The age and phylogeny of wood boring weevils and the origin of subsociality

A large proportion of the hyperdiverse weevils are wood boring and many of these taxa have subsocial family structures. The origin and relationship between certain wood boring weevil taxa has been problematic to solve and hypotheses on their phylogenies change substantially between different studies. We aimed at testing the phylogenetic position and monophyly of the most prominent wood boring taxa Scolytinae, Platypodinae and Cossoninae, including a range of weevil outgroups with either the herbivorous or wood boring habit. Many putatively intergrading taxa were included in a broad phylogenetic analysis for the first time in this study, such as Schedlarius, Mecopelmus, Coptonotus, Dactylipalpus, Coptocorynus and allied Araucariini taxa, Dobionus, Psepholax, Amorphocerus-Porthetes, and some peculiar wood boring Conoderini with bark beetle behaviour. Data analyses were based on 128 morphological characters, rDNA nucleotides from the D2-D3 segment of 28S, and nucleotides and amino acids from the protein encoding gene fragments of CAD, ArgK, EF-1α and COI. Although the results varied for some of the groups between various data sets and analyses, one may conclude the following from this study: Scolytinae and Platypodinae are likely sister lineages most closely related to Coptonotus; Cossoninae is monophyletic (including Araucariini) and more distantly related to Scolytinae; Amorphocerini is not part of Cossoninae and Psepholax may belong to Cryptorhynchini. Likelihood estimation of ancestral state reconstruction of subsociality indicated five or six origins as a conservative estimate. Overall the phylogenetic results were quite dependent on morphological data and we conclude that more genetic loci must be sampled to improve phylogenetic resolution. However, some results such as the derived position of Scolytinae were consistent between morphological and molecular data. A revised time estimation of the origin of Curculionidae and various subfamily groups were made using the recently updated fossil age of Scolytinae (100 Ma), which had a significant influence on node age estimates.     

Firewood collected after a catastrophic wind event: the bark beetle (Scolytinae) and woodborer (Buprestidae,Cerambycidae) community present over a 3‐year period

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New species of Pachycotes Sharp and Xylechinus Chapuis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae,Tomicini) from New Caledonian Araucaria spp. (Coniferales: Araucariaceae)

Abstract

Three new bark beetle species, Pachycotes grandis sp. n., P. engelsi sp. n., and Xylechinus araucariae sp. n. (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Tomicini), are described and illustrated. Brief notes on their life histories are given. The beetles were collected from dead branches and logs of Araucaria laubenfelsii and A. muelleri trees in New Caledonia. In addition, a key for all nine known Pachycotes species (P. araucariae Schedl, P. australis Schedl, P. clavatus Schedl, P. grandis sp. n., P. engelsi sp. n., P. kuscheli Schedl, P. minor Wood, P. peregrinus (Chapuis), and P. villosus Schedl) is presented.     

Host-use patterns of saproxylic phloeophagous and xylophagous Coleoptera adults and larvae along the decay gradient in standing dead black spruce and aspen

Wood-feeding insects play important functional roles in forest ecosystems, contributing significantly to wood decay processes. However, sampling these species in a direct and quantitative way is difficult because they live most of their lives as larvae deep into the wood; knowledge of species-specific host-use patterns along the decay gradient is thus lacking in this group. To cope with these difficulties, we used a novel approach, snag dissection, to investigate occurrence patterns of such Coleoptera adults and larvae. We selected 80 snags of both black spruce and aspen along four classes of decay in five different stands distributed over the tree species' ranges within the province of Quebec, Canada, and dissected a one-meter section of each. All adults and larvae of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were collected and identified to the lowest taxonomical level possible. Wood density and snag age were also calculated for each sampled snag. In black spruce, host-use was mostly concentrated at the beginning of the decay gradient. Patterns observed in aspen were opposite, as few insects were found in fresh snags, while most snags in middle to late stages of decay contained insects, often in large numbers, in some reaching densities of over 1000 cerambycid larvae m⁻³. For both tree species, patterns observed were similar across regions sampled. Differences in host-use patterns between the coniferous and deciduous host species may be due to differences in secondary chemistry, mechanical defence mechanisms or the stand dynamics typically associated with each tree species.     

