The effect of dietary crude fiber levels on rhesus monkeys during quarantine.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary crude fiber level on intestinal disorders in the feral rheusus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during the first 60 days of the quarantine period. Three experimental baked diets containing 2.4%, 7.0%, and 9.8% crude fiber and a commercially extruded diet containing 2.2% crude fiber were fed during the study. The morbidity rate of intestinal disorders at the 7% crude fiber level was 1.4%, which was significantly less (p less than 0.05) than the 11.1%, 12.5%, and 20.8% morbidity for the monkeys fed the diets containing 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% crude fiber, respectively. Monkeys fed the 7% crude fiber diet had a mean number of treatment days for intestinal disorders per monkey of 0.014, which was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than the 0.9, 0.5, and 1.4 days for those fed the 2.4%, 9.8%, and 2.2% fiber diets, respectively.     

Studies on the Digestion in the Rabbit

A pellet diet consisting of 50% of alfalfa meal, 45% of wheat starch, and minerals in addition to manganese dioxide was fed to the rabbits fistulated in the duodenum and ileum for sampling of small intestinal digestive product arbitrarily. By means of redox dyes, pH, Eh and rH₂ of digestive products were determined. Results showed that ileum digestive product was more reductive than duodenum one, and the latter has a greater buffering capacity than the former.     

Structure and Synthesis of a Minor Component in the Oxidation Products of Crude Natural Variotin Oxidized with Manganese Dioxide,and Its Reduction with Lithium Aluminum Tri-t-butoxy Hydride

The structure of a minor component in the oxidation products of crude natural variotin oxidized with manganese dioxide is elucidated. The synthesis of the investigated compound, N-(6-oxo-2,4-trans, tralls-heptadienoyl) 2-pyrrolidonide, and the reduction of the substance are also described.     

The effect of low- and high-fiber diets on the population of entodiniomorphid ciliates Troglodytella abrassarti in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Troglodytella abrassarti is an intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliate commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild and captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Entodiniomorphids could be considered to have a mutualistic relationship with the great apes, in that the ciliates benefit from the intestinal ecosystem of the host, while also contributing to the fiber fermentation process. We examined the effect of diet on the infection intensities of T. abrassarti in two captive chimpanzees in the Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic. The chimpanzees were fed a low-fiber diet (LFD) with 14% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and a high-fiber diet (HFD; 26% NDF) for 10 days with one transition, and two 10-day adaptation periods. Fecal samples were examined coproscopically with the merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique, in order to quantify the number of ciliates per gram of feces. A significant trend of increasing T. abrassarti numbers was observed when the animals were fed the LFD, compared to when they were fed the HFD. Our results suggest, however, that infection intensities of T. abrassarti in captive chimpanzees are not influenced primarily by the amount of fiber in the diet, but rather by the dietary starch concentration (HFD: 1%; LFD: 8%).     

Glycosphingolipid patterns of the gastrointestinal tract and feces of germ-free and conventional rats

Acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids of stomach, small and large intestine, and stimulated feces of germ-free and conventional rats of the same stain have been isolated and characterized. The glycosphingolipid patterns of the intestinal organs were chemically and immunologically very similar between the two groups of rats and relatively unaffected by the presence of an intestinal microbial flora. The major exception was the presence of hematoside with N-glycoloylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) (NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4Glc beta 1----1Cer) in the stomach of conventional rats not found in the stomach of germ-free animals. Glycosphingolipids of stimulated feces of germ-free animals were derived from epithelial cells mainly of the small intestine and showed no signs of degradation. Glycosphingolipids of feces of conventional rats completely retained the pattern of blood group A-, B-, and H-active glycolipids as found in sterile feces but contained less of hematoside and more of lactosylceramide. This effect was probably due to degradation by bacteria, as demonstrated in vitro with the production of lactosylceramide after treatment of the isolated acid glycolipids of sterile feces with neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. The amount of total non-acid glycosphingolipids per dry weight was similar for stomach, was 50% higher for small intestine, and 300% higher for large intestine of germ-free animals compared to conventional animals. Due to the presence of large amounts of mucins the dry sterile feces contained 12% less non-acid glycolipids than conventional feces. However, calculated per rat per day the germ-free animal excreted more of non-acid glycosphingolipids (1.8 and 1.2 mg, respectively).     

