Structural Origins of DNA Target Selection and Nucleobase Extrusion by a DNA Cytosine Methyltransferase

Epigenetic methylation of cytosine residues in DNA is an essential element of genome maintenance and function in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. DNA 5-cytosine methyltransferase enzymes (DCMTases) catalyze cytosine methylation via reaction intermediates in which the DNA is drastically remodeled, with the target cytosine residue extruded from the DNA helix and plunged into the active site pocket of the enzyme. We have determined a crystal structure of M.HaeIII DCMTase in complex with its DNA substrate at a previously unobserved state, prior to extrusion of the target cytosine and frameshifting of the DNA recognition sequence. The structure reveals that M.HaeIII selects the target cytosine and destabilizes its base-pairing through a precise, focused, and coordinated assault on the duplex DNA, which isolates the target cytosine from its nearest neighbors and thereby facilitates its extrusion from DNA.     

构建MicroRNA．29a和microRNA-29c腺病毒并探讨其对膀胱癌细胞增殖能力的影响

构建miRNA．29a／c的重组腺病毒并观察其对膀胱癌T24细胞增殖能力的调控。以人全基因组DNA为模板,PcR扩增miR-29a、miR-29c,克隆至腺病毒穿梭载体pAdtrace．TO4-CMV。重组穿梭载体经pmeI线性化后与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化感受态大肠杆菌BJ5183,通过同源重组获得重组腺病毒质粒pAdEasy—1—miR-29a、pAdEasy—1．miR-29c,pacI线性化后转染HEK-293细胞,进行包装和扩增。实时荧光定量PcR检测感染腺病毒的膀胱癌T24细胞miR-29a、miR．29c的表达水平,并利用CCK．8实验检测细胞增殖能力。经DNA测序和限制性内切酶分析显示,重组腺病毒质粒pAdEasy—1—miR．29a、pAdEasy．1-miR-29c构建成功：感染腺病毒Ad—miR-29a和Ad—miR．29c后,经实时荧光定量PCR检测,膀胱癌细胞中miR．29a、miR．29c表达显著增高（P〈0．01）;过表达miR．29a／c后的CCK．8实验显示,细胞增殖能力明显低于对照组伊〈0．05）。以上说明已成功构建miR．29a、miR．29c腺病毒,过表达miR．29a／c可抑制膀胱癌细胞的增殖。     

Balb/c小鼠增龄过程中不同脏器线粒体DNA损伤及损伤修复相关基因的变化

为探讨Balb/c小鼠增龄过程中线粒体DNA损伤及其修复基因表达与衰老之间的关系,采用逆转录 多聚酶链反应（RT PCR）方法,检测年轻与老年Balb/c小鼠脑、肝脏和脾脏中线粒体自身编码基因细胞色素氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ基因（coⅠ）和细胞色素氧化酶亚单位Ⅲ基因（coⅢ）及8 氧鸟嘌呤糖基化酶基因（ogg1）、DNA聚合酶γ（DNA polymeraseγ）基因、胸腺嘧啶乙二醇DNA糖基化酶基因（nth1）等碱基切除修复基因在mRNA水平的变化.用Western印迹方法检测小鼠脾脏中COⅢ和OGG1的蛋白质水平的变化.结果发现,老年小鼠脾脏中coⅠ和coⅢ的mRNA水平比年轻小鼠显著增加（P<0.05）,CO Ⅲ的蛋白质水平亦比年轻小鼠显著升高（P<0.05）;老年小鼠脾脏OGG1的mRNA和蛋白水平上均比年轻小鼠显著增加（P<0.05）.老年小鼠肝脏和脾脏DNA聚合酶γ和NTH1的mRNA水平比年轻小鼠显著升高（P<0.05）.提示线粒体DNA自身编码的基因及碱基切除修复基因的表达失衡可能是Balb/c小鼠衰老的原因之     

The Circular RNA Cdr1as Promotes Myocardial Infarction by Mediating the Regulation of miR-7a on Its Target Genes Expression

Objectives

Recent studies have demonstrated the role of Cdr1as (or CiRS-7), one of the well-identified circular RNAs (circRNAs), as a miR-7a/b sponge or inhibitor in brain tissues or islet cells. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Cdr1as/miR-7a pathway in cardiomyocytes, and explore the mechanism underlying the function of miR-7a in protecting against myocardial infarction (MI)-induced apoptosis.

