Antioxidant Properties of the Major Polyphenolic Compounds in Broccoli

We have examined the antioxidant activity of the major phenolic compounds in Broccoli: two flavonol glycosides (quercetin 3-O-sophoroside and kaemp-ferol 3-O-sophoroside) and four hydroxycinnamic acid esters (1,2'-disinapoyl-2-feruloyl gentiobiose, 1-sinapoyl-2-feruloyl gentiobiose, 1,2,2'-trisinapoyl gentiobiose and 1,2-disinapoyl gentiobiose). The Trolox C equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid per-oxidation of phosphatidyl choline vesicles were measured. In the aqueous phase TEAC assay, the two flavonol glycosides were less active than their respective aglycones. TEAC values for the hydroxycinnamic acid esters were less than the sum of their constituent hydroxycinnamic acids on a molar basis. Quercetin 3-O-sophoroside was a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, in contrast to kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside. The hydroxycinnamic acid esters were highly effective at preventing lipid damage with the exception of 1,2,2'-trisinapoyl gentiobiose. The six compounds analysed herein demonstrate the antioxidant activity of the major phenolics in broccoli and indicate the effect on antioxidant activity of sugar substitutions in the phenolic B ring.     

Comparative Analyses on the Bioactive Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Tea Infusions Prepared from Selected Medicinal Fruits

This study was conducted to analyze the bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity of tea infusions prepared from whole and ground medicinal fruits, including gardenia, jujube, magnolia, quince, and wolfberries. The dried medicinal fruit samples were ground, and then passed through a 60‐mesh sieve (pore size, 250 μm). Hot water (80 °C) infusions of whole and ground fruits were examined. In average of both whole and ground tea infusions, the maximum bioactive compounds were found in gardenia (β‐carotene, lycopene, and vitamin C), magnolia (total chlorophyll and anthocyanin), quince (flavonoid), and wolfberries (phenolic), and the maximum antioxidant capacity was found in quince (ABTS and DPPH) and wolfberries (NSA). Whole fruit tea infusions showed a higher brightness than the ground fruit tea infusions. The total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, β‐carotene, lycopene, phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C contents were found to be significantly (p≤0.001) higher in the ground fruit tea infusions than in the whole fruit tea infusions; additionally, the ground fruit tea infusions had a higher antioxidant capacity especially ABTS, DPPH and NSA. Therefore, the ground fruit tea infusions appeared to be more powerful with regard to the contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities than the whole fruit tea infusions.     

3种百合鳞茎中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性分析

以野生百合渥丹、山丹和传统食用的兰州百合为研究对象,对其鳞茎中多酚类物质、11种单体酚的含量及抗氧化活性(ABTS自由基、超氧阴离子、羟自由基的清除能力,铜离子还原能力以及抑制脂质过氧化活性)进行了分析。结果表明:两种野生百合鳞茎中的多酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性均显著高于兰州百合。3种百合鳞茎中单体酚的种类也有所不同,但均含有没食子酸、矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷、儿茶素、表儿茶素、杨梅酮、芦丁、对香豆酸、山奈酚。相关性分析显示,除对羟自由基的清除力外,各酚类物质总量与不同抗氧化指标之间呈显著正相关关系。试验结果认为,野生百合鳞茎可作为天然抗氧化资源应用于食品和医药业,具有一定的开发应用前景。     

Phenolic Compounds from the Fruits of Prunus davidiana (Rosaceae) and Their Antioxidant Activities

This research was supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ014204032019) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1A6A3A01100042).     

Polyphenolic Content and Physiological Activities of Chinese Hawthorn Extracts

Hawthorn polyphenol (HP) was prepared by ethyl acetate treatment of the ethanol extract (HE) of Chinese hawthorn fruit. The concentrations of 15 polyphenols in the HP, HE, extraction residue (HJ), and a hawthorn leaf extract (HF) were determined by HPLC. For HP, the total content of the 15 polyphenols was 21.4%, comprised of 19.7% of procyanidins, 1.21% of chlorogenic acid, and 0.48% of flavonoids, compared to 2.55% for the HE. The yields of procyanidin monomer, dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer were 50.5%, 30.3%, 23.0%, 14.6%, and 12.5% respectively, and the mean degree of polymerization was reduced to 1.39 (HP) from 1.65 (HE). Seven different physiological actions of the four extracts were investigated. The HP showed strong O₂ ^? and ^?OH scavenging capacities (IC₅₀ values of 6.3 μg/ml and 1.1 μg/ml respectively), as well as selective prolyl endopeptidase inhibition (IC₅₀ of 60 μg/ml). The active constituents appeared to be procyanidins.     