凝结芽胞杆菌对小鼠免疫功能和粪便胺含量及肠道中氨含量的影响

目的研究凝结芽胞杆菌对小鼠的免疫功能,粪便胺含量及肠道中氨含量的影响。方法采用碳粒廓清法,免疫器官指数和血清溶血素测定法,分别考察药物对正常小鼠,免疫低下小鼠的非特异性免疫功能,特异性体液免疫功能的影响。同时观测药物对小鼠的盲肠内容物的氨含量和粪便中胺含量的影响。结果凝结芽胞杆菌对正常小鼠碳粒廓清指数和脂器指数没有明显影响,左旋咪唑则能显著提高其吞噬指数但对脏器指数没有影响,凝结芽胞杆菌和左旋咪唑均能显著提高免疫功能低下小鼠血碳廓清指数的胸腺指数,增加血清溶血素的生成。服用凝结芽胞杆菌后的小鼠排出的粪便胺含量和肠道中氨含量,均比正常对照组显著降低。结论凝结芽胞杆菌能显著提高免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫功能,减少正常小鼠肠道中胺和氨的含量,增强机制抵抗力和保护机体。     

Syntheses and Biological Activities of Analogs of Abscisic Acid

Selenium dioxide oxidation of methyl α-ionylideneacetate (IIb) in ethanol afforded methyl 1′-and 4′-hydroxy-α-ionylideneacetate (IIIb and IV), methyl 3′-hydroxy-β-ionylideneacetate (V) and crude dihydroxy-ionylideneacetate (VI). The latter was oxidized with active manganese dioxide to give methyl abscisate (Ib). The growth and germination-inhibitory activity of compounds related to abscisic acid on Azuki bean seedlings and some species of seeds were examined.     

Permanent jejunal fistula: promising method for obtaining small intestinal chyme without disturbing intestinal function

Accurate information on changes in small intestinal microflora in dogs is rather limited because of difficulties in obtaining samples of small intestinal chyme. In the study reported here, intussuscepted nipple valves were surgically placed into the jejunum of seven laboratory beagles to obtain intestinal juice samples. The influence of the fistula on intestinal motility was determined by use of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) and on microflora by use of bacterial culturing. The BIPS were fed two weeks before surgery and again five weeks after surgery. Bacterial samples were collected before (fecal samples), during (small intestinal samples) and 11 weeks after surgery. There were no surgical complications, and the animals tolerated the fistula well. Mean orocolic transit percentage was 93% before and 83% after surgery, and notable changes in gastrointestinal motility were not seen, except in one dog. The surgery did not markedly alter the bacterial flora in feces. Microflora did change in small intestinal samples; however, methodologic factors may explain most of these differences. In conclusion, the nipple valve is a promising method that creates easy and safe long-term access to the jejunum and appears not to have an influence on intestinal function.     

人参皂苷降脂作用的研究

为了测定西洋参总皂苷及单体皂苷是否有降脂活性,通过体外实验分别测定脂肪分解活性、小肠刷状缘膜小囊吸收脂肪酸、三油酸甘油酯油酸的释放率。结果表明,西洋参茎叶总皂苷在0．5g／L浓度时,对胰脂肪酶活性的抑制率为90％;人参皂苷Rc,Rb1,Rb2对胰脂肪酶活性均显示很强的抑制作用,在0．5g／L浓度时抑制率分别为100％,96％,97％。西洋参总皂苷和人参皂苷Rc,Rh,Rb2可以通过抑制胰脂肪酶活性起到降脂作用。     