Methods

Mouse MI injury model was established and evaluated by infarct size determination. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify the expression of Cdr1as and miR-7a in cardiomyocytes. Cell apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 activity analysis and flow cytometry assays with Annexin V/PI staining. Transfection of Cdr1as overexpressing plasmid and miR-7a mimic were conducted for gain-of-function studies. Luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis were performed to verity potential miR-7a targets.

Results

Cdr1as and miR-7a were both upregulated in MI mice with increased cardiac infarct size, or cardiomyocytes under hypoxia treatment. Cdr1as overexpression in MCM cells promoted cell apoptosis, but was then reversed by miR-7a overexpression. The SP1 was identified as a new miR-7a target, in line with previously identified PARP, while miR-7a-induced decrease of cell apoptosis under hypoxia treatment was proven to be inhibited by PARP-SP1 overexpression. Moreover, Cdr1as overexpression in vivo increased cardiac infarct size with upregulated expression of PARP and SP1, while miR-7a overexpression reversed these changes.

Conclusions

Cdr1as also functioned as a powerful miR-7a sponge in myocardial cells, and showed regulation on the protective role of miR-7a in MI injury, involving the function of miR-7a targets, PARP and SP1.     

PLOD3基因3′调控区的人类特异突变改变miR-124a对PLOD3的调控

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在转录后水平调控基因表达的不编码蛋白质的小RNA(长度20—24个碱基)。其中,miR-124a是一个在哺乳动物中枢神经系统高度表达的miRNA,在神经前体细胞向神经元分化的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。由于miRNAs特异性地识别靶基因的3′端调控区(3′UTR)的靶序列,因此,在人类起源过程中基因3′UTR的单核苷酸序列变异有可能导致miRNA调控的改变。通过靶基因预测和3′UTR区在哺乳动物代表物种间的同源序列比较,我们发现miR-124a的靶基因中有一个基因(PLOD3)3′UTR的靶位点中存在人类特异突变位点。利用体外报告基因系统,发现PLOD3基因3′UTR靶位点中所含的一个人类特异的突变导致miR-124a对PLOD3的调控效率降低。研究表明,miRNAs靶基因3′UTR的序列变异具有功能效应,它有可能是人类中枢神经系统在起源和演化中发挥关键作用的重要遗传机制之一。     

PLOD3基因3’调控区的人类特异突变改变miR-124a对PLOD3的调控

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在转录后水平调控基因表达的不编码蛋白质的小RNA(长度20-24个碱基).其中,miR-124a是一个在哺乳动物中枢神经系统高度表达的miRNA,在神经前体细胞向神经元分化的过程中起着举足轻重的作用.由于miRNAs特异性地识别靶基因的3'端调控区(3'UTR)的靶序列,因此,在人类起源过程中基因3'UTR的单核苷酸序列变异有可能导致miRNA调控的改变.通过靶基因预测和3'UTR区在哺乳动物代表物种间的同源序列比较,我们发现miR-124a的靶基冈中有一个基因(PLOD3)3UTR的靶位点中存在人类特异突变位点.利用体外报告基因系统,发现PLOD3基因3'UTR靶位点中所含的一个人类特异的突变导致miR-124a对PLOD3的调控效率降低.研究表明,miRNAs靶基因3'UTR的序列变异具有功能效应,它有可能足人类中枢神经系统在起源和演化中发挥关键作用的重要遗传机制之一.     