加工因素对橄榄叶提取物抗氧化活性的影响

研究在橄榄叶加工过程中,加工因素对橄榄叶提取物中抗氧化活性的影响,这些因素包括:(1)干燥方式(微波炉干燥,烘箱干燥,低温冷冻干燥和熏蒸及烘箱结合干燥);(2)提取方式(超声波提取和搅拌式提取);(3)提取溶剂的酸度(pH 4、7、10).实验将总多酚含量和清除自由基活性作为衡量提取物抗氧化有效成分和活性的指标.研究结果表明,通过低温冷冻干燥、调节pH至4和采用超声波提取的方式,橄榄叶提取物中的抗氧化有效成分最多.本研究对橄榄叶等天然植物中抗氧化成分提取工艺的制定具有参考价值.     

Determination of Parameters for the Supercritical Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from Green Propolis Using Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol as Co-Solvent

The aim of this study was to determine the best processing conditions to extract Brazilian green propolis using a supercritical extraction technology. For this purpose, the influence of different parameters was evaluated such as S/F (solvent mass in relation to solute mass), percentage of co-solvent (1 and 2% ethanol), temperature (40 and 50°C) and pressure (250, 350 and 400 bar) using supercritical carbon dioxide. The Global Yield Isotherms (GYIs) were obtained through the evaluation of the yield, and the chemical composition of the extracts was also obtained in relation to the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxicinnamic acid (Artepillin C) and acid 4-hydroxycinnamic (p-coumaric acid). The best results were identified at 50°C, 350 bar, 1% ethanol (co-solvent) and S/F of 110. These conditions, a content of 8.93±0.01 and 0.40±0.05 g/100 g of Artepillin C and p-coumaric acid, respectively, were identified indicating the efficiency of the extraction process. Despite of low yield of the process, the extracts obtained had high contents of relevant compounds, proving the viability of the process to obtain green propolis extracts with important biological applications due to the extracts composition.     

水果中抗病原真菌物质成分的提取分离方法及应用前景

诱发因子如草酸,拮抗菌产生的抗素等,以及采后热处理,紫外线处理可以诱导水果产生抗病性,此外有的水果具有先天性抗病成分,对这些活性成分进行分析,并用之于水果采后病害的生物防治,为水果的防腐保鲜提供了新的方法,追踪这些抗病物质的产生和分布,需要采用一些专门的分析方法,目前采用的方法是将果实组织破碎,离心,通过萃取,层析或电泳技术进行纯化,然后用核磁共振,X－射线衍射及各种波谱分析技术进行结构鉴定,抗真菌物质的活性可以用薄层层层析生物学方法,孢子萌发或纸碟法进行鉴定,而抗真菌活性物质的定位则用组织化学法,电子显微术,放射自显著技术和免疫印迹技术也广泛用物于组织化学分析。     

Variation in Polyphenolic Profiles,Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Achillea Species as Natural Sources of Antiglycative Compounds

A comparative study was carried out on the methanolic extracts from six Achillea species and the examined polyphenols from these plants on the formation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGE) in vitro. A. pachycephala which was richer in flavonoids (15 mg quercetin/g W) and phenolics (111.10 mg tannic acid/g DW) with substantial antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 365.5 μg/ml) presented strong anti‐AGE properties. Chlorogenic acid, luteolin, quercetin and caffeic acid were identified as the major polyphenols in the extracts by HPLC. In general, polyphenolic content follows the order of A. pachycephalla > A. nobilis > A. filipendulina > A. santolina > A. aucheri > A. millefolium. Most extracts exhibited marked anti‐AGE ability in the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/methylglyoxal (MG) system, though A. pachycephala showed the highest potential. The formation of AGEs was assessed by monitoring the production of fluorescent products and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Diminution in free radical production (assessed by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays) is discussed as potential mechanism for delay or reduced AGE. The results demonstrate the antiglycative, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Achillea species which can be attributed to polyphenols content and the effectiveness on generation of AGEs, thus Achillea species can be considered as natural sources for slowing down glycation related diseases.     