Quantitative PCR with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specific primers for analysis of human intestinal bifidobacteria

A highly sensitive quantitative PCR detection method has been developed and applied to the distribution analysis of human intestinal bifidobacteria by combining real-time PCR with Bifidobacterium genus- and species-specific primers. Real-time PCR detection of serially diluted DNA extracted from cultured bifidobacteria was linear for cell counts ranging from 10(6) to 10 cells per PCR assay. It was also found that the method was applicable to the detection of Bifidobacterium in feces when it was present at concentrations of >10(6) cells per g of feces. Concerning the distribution of Bifidobacterium species in intestinal flora, the Bifidobacterium adolescentis group, the Bifidobacterium catenulatum group, and Bifidobacterium longum were found to be the three predominant species by examination of DNA extracted from the feces of 46 healthy adults. We also examined changes in the population and composition of Bifidobacterium species in human intestinal flora of six healthy adults over an 8-month period. The results showed that the composition of bifidobacterial flora was basically stable throughout the test period.     

低出生体重儿肠道微生态构建影响因素的 动态监测

目的动态监测低出生体重儿肠道菌群,分析不同体重、不同喂养方式及疾病状态等因素对患儿肠道微生态的影响,为规范临床低出生体重儿宫外营养支持措施及治疗手段提供依据。方法应用16SrRNA荧光定量PCR技术检测正常新生儿和低出生体重儿生后第1、3、7天粪便中大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌及双歧杆菌的含量。结果 (1)在生后7d内,无论正常新生儿还是低出生体重儿,其粪便中大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的含量均随日龄的增加而增加,且生后7d内正常新生儿的粪便中大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的含量均显著高于低出生体重儿(P0.05),正常新生儿生后7d内粪便中各细菌的增长率均高于低出生体重儿。(2)体重2 000~2 500g的低出生体重儿粪便中大肠埃希菌和肠球菌在各日龄中的含量明显高于体重2 000g的新生儿(P0.05);同时其粪便中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌含量在3日龄和7日龄阶段明显高于体重2 000g的新生儿(P0.05)。(3)3日龄和7日龄母乳喂养组的低出生体重儿粪便中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌含量明显高于乳制品喂养组(P0.05);且母乳喂养组新生儿生后7日内粪便中大肠埃希菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌含量的增长率均高于乳制品喂养组,尤其是双歧杆菌的增长率(126.49%vs 54.81%)。(4)合并并发症的3日龄和7日龄的低出生体重儿,粪便中乳杆菌和双歧杆菌含量均明显低于无合并症的低出生体重儿(P0.05);且无并发症组的低出生体重儿其粪便中肠球菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的增长率均高于有并发症组的低出生体重儿,大肠埃希菌增长率则低于有并发症组。结论低出生体重儿肠道菌群的定植时间晚且数量少,体重、喂养方式及有无并发症是影响新生儿肠道菌群丰度的重要因素。母乳喂养可促进低出生体重儿肠道中益生菌的定植。疾病因素会导致肠道菌群丰度的降低,使肠道菌群紊乱,其程度可能与病情的严重程度相关。     

裂褶菌F17固态发酵产锰过氧化物酶及其发酵动力学模型的建立

白腐真菌分泌的锰过氧化物酶是木质素降解酶系统的主要组分,对木质素解聚,纸浆和染料的脱色均有重要作用.利用裂褶菌F17在自行设计的通气托盘式反应器中,以松木屑、稻草及黄豆粉为混合营养基质进行固态发酵生产锰过氧化物酶.在自制通气托盘式反应器中,裂褶菌F17能够产生锰过氧化物酶,发酵96 h时,最高酶活力达到13.51 U/...     

Isolation and properties of fecal proteins and fecal alkaline phosphatase from germfree and conventional rats.