miR-222 and miR-29a contribute to the drug-resistance of breast cancer cells

Adriamycin (Adr) and docetaxel (Doc) are two chemotherapeutic agents commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer. However, patients with breast cancer who are treated by the drugs often develop resistance to them and some other drugs. Recently studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) play an important role in drug-resistance. In present study, miRNA expression profiles of MCF-7/S and its two resistant variant MCF-7/Adr and MCF-7/Doc cells were analyzed using microarray and the results were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Here, 183 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in the two resistant sublines compared to MCF-7/S. Then, five up-regulated miRNAs (miR-100, miR-29a, miR-196a, miR-222 and miR-30a) in both MCF-7/Adr and MCF-7/Doc were selected to explore their roles in acquisition of drug-resistance using transfection experiment. The results showed that miR-222 and miR-29a mimics and inhibitors had partially changed the drug-resistance of breast cancer cells, which was also confirmed by apoptosis assay. Western blot results suggested that miR-222 and -29a could regulate the expression of PTEN, maybe through which the two miRNAs conferred Adr and Doc resistance in MCF-7 cells. Finally, pathway mapping tools were employed to further analyze signaling pathways affected by the two miRNAs. In summary, this study demonstrates that altered miRNA expression pattern is involved in acquiring resistance to Adr and Doc in breast cancer MCF-7 cells, and that there are some miRNAs who displayed consistent up- or down-regulated expression changes in the two resistant sublines. The most importance is that we identify two miRNAs (miR-222 and miR-29a) involved in drug-resistance, at least in part via targeting PTEN.     

Targeting Complement C3a Receptor to Improve Outcome After Ischemic Brain Injury

Neurochemical Research - Ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability. No efficient therapy is currently available, except for the removal of the occluding blood clot during the first hours after...     

Detection of DNA Methylation by Dnmt3a Methyltransferase using Methyl-Dependent Restriction Endonucleases

DNA methylation at cytosine residues in CpG sites by DNA methyltransferases (MTases) is associated with various cell processes. Eukaryotic MTase Dnmt3a is the key enzyme that establishes the de novo methylation pattern. A new in vitro assay for DNA methylation by murine MTase Dnmt3a was developed using methyl-dependent restriction endonucleases (MD-REs), which specifically cleave methylated DNA. The Dnmt3a catalytic domain (Dnmt3a-CD) was used together with KroI and PcsI MD-REs. The assay consists in consecutive methylation and cleavage of fluorescently labeled DNA substrates, then the reaction products are visualized in polyacrylamide gel to determine the DNA methylation efficiency. Each MD-RE was tested with various substrates, including partly methylated ones. PcsI was identified as an optimal MDRE. PcsI recognizes two methylated CpG sites located 7 bp apart, the distance roughly corresponding to the distance between the active centers of the Dnmt3a-CD tetramer. An optimal substrate was designed to contain two methylated cytosine residues and two target cytosines in the orientation suitable for methylation by Dnmt3a-CD. The assay is reliable, simple, and inexpensive and, unlike conventional methods, does not require radioactive compounds. The assay may be used to assess the effectiveness of Dnmt3a inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents and to investigate the features of the Dnmt3a-CD function.     

The Smad3-miR-29b/miR-29c axis mediates the protective effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor against cardiac fibrosis

Although macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is known to have antioxidant property, the role of MIF in cardiac fibrosis has not been well understood. We found that MIF was markedly increased in angiotension II (Ang-II)-infused mouse myocardium. Myocardial function was impaired and cardiac fibrosis was aggravated in Mif-knockout (Mif-KO) mice. Functionally, overexpression of MIF and MIF protein could inhibit the expression of fibrosis-associated collagen (Col) 1a1, COL3A1 and α-SMA, and Smad3 activation in mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Consistently, MIF deficiency could exacerbate the expression of COL1A1, COL3A1 and α-SMA, and Smad3 activation in Ang-II-treated CFs. Interestingly, microRNA-29b-3p (miR-29b-3p) and microRNA-29c-3p (miR-29c-3p) were down-regulated in the myocardium of Ang-II-infused Mif-KO mice but upregulated in CFs with MIF overexpression or by treatment with MIF protein. MiR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p could suppress the expression of COL1A1, COL3A1 and α-SMA in CFs through targeting the pro-fibrosis genes of transforming growth factor beta-2 (Tgfb2) and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (Mmp2). We further demonstrated that Mif inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Smad3 activation, and rescued the decrease of miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p in Ang-II-treated CFs. Smad3 inhibitors, SIS3 and Naringenin, and Smad3 siRNA could reverse the decrease of miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p in Ang-II-treated CFs. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the Smad3-miR-29b/miR-29c axis mediates the inhibitory effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor on cardiac fibrosis.     

LncRNA MALAT1 Promotes OGD-Induced Apoptosis of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Sponging miR-126 to Repress PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

Neurochemical Research - Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common disease that seriously endangers human health. Patients with IS present with increased death of brain microvascular endothelial cells...