Polymeric Nanoparticles as Oral Delivery Systems for Encapsulation and Release of Polyphenolic Compounds: Impact on Quercetin Antioxidant Activity & Bioaccessibility

A delivery system containing polymeric (Eudragit) nanoparticles has been developed for encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive flavonoids (quercetin). Nanoparticles were fabricated using a solvent displacement method. Particle size, morphology, and charge were measured by light scattering, electron microscopy and ??-potential. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release profiles were determined using electrochemical methods. Molecular interactions within the particle matrix were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties of free and encapsulated quercetin were analyzed by TBARS and fluorescence spectroscopy. Bioaccessibility of quercetin was evaluated using an in vitro digestion model. Relatively small (d????370?nm) anionic polymeric nanoparticles were formed containing quercetin in a non-crystalline form (EE????67?%). The main interaction between quercetin and Eudragit was hydrogen bonding. Encapsulated quercetin remained stable during 6?months storage and maintained its antioxidant activity. Quercetin bioaccessibility within simulated small intestinal conditions was improved by encapsulation. The knowledge obtained from this study will facilitate the rational design and fabrication of polymeric nanoparticles as oral delivery systems for encapsulation, protection, and release of bioactive compounds.     

Contribution of Bioactive Compounds to the Antioxidant Capacity of the Edible Mushroom Neolentinus lepideus

Neolentinus lepideus is a fungus consumed by rural communities in Central America and Asia due to its rich flavor; however, little information on its chemical composition is available. With this in mind, the objective of this work was to determine the content of vitamin E and C, ergosterol, and phenolic compounds of this fungus, as well as its antioxidant capacity. The quantified bioactive compounds were two isoforms of vitamin E, highlighting α-tocopherol (3370.35 mg/100 g dry weight, DW) and ergosterol (11.70 mg/100 g DW). The total phenolic content was 164.80 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, and nine phenolic compounds were identified (protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, salicylic, p-anisic, trans-cinnamic acids, and scopoletin). The highest antioxidant capacity was detected in the lipophilic extract with TEAC (27688 μmoles Trolox equivalents/100 g). These results suggest that lipophilic compounds are among the main bioactive compounds in N. lepideus, and they might exhibit the highest radical scavenging properties in non-polar extracts.     

海藻溴酚化合物对糖尿病大鼠抗氧化水平的影响

目的:本研究通过建立糖尿病大鼠动物模型,观察海藻溴酚化合物A、B对糖尿病大鼠机体抗氧化水平的影响。方法:采用STZ注射法制作糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型,随机分为空白对照组、糖尿病模型组、化合物A低剂量组及高剂量组、化合物B低剂量组及高剂量组,灌胃给药12周。12周末处死大鼠,测肾匀浆中谷胱甘肽过氧物酶(GSH-Px)的活力及丙二醛(MDA)的含量;并采用透射电镜观察大鼠肾组织的病理改变。结果:与空白对照组相比,糖尿病模型组肾组织匀浆中GSH-Px活力下降,MDA含量升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各干预组中GSH-Px的活力较糖尿病模型组有升高的趋势,MDA含量有下降趋势。电镜下各干预组肾小球及肾小管病变较糖尿病组减轻,且高剂量组优于低剂量组。结论:溴酚化合物A、B能提高糖尿病大鼠机体抗氧化水平,并能一定程度的改善肾脏病理改化,但其具体机制有待进一步探讨。     

不同水平天然植物提取物对肉鸭外周血抗氧化能力的影响

用单因子试验设计,研究了不同添加水平天然植物提取物对肉鸭外周血抗氧化能力的影响.选择健康、体重相近(659.05±8.04 g)的14日龄天府肉鸭120只(公母各半),随机分为5个处理(4个试验组和1个对照组),每个处理4个重复,每个重复6只鸭(公母各半).基础日粮中分别添加37.5、75、150和225 mg/kg植物提取物即为相应的试验日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮.基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮(2.9 Mcal mE/kg,18%CP).试验期28 d.结果表明:①植物提取物可提高肉鸭机体抗氧化能力.与对照组相比,日粮中添加150 mg/kg植物提取物分别显著(P＜0.05)提高CAT 25.97%、SOD 75.50%、GSH-Px 22.59%、T-AOC 40.70%,极显著降低MDA 52.60%(P＜0.01).②血清CAT、SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC和MDA均与植物提取物添加剂量呈显著或极显著二次曲线关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).③综合考虑各指标认为,植物提取物提高肉鸭机体抗氧化能力的适宜添加剂量为150 mg/kg.结果表明,植物提取物可显著提高肉鸭机体抗氧化能力,且存在剂量效应关系.     

