Gluconimycin,a new antibiotic

Summary A new antibiotic, gluconimycin, was isolated from Streptomyces AS 9. The systematic position of the organism is discussed. Gluconimycin has a polypeptide nature. It contains iron and gluconic acid in its molecule. Thus it has been classified as a member of sideromycins. Gluconimycin is considered from the fast moving type when chromatographed by butanolacetic acid-water. The antibiotic is active against Gram+ve, Gram-ve bacteria and some fungi. The antibiotic exerts high toxicity when injected in mice.     

New antibiotic, parvulomycin, produced by a culture of Actinomyces parvullus var. chromogenes var. nov]

Actinomycete LIA-O784 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphological and cultural properties the isolate was close to Act. parvullus but differed from it in synthesis of melanoid pygment, thyrosinase, hydrogen sulphide and pronounced antifungal activity. The actinomycete was classified as a new variant and designated as Actinomyces parvullus var. chromogenes var. nov. The culture produced a new polyglycoside antibiotic named parvulomycin. The physico-chemical characteristics of the antibiotic is presented.     

Production and Isolation of a New Antifungal Antibiotic,Prumycin and Taxonomic Studies of Streptomyces sp., Strain No. F-1028

A newly described species of Streptomyces (named Sm. kagawaensis ATCC No. 21811) isolated from soil was found to produce a new antifungal antibiotic, prumycin, which belongs to amino sugar group. Prumycin was isolated from the fermentation broth by ion-exchange adsorption and gel-filtration methods. This antibiotic inhibited specifically the growth of Sclerotinia sp. and Botrytis sp. on flower pot test with kidney bean leaves and also was effective on the field test with various plants.     

A new streptomycete and a new polyene antibiotic,acmycin

A new antifungal antibiotic named acmycin was isolated from a soil streptomycete. Detailed comparative taxonomic studies showed that the organism differed from three related species of streptomycetes. The organism was referred to asStreptomyces sp. AC₂. The isolated antibiotic appears to be of polyene nature.     

A New Amino Acid Antibiotic KT–151, Produced by Streptomyces luteogriseus,Strain No. KT–151

From the results of taxonomic studies, Streptomyces sp. strain No. KT–151 isolated from a soil sample collected in Kumamoto City, was identified as a strain belonging to Streptomyces luteogriseus Schmitz, Deak, Crook and Hooper 1964. A new antibiotic, produced by this strain, was isolated as a leaflet crystal by ion-exchange chromatography and found to be an amino acid with the molecular formula, C₅H₁₂N₂O₂, and named antibiotic KT–151 (refered to as KT–151 hereinafter). The antibiotic showed antimicrobial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a chemically defined medium but it was antagonized by several amino acids such as valine, leucine, isoleucine and threonine.     

沙雷氏菌抗生性次级代谢产物合成机制

沙雷氏菌(Serratia)是一类重要的生防菌,能分泌多种抗生性代谢产物,如灵菌红素、脂肽、碳青霉烯、几丁质酶、异硫霉素、硝吡咯菌素、水解酶、大环内酯类抗生素、嗜铁素等,从而抑制不同植物病原真菌的生长。总结了沙雷氏菌中已报道的抗生性次级代谢产物生物合成机制,重点阐述了次生代谢产物的功能、合成途径等的新进展,同时对沙雷氏菌在生物防治中的应用和其作为生防菌剂的前景进行展望。     

Antineoplastic agents. Part 409: Isolation and structure of montanastatin from a terrestrial actinomycete.

A Montana soil actinomycete, Streptomyces anulatus, produced (1 x 10(-2)% yield) a new cancer cell growth inhibitory cyclooctadepsipeptide named montanastatin (1) accompanied by the potent anticancer antibiotic valinomycin (2) in very high (5.1%) yields. Valinomycin but not montanastatin inhibited growth of a number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Interpretation of high-field (500 MHz) NMR and high-resolution FAB mass spectral data allowed assignment of the structure cyclo-(D-Val-L-Lac-L-Val-D-Hiv) to montanastatin. Valinomycin (2) was also isolated from actinomycetes cultured from a tree branch and animal feces collected in Malaysia. Streptomyces exfoliatus, isolated from the tree branch, was found to contain valinomycin in 1.6% yield, while the fecal isolate, S. anulatus, gave valinomycin in 0.9% yield.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Metarhizium taii var. chongqingensis</Emphasis> Nov., Anamorph of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">chongqingensis</Emphasis> sp. Nov. Isolated from a Low Altitude Area in Chongqing,China

Previously, a new Cordyceps species was isolated from a low altitude area in Chongqing, China, and named Cordyceps chongqingensis sp. nov. In this study, its anamorph was isolated and designated CQM1^T. It grew optimally on Czapek medium supplied with 0.5% silkworm flour and 0.5% soybean oil meal at 25°C, pH 5.0–5.5. The phenotypic and molecular characteristics were investigated for its identification and typing. Morphological observations under a microscope revealed that this anamorph of Cordyceps chongqingensis sp. nov. was a new species of Metarhizium. Moreover, it was identified as one of the variants of Metarhizium taii based on sequences of 26S rDNA D1/D2 and ITS regions, and thus named Metarhizium taii var. chongqingensis nov.     