Exploring associations between international trade and environmental factors with establishment patterns of exotic Scolytinae

Although invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles (fungus feeders) and bark beetles (phloem feeders) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is considered a major threat to forest health worldwide, no studies have quantitatively investigated the anthropogenic and environmental factors shaping the biogeographical patterns of invasion by these insects across large spatial scales. The primary aim of this study was to assess the relative importance of international trade and several environmental variables of the recipient region on species richness of established exotic Scolytinae. As a reference, we also evaluated the relationships between the same environmental variables and species richness of native Scolytinae. Using an information-theoretic framework for model selection and hierarchical partitioning, we evaluated the relative importance of the potential drivers of species richness of native and exotic Scolytinae in 20 European countries and the 48 contiguous continental US states. Analyses were conducted separately for ambrosia and bark beetle species. Value of imports was a strong predictor of the number of exotic Scolytinae species in both regions. In addition, in the USA, warmer and wetter climate was positively linked to increased numbers of both native and exotic ambrosia beetles. Forest heterogeneity and climatic heterogeneity and secondarily forest area were key drivers in explaining patterns of species richness for native bark beetles but not for exotic species in both regions. Our findings suggest that if current infestation levels continue on imported plants and wood packaging material, increasing international trade will likely lead to more establishments of exotic Scolytinae with concomitant negative effects on forest health in both Europe and the USA. Compared to Europe the risk of invasion appears higher in the USA, especially for ambrosia beetles in the southeastern USA where the climate appears highly suitable for exotic establishment.     

Description of a New Species of the Scolytine Genus Chaetophloeus LeConte, 1876 (Coleoptera,Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Peru

Entomological Review - A new species Chaetophloeus beaveri sp. n. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is described from Peru based on the material reared from a branch of Punica sp.     

Xylophagous entomofauna in branches of oaks (Quercus spp.) and its significance for oak health in the Karst region of Slovenia

Samples of dying branches from 121 trees of Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, and Q. petraea were taken from 102 sites in Seslerio autumnalis-Quercetum petraeae and Ostryo-Quercetum pubescentis forests. After nine months’ rearing in eclectors, branches were cut to 20-cm sections, and signs of infestation as well as larvae and adult insects were noted. We analysed 395 sections of branches from Q. pubescens, 125 sections from Q. cerris, and 85 sections from Q. petraea. We found 44 adult insects: 45% were from the Cerambycidae family (Callimus angulatus ssp. angulatus, Poecilium alni, and Exocentrus adspersus), 18% were from the Scolytinae subfamily (Scolytus intricatus, Xyleborus dispar), 4% from the Buprestidae family (Coraebus florentinus), 4.5% from the Cleridae family (Tilloidea unifasciata), and 28.5% from other families. In addition, 145 larvae were found: 50% from the Cerambycidae family, 39% from the Buprestidae family, 4% from the Scolytinae subfamily, and 7% from other families. Significant difference in the abundance of adult insects and larvae with regard to the diameter of branch sections and the host species were found. 78% of dying branches showed signs of infestation. Species of the Buprestidae, Scolytinae, and Cerambycidae represent important factors in the decline in oak vitality in the lower Karst region of Slovenia.     

Relative performance of Lindgren multiple-funnel, Intercept panel, and Colossus pipe traps in catching Cerambycidae and associated species in the southeastern United States

In 2004, we evaluated the relative performance of 8-unit Lindgren multiple-funnel (funnel), Intercept panel (panel), and Colossus pipe (pipe) traps, baited with ethanol and ac-pinene lures, in catching saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) in pine stands in northern Florida and western South Carolina. Panel traps were as good as, if not better than, funnel and pipe traps for catching Cerambycidae. In particular, more Monochamus titillator (F.) were captured in panel traps than in pipe and funnel traps. Of three species of Buprestidae captured in our study, most Buprestis lineata F. were caught in panel traps, whereas most Acmaeodera tubulus (F.) were caught in funnel traps. Catches of Chalcophora virginiensis Drury and the root-feeding weevils Hylobius pales Herbst an dPachylobius picivorus LeConte (Curculionidae) were unaffected by trap type. Among bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), catches of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) were unaffected by trap type, whereas most Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) were caught in panel traps, most Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff were caught in panel and pipe traps, and most Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff were caught in funnel traps. Among ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), panel traps caught the most Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg), whereas pipe traps caught the most Xyleborus Eichhoff spp. More Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) and Dryoxylon onoharaensis (Murayama) were caught in panel and funnel traps than in pipe traps. Among bark beetle predators, more Platysoma Leach spp. (Histeridae) were caught in pipe and panel traps than in funnel traps, whereas most Lasconotus Erichson spp. (Zopheridae) were caught in funnel traps. Variation among trap performance for various species suggests that managers should consider more than one type of trap in their detection programs.     