Fecal proteins from germfree and conventional rats were isolated. The proteins from the two kinds of feces differed in molecular weight, judging from Sephadex gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The conventional feces contained a greater amount of high-molecular-weight and a lesser amount of low-molecular-weight proteins than did the germfree feces. The fecal proteins of both kinds contained carbohydrates. Both feces contained considerable enzyme activity. The germfree feces contained extremely high activity in alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase. Both feces showed the same level of trehalase activity. The conventional feces contained higher levels of activity of protease and acid phosphatase than did the germfree feces. Lactase activity was observed only in the conventional feces. The fecal alkaline phosphatase resembled the intestinal enzyme in response to L-phenylalanine inhibition and urea denaturation. From these results it was inferred that the germfree feces contained some of the intestinal proteins and that the conventional feces contained bacterial proteins in addition to intestinal proteins.     

Intestinal transport of manganese from human milk, bovine milk and infant formula in rats

The transport of manganese from extrinsically labeled human milk, bovine milk and infant formula was studied by the everted intestinal sac method. Tissue/mucosal flux data indicated that transport of manganese into the intestinal tissue was significantly greater with bovine milk and formula than from human milk. Similarly, the total flux of manganese from the mucosal to serosal surface was less when human milk was used. Smaller molecular weight manganese binding ligands isolated from the milk samples enhanced the mucosal to tissue movement of manganese as contrasted to the higher molecular weight manganese binding ligands. Most significantly the data suggest that the transport and uptake of manganese is less in the presence of human milk and its isolated manganese fractions than it is in bovine milk or infant formula.     

Isolation and properties of fecal proteins and fecal alkaline phosphatase from germfree and conventional rats

Fecal proteins from germfree and conventional rats were isolated. The proteins from the two kinds of feces differed in molecular weight, judging from Sephadex gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The conventional feces contained a greater amount of high-molecular-weight and a lesser amount of low-molecular-weight proteins than did the germfree feces. The fecal proteins of both kinds contained carbohydrates. Both feces contained considerable enzyme activity. The germfree feces contained extremely high activity in alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase. Both feces showed the same level of trehalase activity. The conventional feces contained higher levels of activity of protease and acid phosphatase than did the germfree feces. Lactase activity was observed only in the conventional feces. The fecal alkaline phosphatase resembled the intestinal enzyme in response to L-phenylalanine inhibition and urea denaturation. From these results it was inferred that the germfree feces contained some of the intestinal proteins and that the conventional feces contained bacterial proteins in addition to intestinal proteins.     

Animal Models for Echinostoma malayanum Infection: Worm Recovery and Some Pathology

Echinostomes are intestinal trematodes that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, in their adult stage and also parasitize numerous invertebrate and cold-blooded vertebrate hosts in their larval stages. The purpose of this study was to compare Echinostoma malayanum parasite growth, including worm recovery, body size of adult worms, eggs per worm, eggs per gram of feces, and pathological changes in the small intestine of experimental animals. In this study, 6-8-week-old male hamsters, rats, mice, and gerbils were infected with echinostome metacercariae and then sacrificed at day 60 post-infection. The small intestine and feces of each infected animal were collected and then processed for analysis. The results showed that worm recovery, eggs per worm, and eggs per gram of feces from all infected hamsters were higher compared with infected rats and mice. However, in infected gerbils, no parasites were observed in the small intestine, and there were no parasite eggs in the feces. The volume of eggs per gram of feces and eggs per worm were related to parasite size. The results of histopathological changes in the small intestine of infected groups showed abnormal villi and goblet cells, as evidenced by short villi and an increase in the number and size of goblet cells compared with the normal control group.     