Monilinia jezoensis sp. nov. in the Sclerotiniaceae, causing leaf blight and mummy fruit disease of Rhododendron kaempferi in Hokkaido, northern Japan

A new leaf blight and mummy fruit disease caused by a species of Monilinia was first found on Rhododendron kaempferi at the lakeside of Shikotsu-ko, Hokkaido, northern Japan, in 2002. Studies on morphology, life cycle, cultural characters, and gene analyses of the causal fungus enabled us to conclude that it is a new species of the genus. It is named M. jezoensis. Rhododendron is a new host genus for Monilinia fungi in Japan.     

Capoamycin,a New Isotetracenone Antibiotic

A new antibiotic was obtained from the cultured broth of an actinomycete identified as Streptomyces capoamus, and has been named capoamycin. The structure of capoamycin was elucidated by NMR spectral analysis and chemical degradation, which revealed that capoamycin was composed of a modified benz[a]anthraquinone chromophore, a β-C-olivoside and (E,E)-2,4- decadienoic acid. Capoamycin inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts and fungi, induced differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) and prolonged the survival periods of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.     

Carbon catabolite regulation of rebeccamycin production inSaccharothrix aerocolonigenes

Summary A new antitumor antibiotic named rebeccamycin was isolated from fermentations of an actinomycete,Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes. A defined medium was developed to study the regulation of synthesis of rebeccamycin byS. aerocolonigenes. In glucose medium formation of rebeccamycin was detected only after glucose was depleted. Examination of eleven different carbon sources revealed that carbon catabolite regulation is a major control mechanism for rebeccamycin production.     

A New Class of Pyrethroidal Insecticides; α-Substituted Phenylacetic Acid Esters

A new nucleoside antibiotic, mildiomycin D, was isolated from the culture broth of Streptoverticillium rimofaciens B-98891 as a minor component. The molecular formula of the antibiotic purified by silica gel and ion exchange resin column chromatographies was determined to be C₁₉H₃₀N₈O₈ ? (2H₂O) from its physicochemical data. The ultraviolet and infrared spectra were very similar to those of mildiomycin, a major component. On the basis of ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectra and acidic hydrolysates of the compound, the chemical structure of the antibiotic was determined as a deoxy compound at the C_8′ position in mildiomycin. Mildiomycin D showed weak activities against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, phytopathogenic fungi and some yeasts, and its activity against Rhodotorula rubura was about 40% that of mildiomycin.     

盐角草内生真菌分离鉴定及抑制水产腐败细菌菌株的筛选

盐角草是一种耐盐植物,有重要的食用、药用价值.为研究盐角草的内生真菌及其活性次生代谢产物的多样性,该文对采集于广西北部湾沿海盐角草的内生真菌进行分离纯化,采用RAPD对内生真菌多样性进行分析,采用ITS基因序列对内生真菌进行鉴定,并对内生真菌提取物抑制等3种水产腐败细菌的活性进行筛选.结果表明:(1)从北部湾盐角草植物...     

A non-polyene antifungal antibiotic fromStreptomyces albidoflavus PU 23

In all 312 actinomycete strains were isolated from water and soil samples from different regions. All these isolates were purified and screened for their antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. Out of these, 22% of the isolates exhibited activity against fungi. One promising strain,Streptomyces albidoflavus PU 23 with strong antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi was selected for further studies. Antibiotic was extracted and purified from the isolate.Aspergillus spp. was most sensitive to the antibiotic followed by other molds and yeasts. The antibiotic was stable at different temperatures and pH tested and there was no significant loss of the antifungal activity after treatment with various detergents and enzymes. Synergistic effect was observed when the antibiotic was used in combination with hamycin. The antibiotic was fairly stable for a period of 12 months at 4°C. The mode of action of the antibiotic seems to be by binding to the ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane resulting in the leakage of intracellular material and eventually death of the cell. The structure of the antibiotic was determined by elemental analysis and by ultraviolet (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography mass spectra (LCMS). The antibiotic was found to be a straight chain polyhydroxy, polyether, non-proteinic compound with a single double bond, indicating a nonpolyene antifungal antibiotic     

The relationship between a leaf-rolling moth (Dactylioglypha tonica) and fungi covering the cocoon.

To discover the relationship between a leaf-rolling moth and the fungi densely covering its cocoons, the rolled nest leaves were collected in two districts in Japan and antibacterial properties of the fungi were examined. Cocoons and fungi isolated from the nest were classified into 5 categories by the growth stages of the insects, and 7 categories based on taxonomic properties and pigment productivity, respectively. The dominant genus was Penicillium in each location. However, the composition of the fungal categories was different and seemed to depend on their circumstances. From all cocoons with larvae, the strains that belonged to the same fungal category and produced the same antibiotic (deoxyherqueinone) were isolated. From these results, the species-specific relationship between the insect and fungi or fungal products was considered to be not extremely tight, and it was suggested the period of the larval spinning of the cocoon is a key stage of this unique relationship.     