Habitat Associations of the Larvae of the Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphegina</Emphasis> Meigen, 1822 (Diptera,Syrphidae) with Xylobiont Insects

The paper presents the first data on the life histories of the larvae of five species of the genus Sphegina Meigen, 1822 (Diptera, Syrphidae) and their habitat associations with other xylobiont larvae of ambrosia insects: xylomycetophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae), flies of the families Axymyiidae and Syrphidae (Diptera), and other insects. The biotopes of Sphegina larvae are divided into two types: the main biotope where larval development takes place and the additional biotope where pupation occurs.     

Identification of host plants of the avocado borer, Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) in Rio Grande do Sul

Fruits of Nectandra megapotamica Mez and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae) were collected in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2004. Species of five families of insects were found inside the fruits: two fly species (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Drosophila spp.), six beetle species, Heilipus sp., Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidae), Hypothenemus sp. (Scolytidae) and three species of Carpophilus (Nitidulidae), and moths (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). The moth especimes were identified as Stenoma catenifer Walsingham, the avocado borer. The occurrence of the moth was predominant from early April until middle May. The natural larval infestation level was low. Two new host plant of the pest were identified.     

Horizontal and vertical distribution of saproxylic beetles (Col., Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytinae) across sections of forest edges

Abstract:  We evaluated the preferred home ranges of three saproxylic beetle taxa along transects from the open field into the forest interior, and from the forest floor up to the canopy. By means of trap sets on metal scaffolds, vertical and horizontal strata were sampled across two types of forest edges: soft-edge ecotones with a gradual transition from the field into the forest and hard edges with an abrupt transition. The forest edges consisted of different strata such as herbaceous fringe, shrub belt, unmanaged forest and managed forest. The thermophilic buprestids were mainly caught in the open land (herbaceous fringe and agricultural land) and in the upper forest mantle. In general, the cerambycids were most abundant in the open land and the lower forest mantle, but a few species favoured the forest interior. The bark beetles (Scolytinae) were equally distributed in all habitats. These distribution patterns of the taxa were observed in terms of both species numbers and abundances. Each species with at least five collected specimens was assigned to one of the three habitat types: open land, forest mantle and forest interior. Of 74 ranked species, only 16% were prevalent in the forest interior and are thus considered to be true forest species. The other 84% of the species were attributed to open land or the forest mantle and are, therefore, forest edge species. Soft forest edges generally supported a higher species richness than hard edges, particularly as regards Cerambycidae and Scolytinae. In terms of Shannon diversity, soft edges tended to be more diverse in buprestids and cerambycids. Overall, the forest interior showed the least species richness and diversity. Therefore, for the conservation of saproxylic beetles, not only the amount and quality of dead wood is important, but also the presence and design of forest boundary structures.     

Brief Review of the Associations of Xylobiont Nematodes with Bark Beetles (Coleoptera,Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Nematode pathogens cause wilt diseases in conifers and deciduous trees. The longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) act as nematode vectors spreading the invasive juvenile stages during their maturation feeding or during oviposition on the plant hosts. There are numerous reviews of nematodes associated with bark beetles on conifers, while little attention has been paid to the nematodes of deciduous trees. The development of Dutch elm disease and ash dieback is mainly caused by fungal pathogens transmitted by bark beetles; the latter act as vectors of not only fungi but also nematodes enclosed in nematangia under their elytra, and also in the tracheae and Malpighian canals. Apart from phytopathogenic nematodes, bark beetles transmit mycophagous and bacterivorous nematodes and own parasites of bark beetles. The ecological groups of nematodes associated with Scolytinae are reviewed; the known records of associations of nematodes with bark beetles are listed for coniferous host plants of Russia and neighboring countries; the world-wide list of these associations for deciduous plant hosts is given.

