Pyrolysis of Cellulose

Comparative study of acetaldehyde, furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural from celluloses which differed in crystallinity was made by pyrolytic gas chromatography.

Pyrolysis of tobacco cellulose at 200~300°C resulted in rapid increase in the yields of furfurals from the amorphous regions in comparison with that from the crystalline regions. At 500°C, however, acetaldehyde was obtained in higher yields from microcrystalline cellulose than that from tobacco cellulose under the same condition.

In thermogravimetric analysis, the threshold temperature for the pyrolysis of tobacco cellulose was lower than that of microcrystylline cellulose. These results showed that the yields of the volatile compounds from pyrolysis of cellulose depended on temperature and crystallinity.     

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Raw and Thermally Treated Cellulose Using Different Acidic Zeolites

Fast pyrolysis of biomass using zeolite catalyst has shown to be effective in improving aromatic production. This study focuses on aromatic production through catalytic pyrolysis of major biomass constituent i.e., cellulose. Furthermore, cellulose was torrefied to understand torrefaction’s effect on pyrolysis products. The influence of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios of zeolite (ZSM-5) catalyst on aromatic production during pyrolysis of raw and torrefied cellulose was investigated. Results showed that the catalyst acidity played a pivotal role in eliminating anhydro sugars and other oxygenated compounds while producing more aromatics. The maximum aromatic yield (~25 wt%) was obtained when ZSM-5 with the highest acidity (SiO₂/Al₂O₃?=?30) was used, while the lowest yield (7.99 wt%) was obtained when the least acidic catalyst was used (SiO₂/Al₂O₃?=?280) for raw cellulose pyrolysis. Torrefaction process showed to have positive effect on the aromatic production from pyrolysis. There were no aromatics produced from pyrolysis of raw cellulose in the absence of catalyst, whereas significant amount of aromatic compounds were produced from both catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolyses of torrefied cellulose. The aromatic hydrocarbons produced from catalytic pyrolysis of torrefied cellulose were 5 % more than those produced from raw cellulose at the highest temperature and catalyst acidity (SiO₂/Al₂O₃?=?30).     

Pyrolysis of cellulose

Pyrolysis of cellulose under vacuum and atmospheric pressure gave a tar containing various amounts of 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose, 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucofuranose, α- and β-D-glucose, 3-deoxy-D-erythro-hexosulose, oligo- and polysaccharides, and some dehydration products. The polysaccharide fraction had no reducing end-group, was randomly linked, contained some furanoid rings, and was very similar to the polysaccharide condensation-product of 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucose. These results are consistent with a series of inter- and intra-molecular transglycosylation and dehydration and rehydration reactions.     

植物纤维素合成酶基因和纤维素的生物合成

纤维素地球上最丰富的生物大分子和最重要的可再生资源,1996年克隆了第一个植物纤维素合成酶基因,植物纤维素的生物合成需要多个纤维素合成酶与其他相关酶如Korrigan纤维素酶,蔗糖合成酶等来共同完成。本文介绍了植物纤维素合成酶基因和纤维素的生物合成途径及其相关基因如蔗糖合成酶基因、KORRIG-AN基因等研究进展。     

细菌纤维素发酵培养基的优化及超微观结构分析

为了提高细菌纤维素的产量, 本研究对一株氧化葡糖杆菌菌株J2液体发酵生产细菌纤维素的培养基进行了优化, 并对其代谢的细菌纤维的超微观结构进行了观察。运用Plackett-Burman试验设计法对8个相关影响因素的效应进行了评价, 筛选出了有显著效应的3个因素: 酵母膏、ZnSO4、无水乙醇, 其他5个因素的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。然后采用Box-Behnken的中心组合试验设计和响应面分析方法(RSM)确定了上述三个因素的最佳浓度, 并且以棉纤维为对照, 运用扫描电镜观察了细菌纤维素的超微观结构, 结果表明: 菌株J2利用优化后的发酵培养基生产细菌纤维素的产量为11.52 g/100 mL, 是优化前的1.35倍, 电镜照片显示细菌纤维素微纤维丝直径<0.1 mm, 比棉纤维细很多, NaOH处理可以除去纤维网络结构中的菌体。     

细菌纤维素发酵培养基的优化及超微观结构分析

为了提高细菌纤维素的产量, 本研究对一株氧化葡糖杆菌菌株J2液体发酵生产细菌纤维素的培养基进行了优化, 并对其代谢的细菌纤维的超微观结构进行了观察。运用Plackett-Burman试验设计法对8个相关影响因素的效应进行了评价, 筛选出了有显著效应的3个因素: 酵母膏、ZnSO4、无水乙醇, 其他5个因素的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。然后采用Box-Behnken的中心组合试验设计和响应面分析方法(RSM)确定了上述三个因素的最佳浓度, 并且以棉纤维为对照, 运用扫描电镜观察了细菌纤维素的超微观结构, 结果表明: 菌株J2利用优化后的发酵培养基生产细菌纤维素的产量为11.52 g/100 mL, 是优化前的1.35倍, 电镜照片显示细菌纤维素微纤维丝直径<0.1 mm, 比棉纤维细很多, NaOH处理可以除去纤维网络结构中的菌体。     

Initiation of Cellulose Biosynthesis

IN spite of much investigation the problem of the molecular mechanism of cellulose synthesis remains unsolved¹. Hexose phosphates², sugar nucleotides^3–6 and a glycolipid^7–9 have been suggested as the precursor of cellulose. Implicit in all these investigations is the supposition that a single substrate suffices for the synthesis. We describe here some preliminary observations which seem to throw new light on the possible mechanism.     