Evaluation of Garlic Cultivars for Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties

Two phenolic compound parameters (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) and 5 antioxidant parameters (DPPH [2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] radical scavenging activity, HRSC (hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity), FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), and MCA (metal chelating activity) were measured in bulbs and bolts of 43 garlic cultivars. The bulbs of cultivar ‘74-x’ had the highest phenolic content (total phenolic, flavonoids) and the strongest antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC), followed by bulbs of cultivar ‘Hanzhong purple’; the bulbs of cultivar ‘Gailiang’ had the lowest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, CUPRAC, MCA). The bolts of ‘Hanzhong purple’ also had higher phenolic content. Principal components analysis (PCA) separated the cultivars into 3 groups according to phenolic and flavonoid contents and strength of antioxidant activity. The first group had higher HRSC, FRAP, and flavonoid content; the second group had higher total phenolic content and MCA; some cultivars in the third group had higher HRSC and FRAP. All 8 test garlic bulb extracts successfully prevented Human Vascular Endothelial Cell death and significantly prevented reactive-oxygen species (ROS) formation in oxidative stress model, in which cultivar ‘74-x’ had highest protection capability, following by cultivar ‘Hanzhong purple’, and the bulbs of cultivar ‘No. 105 from Korea’ had the lower protection capability against cell death and ROS formation. The protection capability in vivo of these garlic cultivars was consistent with their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.     

Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Mono-, Di-and Polyphenolic Compounds on Groundnut

Three phenolic compounds-salicylic, caffeic and tannic acids (mono, di and polyphenolic compounds, respectively), were sprayed at two stages (anthesis and pod filling) in two doses. Best results were obtained in response to tannic acid spray @ 100 ppm; groundnut pod yield being 47 Qha^-1 and 100 kernels weight 68.7 g. This dose significantly improved oil content (2.7%), oil yield (43.8%) and protein content (5.2%). Maximum linoleic acid (23.4%) was obtained with salicylic acid (40 + 40 ppm) spray, while tannic acid spray @ 100 ppm gave 63.7% oleic acid and 2.8% arachidic acid. However, there was no significant effect on the saturated fatty acids. O/L ratio to the tune 3 was obtained as a result of this treatment thus enhancing the keeping quality of the oil.     

太子参粗提物抗氧化性及护肤功效分析

比较三种不同萃取方式对太子参Pseudostellaria heterophylla粗提物抗氧化、美白、保湿等方面的影响。结果显示,在ABTS和DPPH自由基及细胞内活性氧(ROS)抑制率分析中,以水萃方式所得粗提物的抑制效果最佳,优于醇萃取及超临界流体萃取。在美白功效方面,B16细胞黑色素含量抑制率以醇萃物最佳,酪氨酸酶活性抑制率则以水萃物最佳。进一步萃取太子参粗多糖体分析其保湿及吸湿效果,结果显示太子参粗多糖体具有良好的保湿及吸湿功效,其效果与透明质酸相近,应用于皮肤水分散失率评估,也具有显著的预防功效。     

双酚A对雄性大鼠抗氧化能力影响的初步研究

目的：探讨双酚A（BPA）对成年大鼠抗氧化能力的影响。方法：将健康成年雄性SD大鼠84只随机分为5个双酚A染毒剂量组（200、50、5、0.5、0.0005 mg/kg）和1个对照组,连续灌胃染毒8周,并监测体重变化,染毒结束后测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量;此外,提取肝脏组织RNA,用荧光实时定量PCR测定肝脏硫氧还原蛋白过氧化物酶2（prdx2）mRNA的表达水平。结果：随着染毒时间的延长,50 mg/kg及200 mg/kg剂量组的动物体重增长速度逐渐减慢,自4周开始,与对照组相比有显著差异（P〈0.05）;染毒结束时,其体重分别为对照组的90.52%和91.61%（p〈0.05）,而其它低剂量组间则无明显差异;大鼠血浆GSH-Px含量总体上呈下降趋势,且5 mg/kg以上剂量组与对照组相比差别均有统计学意义（p〈0.01）;染毒组血浆SOD水平虽也低于对照组,但无统计显著性;此外,大鼠肝脏组织prdx2 mRNA水平随双酚A剂量增高呈剂量依赖性降低,与对照组相比,其在最低剂量组（0.0005 mg/kg）即有显著差异（p〈0.01）。结论：双酚A可造成大鼠抗氧化酶系统失衡,导致氧化损伤效应,prdx2可能是反映其氧化损伤敏感的生物学标志。     