     

A new species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caulophilus</Emphasis> Woll. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae) from the Rovno amber

Caulophilus zherikhini, sp. nov. (Curculionidae: Cossoninae) is described from the Late Eocene Rovno amber. The new species is distinguished from all known species of the genus by its longer rostrum. It is especially similar to C. falini Davis et Engel, 2007 from Dominican amber, from which it probably differs also in the more strongly curved rostrum, less flattened body, longer and narrower profemur, and shorter elytral setae.     

Incidence of bark- and wood-boring insects in firewood: a survey at Michigan's Mackinac Bridge

Firewood is a major pathway for the inadvertent movement of bark- and wood-infesting insects. After discovery of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in southeastern Michigan in 2002, quarantines were enacted including prohibition of transporting firewood across the Mackinac Bridge between Michigan's Lower and Upper peninsulas. Drivers are required to surrender firewood before crossing the bridge. We surveyed recently surrendered firewood in April, July, and September 2008 and categorized it by genus, cross-sectional shape (whole, half, or quarter), approximate age (years since it was a live tree), presence of bark, and evidence of bark- and wood-boring insects. The 1045 pieces of firewood examined represented 21 tree genera: primarily Acer (30%), Quercus (18%), Fraxinus (15%), Ulmus (12%), Betula (5%), and Prunus (5%). Live borers (Bostrichoidea, Brentidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Cossidae, Curculionidae [Scolytinae and non-Scolytinae], and Siricidae) were found in 23% of the pieces and another 41% had evidence of previous borer infestation. Of the 152 Fraxinus firewood pieces, 13% had evidence of past A. planipennis infestation, but we found no live A. planipennis. We discuss national "don't move firewood" campaigns and U.S. imports of fuelwood. During 1996-2009, the United States imported fuelwood valued at > dollars U.S. 98 million from 34 countries.     

Beetle families as indicators of Coleopteran diversity in forests: a study using Malaise traps in the central mountainous region of Japan

The conservation of biodiversity is an important goal of most forest management efforts, and proper monitoring of biodiversity requires immediate attention. Coleoptera, the largest order of organisms on Earth, should be monitored as a crucial part of overall biodiversity. To facilitate monitoring of Coleopteran diversity, indicators at the family level that adequately represent the beetle diversity were investigated. One Malaise trap was placed in each of 52 forest stands in the central mountainous region of Japan; all captured beetles were identified to species. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between the number of species in each family and the total number of species in all families combined. The relationship between the species composition of each family and the overall composition of all families was examined using Mantel tests. Families with high correlation coefficients for species richness included Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Curculionidae, Lycidae, Elateridae. Families exhibiting strong similarity in composition to the composition of all families were Scolytidae, Elateridae, Curculionidae, Cerambycidae, and Staphylinidae and the Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, and Elateridae were determined to be useful surrogates for Coleopteran diversity. All significant pairwise correlations between each of these three families and other Coleopteran families were positive, indicating that each was appropriate as a competent surrogate. Thus, this study identified adequate diversity indicators in Coleoptera that can be caught by Malaise traps. The accumulation of data on indicators obtained through different methods or in different climates is necessary to ensure the selection of widely applicable indicator families as stable surrogates of beetle diversity.     

Efficacy of systemic insecticides for protection of loblolly pine against southern pine engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

We evaluated the efficacy of the systemic insecticides dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, and imidacloprid for preventing attacks and brood production of southern pine engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on standing, stressed trees and bolt sections of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in eastern Texas. Emamectin benzoate significantly reduced the colonization success of engraver beetles and associated wood borers in both stressed trees and pine bolt sections. Fipronil was nearly as effective as emamectin benzoate in reducing insect colonization of bolts 3 and 5 mo after injection but only moderately effective 1 mo after injection. Fipronil also significantly reduced bark beetle-caused mortality of stressed trees. Imidacloprid and dinotefuran were ineffective in preventing bark beetle and wood borer colonization of bolts or standing, stressed trees. The injected formulation of emamectin benzoate was found to cause long vertical lesions in the sapwood-phloem interface at each injection point.     