OnStreptomyces laeteviolaceus nov. sp.

A streptomycete No. 760^*, isolated from a soil sample, was carefully studied from the standpoint of its morphological, physiological, and cultural characteristics and was compared with those of the species reported in the past. According to the results of taxonomic study, it was found to be a new species and was named ‘Streptomyces laeteviolaceus Shinobu and Muto nov. sp.,’ because it produced a water-soluble purple pigment on various synthetic media. The type strain was designated as OEU No. 760. This strain was isolated from a soil sample collected at Kabutoyama, Hyogo-ken, Japan, April 1969, by Kenji Matsuda (Biological Laboratory, Ikeda Branch, Osaka Kyoiku Univ.). The outline of this study was previously reported at the Meeting of the Society for Actinomycetes in Kyoto Univ., Japan, 1970.     

The ingestion and digestion of yeast-like fungi by the sponge,microcionia prolifera

Summary Previous studies involving the redbeard sponge (Microcionia prolifera Verrill), its antibiotic, and its effects on the bacterial flora of its surroundings have indicated that this animal plays an important role in the elimination of organisms associated with fecal contamination. Since certain yeast-like fungi, notably Candida albicans, have been found to live, reproduce, and maintain their infectivity in the marine milieu, a study was designed to investigate the possible ecological relationships between this fungus and the redbeard sponge. The results indicated that the sponge ingested and, after an initial concentration, digested the fungal cells. The disappearance of the yeasts from the water surrounding the sponges could not be ascribed to its previously isolated antibiotic, but was the result of active digestion by the animals through the probable elaboration of what seems to be a chitinolytic principle.     

New species of actinomycete Streptomyces variegatus sp. nov. synthesizing an antibiotic of the alpha-hydroxyketopentaene group

Stroptomyces strains INA T-511 and INA 3946 were isolated from 2 different soil samples. Both the strains produced an antibiotic of the group of alpha-hydroxyketopentaenes. The antibiotic was active against gram-positive bacteria, yeasts and fungi belonging to Penicillium. In addition, the strains produced a pigment antibiotic of the prodigiosin type and a pigment identified as ferroverdin. The study of the cultural and morphological features and the natural variation of the strains has shown that they belong to a new species, designated as Streptomyces variegatus sp. nov. Sveshnikova et Timuk.     

PAAN135, a novel rhizospheric fungus associated with Cholistan desert grass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panicum antidotale,</Emphasis> is a species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomycetales</Emphasis> and a new source of cyclo-L-prolylglycine diketopiperazine

A number of fungi have been reported for their ability to make symbiotic relationship with plant roots. This mutual interaction helps fungi produce important metabolites in the rhizospheric region supporting plants for better growth and survival. These biologically important fungal metabolites, especially of antibiotic potential, can be isolated and characterized in vitro for further applications. PAAN135, a fungus isolated from rhizosphere of a perennial grass, Panicum antidotale, from a nearby desert Cholistan exhibited antibacterial characteristics against six indicator strains. Culture filtrate of the fungal isolate was extracted with different solvents to isolate the potential antibiotic compound. The antibiotic-like component produced by the fungus was separated in n-Butanol fraction. It was purified using Column Chromatography and identified as a diketopiperazine, cyclo-L-prolylglycine (cPG), after structural elucidation through spectroscopic studies. The purified compound showed very good antibacterial activity against the six indicator strains used in the present study. The diketopiperazine cPG has been reported in the literature as a neuroprotective and memory facilitating agent. After molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis PAAN135 fungus could only be classified up to the order level Saccharomycetales. Thus the fungus was placed as a new species under unclassified Saccharomycetales under the phylum Ascomycota and named as Saccharomycetales sp. PAAN135. To our knowledge isolation of the cyclo-L-prolylglycine as a potential antibacterial compound from a new fungal species Saccharomycetales sp. PAAN135 from a Cholistan desert rhizosphere is being reported for the first time.     

Myrothins A–F from Endophytic Fungus Myrothecium sp. BS-31 Harbored in Panax notoginseng

Endophytic fungi play important roles for host's stress tolerance including invasion by pathogenic microbes. Small molecules are common weapons in the microbe–microbe interactions. Panax notoginseng is a widely used traditional Chinese medicinal plant and harbors many endophytes, some exert functions against pathogens. Here, we report six new compounds named myrothins A–F ( 1 – 6 ) produced by Myrothecium sp. BS-31, an endophyte isolated from P. notoginseng, and their antifungal activities against pathogenic fungi causing host root-rot disease. Their structures were elucidated with analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS. Myrothins B ( 2 ) and E ( 5 ) showed the weak activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma herbarum, and myrothins F ( 6 ) showed weak activity against F. oxysporum.