Pyrolysis of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids

Sulfur-containing amino acids (l-cysteine, l-cystine and dl-methionine) were pyrolyzed. From pyrolyzed cysteine and cystine were identified 7~8 volatile compounds including 2-methylthiazolidine which is considered to be the product of the reaction of acetaldehyde with mercaptethylamine, and from pyrolyzed methionine were identified 11 volatiles. At the same time, besides these volatile compounds, alanine, cystine and isoleucine, and alanine, isoleucine and methionine were detected in the pyrolyzed products of cysteine and cystine, respectively, but no amino acid was detected from that of methionine. The mixture of seven identified volatiles generated from l-cystine developed a pop-corn like aroma with a roasted sesame like one, and methylmercaptane seemed to be the main contributor to the pickled radish like odor produced from pyrolysis of dl-methionine. Degradation schemes of cystine and methionine were proposed.     

Cellulose pretreatments of lignocellulosic substrates

Cellulose in inedible plant materials, forestry residues, and municipal wastes must be pretreated to disrupt its physical structure, thereby making its hydrolysis to glucose practical. Developments since 1991 are summarized.     

Acid Saccharification of Cellulose Acetate

The effect of the introduction of acetyl groups into cellulose on its acid saccharification was investigated. Cellulose, DS 2.87- and DS 2.36-cellulose acetates and regenerated celluloses from the acetates were saccharified at 100 and 135°C by using 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6% solutions of sulfuric acid as hydrolyzing agents. The cellulose acetates were far more readily saccharified than cellulose. The regenerated celluloses could not so readily be saccharified as the acetates. It is suggested that the ease of saccharification of cellulose acetates might be due principally to some alteration in the crystallite (micell) structure caused by the introduction of acetyl groups into cellulose molecules.     

纤维素固相化木瓜蛋白酶

 本文用叠氮法制备了纤维素固相化木瓜蛋白酶(简称CMCP)。与相应酶液水解酪蛋白的反应相比,它表现出较低的酶活性,较高的最适pH值和较高的稳定性。CMCP的比活回收率约为24％,最适pH值向碱性范围移动约为0.5个单位。CMCP经60℃热处理,持续3h活性无明显下降,在4℃下保存127天,活性只下降了40％左右。对这些参数,本文都根据CMCP的结构特点进行了分析。 CMCP柱还表现出明显的对啤酒的防浊能力。过柱的啤酒,氨基酸的含量大大增加。     

Classified Separation of Flash Pyrolysis Oil

This paper focuses on the classified separation of flash pyrolysis oil by united extraction and distillation. Flash pyrolysis oil was effectively separated into four types of substances, including water-soluble fraction (low-boiling organic acids, alcohols, ketones, etc.), crude saccharide (mainly levoglucosan), phenolic compounds (guaiacol, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, etc.), and residue. The separation process was discussed in detail. The optimal separation condition was temperature 50 °C, 1:1 of water-to-oil ratio, and 20 min of contacting time. At this optimal separation condition, external standard method was employed to quantify levoglucosan, 4.1 wt% of levoglucosan accounted for the bio-oil could be obtained. Moreover, the potential applications of these four types of separated substances were discussed and proposed. Considering it is a kind of simple and effective process for the bio-oil, as well as the promising application prospects of the classified separation substances, this separation method will bring a new and highly efficient application of the bio-oil.     

Pyrolysis of Chlorogenic Acid and Rutin

Chlorogenic acid and rutin, major polyphenols in tobacco, were pyrolysed with a furnace type pyrolyser connected directly to a gas Chromatograph and 22 compounds (including catechol, benzoic acid, 4-vinylcatechol and quinic acid γ-lactone) from chlorogenic acid and 24 compounds [including catechol, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, 4-methylcatechol and 1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (levoglucosan)] from rutin have been identified as pyrolysis products. The gas Chromatograph was also replaced by a capillary cold trap which allowed collection of the pyrolysis products prior to a quantitative determination using an internal standard. Comparison of the pyrolysis products produced from chlorogenic acid or rutin with those derived from tobacco and analysis of the pyrolysis products from a mixture of tobacco and chlorogenic acid or rutin indicated that fairly large proportions of catechol, 4-vinylcatechol and quinic acid γ-lactone produced by the pyrolysis of tobacco may originate from endogenous chlorogenic acid.     

Economics of Willow Pyrolysis After Phytoextraction

The Campine is a vast cross-border area in the northeast of Belgium and southeast of the Netherlands that has been contaminated with heavy metals. As traditional excavation techniques are too expensive, phytoremediation is preferred. Economically viable conversion techniques for the biomass are researched in order to lower reclamation costs and to guarantee the income of the local farmers, mainly cultivating roughage for dairy cattle rearing. Energy generation by means of pyrolysis of willow from short-rotation coppice seems to be very interesting. This article aims to search for the maximum possible biomass price so that the net present value of the profits stemming from energy conversion based on pyrolysis is at least positive.