双酚A 对雄性大鼠抗氧化能力影响的初步研究

目的:探讨双酚A(BPA)对成年大鼠抗氧化能力的影响。方法:将健康成年雄性SD大鼠84只随机分为5个双酚A染毒剂量组(200、50、5、0.5、0.0005 mg/kg)和1个对照组,连续灌胃染毒8周,并监测体重变化,染毒结束后测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量;此外,提取肝脏组织RNA,用荧光实时定量PCR测定肝脏硫氧还原蛋白过氧化物酶2(prdx2)mRNA的表达水平。结果:随着染毒时间的延长,50 mg/kg及200 mg/kg剂量组的动物体重增长速度逐渐减慢,自4周开始,与对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05);染毒结束时,其体重分别为对照组的90.52%和91.61%(p<0.05),而其它低剂量组间则无明显差异;大鼠血浆GSH-Px含量总体上呈下降趋势,且5 mg/kg以上剂量组与对照组相比差别均有统计学意义(p<0.01);染毒组血浆SOD水平虽也低于对照组,但无统计显著性;此外,大鼠肝脏组织prdx2 mRNA水平随双酚A剂量增高呈剂量依赖性降低,与对照组相比,其在最低剂量组(0.0005 mg/kg)即有显著差异(p<0.01)。结论:双酚A可造成大鼠抗氧化酶系统失衡,导致氧化损伤效应,prdx2可能是反映其氧化损伤敏感的生物学标志。     

新疆部分特色林果果壳的抗菌活性研究

目的:研究新疆特色林果核桃、巴达木果壳乙醇提取物的抑菌特性。方法:用滤纸片法检验果壳乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和变形杆菌的抑菌活性,通过液体培养基稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度。结果:巴达木乙醇提取物(25%乙醇提取10 h)对大肠杆菌有较好的抑菌效果,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为25%;核桃乙醇提取物(25%乙醇提取24 h)对大肠杆菌有较好的抑菌效果,MIC为6.25%。结论:核桃、巴达木果壳乙醇提取物对受试菌具有较好的抑菌效果,为进行大规模开发利用提供了有效依据。     

不同炮制方法对玉竹提取物得率及体外抗氧化作用的影响

以多糖、总黄酮、醇溶物和水溶物的得率及体外抗氧化活性为考察指标,研究了酒蒸和蜜蒸两种炮制方法对玉竹品质的影响。结果表明：酒蒸炮制玉竹的多糖、醇溶物得率最高,蜜蒸炮制玉竹总黄酮、水溶物的得率最高,比未炮制的玉竹（生品玉竹）中相应成分的得率分别提高了43.86%、29.53%、49.46%和34.66%。将多糖、水溶性浸出物、醇溶性浸出物及总黄酮四者得率相加的和进行比较,蜜蒸最好,蜜蒸为111.069%,酒蒸为107.309%,生品玉竹为80.926%。酒蒸炮制玉竹的多糖、水溶物对DPPH自由基的清除率均高于蜜蒸玉竹和生品玉竹,其DPPH_IC50分别为0.345±0.019和0.441±0.022 mg·mL^-1;蜜蒸炮制玉竹的总黄酮、醇溶物对DPPH自由基的清除率均高于酒蒸玉竹和生品玉竹,其DPPH_IC50分别为0.047±0.011和0.199±0.036 mg·mL^-1;在浓度为1 mg·mL^-1时,蜜蒸玉竹总黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除率最大,为90.29%,超过了浓度为0.05 mg·mL^-1的芦丁和槲皮素标品对DPPH自由基的清除率。两种炮制方法均提高了多糖、水溶物、总黄酮3种提取物的还原能力,但是降低了醇溶物的还原能力。