Production of avermectin A2a and monoglycosides A2a and B2a by a strain ofStreptomyces avermitilis

A strain ofStreptomyces avermitilis producing almost predominantly avermectin A2a and monoglycosides A2a and B2a was described. Methods of analytical and preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used for comparison of chromatographic profiles and product isolation, respectively. Identification of isolated compounds was based on¹³C-NMR spectrometric results.     

Structural analysis of the O-antigen side chain polysaccharides in the lipopolysaccharides of Klebsiella serotypes O2(2a), O2(2a,2b), and O2(2a,2c).

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Klebsiella serotype O2 is antigenically heterogeneous; some strains express multiple antigenic factors. To study this heterogeneity, we determined the structure of the O-antigen polysaccharides in isolates belonging to serotypes O2(2a), O2(2a,2b), and O2(2a,2c), by using composition analysis, methylation analysis, and both 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The repeating unit structure of the 2a polysaccharide was identified as the disaccharide [----3)-beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----] and was identical to D-galactan I, one of two O polysaccharides present in the LPS of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 (C. Whitfield, J. C. Richards, M. B. Perry, B. R. Clarke, and L. L. MacLean, J. Bacteriol. 173:1420-1431, 1991). LPS from serotype O2(2a,2b) also contained D-galactan I as the only O polysaccharide, suggesting that the 2b antigen is not an O antigen. The LPS of serotype O2(2a,2c) contained a mixture of two structurally distinct O polysaccharides and provides a second example of this phenomenon in Klebsiella spp. One polymer was identical to D-galactan I, and the other polysaccharide, the 2c antigen, was a polymer with a disaccharide repeating unit structure, [----3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----5)-beta-D-Galf-(1----]. The 2c structure does not resemble previously reported O polysaccharides from Klebsiella spp. Periodate oxidation confirmed that D-galactan I and the 2c polysaccharide are distinct glycans, rather than representing domains within a single polysaccharide chain. Monoclonal antibodies against the 2c antigen indicated that only LPS molecules with the longest O-polysaccharide chains contained the 2c epitope.     

Bayesian inference for a correlated 2 x 2 table with a structural zero

We develop a new Bayesian approach to interval estimation for both the risk difference and the risk ratio for a 2 x 2 table with a structural zero using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We also derive a normal approximation for the risk difference and a gamma approximation for the risk ratio. We then compare the coverage and interval width of our new intervals to the score-based intervals over various parameter and sample-size configurations. Finally, we consider a Bayesian method for sample-size determination.     

Bone-inducing activity of mature BMP-2b produced from a hybrid BMP-2a/2b precursor

The human osteoinductive proteins BMP-2a and BMP-2b have been cloned and expressed in mammalian cells. In order to improve expression levels we examined the role of the proregion in assembly and export. Use of the BMP-2a proregion combined with the mature region of BMP-2b leads to dramatically improved expression of mature BMP-2b. Mature BMP-2b has been purified to near homogeneity from the BMP-2a/2b hybrid, and its structural properties and biological activity determined. Recombinant mature BMP-2b homodimer elicits bone formation in vivo.     

4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as a COX-2 inducer

4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) activates a variety of signaling pathways. We have recently evaluated the effect of oxidized fatty acid metabolites on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction in rat liver epithelial RL34 cells and found that, among the compounds tested, HNE most dramatically induced COX-2. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway has been shown to play a key role in the mechanism of the HNE-induced COX-2 expression. It appears that the HNE-induced activation of p38 MAPK leads to the stabilization of COX-2 mRNA.     

The Hoxa2 enhancer 2 contains a critical Hoxa2 responsive regulatory element

Rhombomeres are embryonic territories arising from the transient segmentation of the hindbrain. Their identity is specified by Hox genes from paralogous groups 1-4. Hoxa2 is the only Hox gene to be expressed in the second rhombomere and the regulatory cues leading to this region-specific expression have been poorly investigated. A 2.5-kb DNA fragment overlapping with the 3' end of Hoxa2 was previously shown to specifically direct the expression of a reporter gene in the second rhombomere and the rostral somites of mouse embryos. Here, we report that this enhancer region is activated in vitro by Hoxa2 and that this activation is strictly dependent on a short 10-bp sequence matching the consensus for Hox-Pbx recognition sites.     

The structure and properties of histone F2a comprising the heterologous group F2a1 and F2a2 studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance

¹³C n.m.r. spectra have been obtained for aqueous solutions of histones F2a₁ and F2a₂, for the group F2a, for the appropriate amino acid mixturesand for the corresponding hydrolysates. These, when compared with computer simulated spectra give good agreement for secondary structure with that calculated from the known primary structure of the proteins. Evidence based on the spectra obtained at various salt concentrations leads to the conclusion that F2a is not a simple mixture but an interacting heterologous group of histones F2a₁ and F2a₂.     

泛素化特异性酶（USP2a）与肿瘤发生的相关分子机制

去泛素化酶USP2a是去泛素化酶家族(DUBs)的一个成员,为半胱氨酸蛋白酶,是一种重要的特异性去泛素化水解酶。USP2a具有结构和功能多样性,其结构多样化使得这些酶具有一些特异性作用靶点,特别是在基因表达调控中靶向的生理底物种类繁多。特异性蛋白泛素化水平的动态变化涉及到基因表达活化和失活的多种机制以及信号通路转导的多个环节。越来越多的文献报道了去泛素化酶相互作用网络的组成及其重要性。USP2a调节多种重要的细胞生长和分化调节因子及信号转导因子的稳定性和功能,通过USP2a的去泛素化作用以及诱导它们之间相互反应对机体进行相应调控,特别是在调控转录因子、细胞周期和细胞凋亡自噬上发挥重要作用。USP2a的过表达在体内外都表现出致癌性,其靶蛋白通过各种途径影响肿瘤发生发展。通过对人类肿瘤发生发展的相关分子机制及信号通路影响的深入研究,USP2a有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。现就去泛素化酶与人类肿瘤发生发展的相关分子机制及该领域的研究进展作一综述。