五指山参营养成分分析

目的:测定和分析五指山参(箭叶秋葵根茎)的主要营养成分。方法:105℃常压干燥恒重法,微量凯氏定氮法,氨基酸分析仪分析法,索氏抽提法,气相色谱法,DNS法,蒽酮法,重量法,原子吸收分光光度法。结果:五指山参水分含量(14.97±0.37)%;粗蛋白含量(9.22±0.09)%,水解样氨基酸(含色氨酸)含量6.18%;粗脂肪含量(17.57±0.11)%,其中饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、未知脂肪酸占总脂肪酸含量分别为33.16%、42.24%、24.59%;总糖含量(55.75±0.80)%,可溶性糖含量(4.41±0.23)%,还原糖含量(2.08±0.06)%,粗纤维含量(4.35±0.19)%;钙、铁、锌、锰、铜、钾、镁含量分别为4.0mg/g、0.12mg/g、53.5μg/g、14.0μg/g、11.5μg/g、3.4mg/g、1.3mg/g。结论:五指山参营养结构较优,矿物质元素含量相对较高,尤其是钙、铁和锌,值得进一步开发和利用。     

THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SOLID PARTICLES : IV. CARBON AND QUARTZ IN SOLUTIONS OF VARYING ACIDITY.

1. Leucocytes ingest quartz particles more readily than carbon in acid solutions, and carbon more readily than quartz in alkaline solutions. 2. In the presence of acacia carbon is always preferred to quartz even in acid solutions. 3. Manganese dioxide particles are ingested by leucocytes with extraordinary rapidity as compared with manganese silicate or quartz. 4. Leucocytes are not attracted toward carbon or quartz particles but manganese dioxide exerts a distinct attraction for them. 5. Spores of Penicillium are ingested more readily than quartz. 6. Very small quartz particles, 1 micron in diameter, are not ingested as readily as larger particles of the same material. This result being contrary to the predictions of surface tension indicates that some other factor is involved in the ingestion of these small particles. 7. Measurements of the carbon electrode potentials and the cataphoretic charges on the particles have failed to supply an explanation for the varying relative rates of ingestion of carbon and quartz with varying hydrogen ion concentration.     

Analysis of bile acids in conventional and germfree rats.

The well-known bile acid analysis technique used by us and others (Grundy, Ahrens, and Miettinen. 1965. J. Lipid Res. 6:397-410) does not allow for the detection of hyodeoxycholic acid, a product of quantitative importance in rodent feces. Using updated methodology, it was established that hyodeoxycholic acid and omega-muricholic acid, both apparent conversion products of beta-muricholic acid, occur in apppreciable amounts in intestinal contents and feces of conventional Wistar type Lobund rats. In conventional rats, these bile acids comprise about 50% of fecal bile acids; they are not found in intestinal contents or feces of germfree rats. Others have demonstrated that hyodeoxycholic acid if formed by combined action of gut flora and liver. A new method for the separation of conjugated and free bile acids in biological samples was developed. Results with this method confirmed the total conjugation of bile acids in the germfree rat, and the almost total deconjugation that takes place in the cecum of the conventional rat.     

儿童肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌种群结构分析

以21例2～5岁中国儿童的肠道菌群为研究对象,利用传统培养计数法和分子生物学技术,对此年龄段健康儿童的肠道菌群分布及其中关键益生菌的种群结构进行了定量研究。实验表明,儿童肠道厌氧菌的数量高达109CFUg(湿重),其肠道菌群的定植抗力(平均BE=2.38)较强;不同的个体之间所能检测到的关键益生菌的种类有所不同,一般能检测到其中的1～4种双歧杆菌和1～5种乳杆菌;长双歧杆菌和假小链双歧杆菌的平均数量多达107CFUg(湿重),检出率分别为90.48%和85.71%,为儿童肠道内双歧杆菌的优势菌种;L.mucosae和发酵乳杆菌的数量较多,平均为3.68log10CFUg(湿重)和3.97log10CFUg(湿重),检出率分别为71.43%和52.38%,为稳定定植于儿童肠道内的优势乳杆菌;不同种类的益生菌在不同样本之间的数量组成均存在有很大差异,双歧杆菌的样本差异为1.86～3.85,乳杆菌的为2.43～4.07。