn-F affect MT functions which are required for the biased axial shape of the bristle. This, in turn, affects the localization of the endocytic trafficking machinery to the bristle tip.     

己烯雌酚特异性抗体的制备及鉴定

利用4-溴丁酸乙酯对小分子半抗原己烯雌酚(DES)进行活化,引入羧基活性基团,应用活泼酯法将其与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联,合成DES-CP-BSA完全抗原,免疫新西兰长耳白兔,制备特异性抗体.结果显示:成功制备了DES完全抗原,且由此获得了特异性的DES抗体,效价达1.28×105,与己烷雌酚、双烯雌酚的交叉反应分别...