Leaf Alcohol

The diethylamine-catalyzed aldol condensation of E-2-hexenal yielded a mixture of 2-E,4-E,6-E- (IV-a) and 2-E,4-Z,6-E-4-ethyldeca-2,4,6-triene-1-al (IV-b). Structual and geometrical elucidation of both alcohols were made by means of spectral evidence as well as by the catalytic hydrogenation leading to the same 4-ethyldecanol (VI). The “b-peak substance” detected in the leaf alcohol reaction products was proved to be identical with 4-ethyldecanol (VI). The treatment of the trienal containing the central Z-double bond with sodium under the leaf alcohol reaction condition failed to afford ethyl-propyl-benzyl alcohol, but gave 4-ethyldecanol (VI). This result safely excludes the operation of the previously suspected valence tautomerism (Cope rearrangement) in the leaf alcohol reaction, and accounts for the pathway of the formation of (VI).     

Leaf Alcohol

Successful oxidations with chromic acid-sulfuric acid mixture of synthetic isomeric hex-2-en-l-ols to give trans-hex-2-en-l-al (leaf aldehyde) and the failure of those of synthetic isomeric hex-3-en-l-ols pointed out the probable contamination of the 2-enol isomer in the earlier “leaf alcohol preparation” of plant origin, which might lead the workers to an erroneous conclusion.

In support of the present worker’s opinion, trans-hex-2-en-l-ol was actually isolated from fresh tea leaves and identified in the present investigation and a mechanistic rational was invoked to account for the results of oxidations of isomeric n-hexenols.     

通过酒精饲养小鼠建立小鼠酒精模型

研究通过酒精饲养小鼠建立小鼠酒精成瘾模型的方法。使用6周龄SPF级Balb/c雄性小鼠15只,随机分为3组(n=5),即灌胃和酒水喂养组(A)、灌胃组和水喂养组(B)、对照组(C)。3组固体饲料正常给予,A、B两组每日灌胃11%酒水200μL,A组酒水溶液自由摄取并作为唯一饮水来源,B组水自由摄取,C组不做处理。饲养8周后进行24 h酒精戒断,并进行矿场实验,强迫游泳实验。处死小鼠取肝脏、肾脏和结肠制作石蜡切片并观察。造模过程中3组小鼠进食、饮水、体重、内脏重量出现了不同程度的变化。行为学结果显示,矿场实验中A、B两组小鼠戒断酒精后相对对照组小鼠焦虑水平明显升高;强迫游泳实验中,A、B两组相对C组绝对不动时间显著加长,表现出精神抑郁。显微镜观察小鼠内脏石蜡切片,A组小鼠肝脏切片明显出现肝细胞排列紊乱,肾脏中肾小球上皮细胞轻度萎缩,空泡变性,肾小管无明显病变,结肠石蜡切片肠绒毛出现破损,肠绒毛顶端完整性降低。B组肝、肾、结肠石蜡切片与对照组相比无明显变化。     

Access to Alcohol Outlets,Alcohol Consumption and Mental Health

The objective of this study was to investigate residential exposure to alcohol outlets in relation to alcohol consumption and mental health morbidity (anxiety, stress, and depression). This was a cross-sectional study of 6,837 adults obtained from a population representative sample for the period 2006–2009 in Perth, Western Australia. The number of alcohol outlets was ascertained for a 1600 m service area surrounding the residential address. Zero-inflated negative binomial and logistic regression were used to assess associations with total alcohol consumption, harmful alcohol consumption (7–10 drinks containing 10 g of alcohol for men, 5–6 drinks for women) and medically diagnosed and hospital contacts (for anxiety, stress, and depression), respectively. The rate ratio for the number of days of harmful consumption of alcohol per month and the number of standard drinks of alcohol consumed per drinking day was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.11) and 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.03) for each additional liquor store within a 1600 m service area, respectively. The odds ratio of hospital contact for anxiety, stress, or depression was 1.56 (95% CI: 0.98, 2.49) for those with a liquor store within the service area compared to those without. We observed strong evidence for a small association between residential exposure to liquor stores and harmful consumption of alcohol, and some support for a moderate-sized effect on hospital contacts for anxiety, stress, and depression.     

Losses of Alcohol and Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity in Germinating Seeds

Losses of alcohol, which had accumulated under anaerobic conditions,occurred during the germination of several species of seedswhich could not be attributed to the volatility of the alcohol.It is suggested that utilization of the alcohol by the seedsmay occur. From the seeds, an active alcohol dehydrogenase,which is mainly confined to the cotyledons in pea seeds, canbe extracted. The activity of the enzyme decreases as the cotyledonsgrow older during germination. The properties of the enzymehave been investigated.     

NAD-dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase and NADP-dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Strawberry Seeds

Strawberry seeds are shown to contain at least two alcohol dehydrogenases; one is NAD specific and reacts with ethanol and allyl alcohol, and the other is NADP specific and reacts with benzyl alcohol and geraniol. These two alcohol dehydrogenases were distinguished on disc electrophoresis. Their properties were different each other in ammonium sulfate fractionation, optimum reaction pH and thermostability.