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统甲虫群落多样性

在云南绿春县牛孔乡采用网扫法调查了紫胶林-农田复合生态系统(LPFE)中稻田(Ⅰ)、旱地(Ⅱ)、天然紫胶林(Ⅲ)、人工紫胶林(Ⅳ)的甲虫群落.采集标本3569号,隶属26科358种;象甲科种类最丰富,占全部种类的17.0%;瓢虫科数量最丰富,占个体总数的22.9%.虎甲科、隐翅甲科等物种数和个体数量在Ⅰ～Ⅳ中的分布没有明显差异;而叩甲科、粗角叩甲科、朽木甲科、伪叶甲科、瓢虫科、天牛科、负泥虫科、叶甲科和象甲科等有明显差异.LPFE、Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ甲虫物种多度分布符合对数级数模型,Ⅱ符合分割线段模型.Ⅰ～Ⅳ的甲虫多样性为:Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ.指出了栖息于植物上的甲虫群落能度量不同土地利用生境的区别,不同类群的甲虫对于生境的指示作用不同:叩甲等可以指示农田和林地的差异,而朽木甲、天牛、叶甲和象甲可以用于指示天然林和人工林生境的区别.LPFE具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点,对维持甲虫的多样性水平具有积极作用.Ⅲ在当地生物多样性保护中具有重要作用,Ⅱ在系统中具有很低的多样性.     

Occurrence of the mite Pyemotes sp. (Acari: Pyemotidae) in insect rearing in laboratory

Pyemotidae mites have been reported as ectoparasites of a large number of arthropods, especially of insects. These mites are frequently found attacking insects in different habitats, including insect rearing. This paper reports the occurrence of Pyemotes sp., ventricosus group, in colonies of Tuta absoluta (Meyerick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the insect rearing laboratory of ESALQ-USP, in Piracicaba, State of S?o Paulo, provoking dematitis in those involved with the rearing. This is the first report of a Pyemotes species parasitizing T. absoluta and S. zeamais. Considering the capacity of Pyemotes to cause dermatitis in human beings, demonstrated by other authors, the direct use of the Pyemotes species found in this work for the control of the reported insect species may not be promising.     

Ophiostoma gemellus and Sporothrix variecibatus from mites infesting Protea infructescences in South Africa

Ophiostoma (Ophiostomatales) represents a large genus of fungi mainly known from associations with bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) infesting conifers in the northern hemisphere. Few southern hemisphere native species are known, and the five species that consistently occur in the infructescences of Protea spp. in South Africa are ecologically unusual. Little is known about the vectors of Ophiostoma spp. from Protea infructescences, however recent studies have considered the possible role of insects and mites in the distribution of these exceptional fungi. In this study we describe a new species of Ophiostoma and a new Sporothrix spp. with affinities to Ophiostoma, both initially isolated from mites associated with Protea spp. They are described as Ophiostoma gemellus sp. nov. and Sporothrix variecibatus sp. nov. based on their morphology and comparisons of DNA sequence data of the 28S ribosomal, beta-tubulin and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) regions. DNA sequences of S. variecibatus were identical to those of a Sporothrix isolate obtained from Eucalyptus leaf litter in the same area in which S. variecibatus occurs in Protea infructescences. Results of this study add evidence to the view that mites are the vectors of Ophiostoma spp. that colonize Protea infructescences. They also show that DNA sequence comparisons are likely to reveal additional cryptic species of Ophiostoma in this unusual niche.     

Seasonal pheromone response by Ips pini in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A.

1 Populations of Ips pini (Say) in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A., were studied to determine regional pheromone response and to evaluate seasonal shifts in that response. A range of enantiomeric blends of the attractant ipsdienol, alone and in the presence of the synergist lanierone, were tested during spring and summer seasons over several years.
2 Both populations were most attracted to high levels of ( R )-(–)-ipsdienol, and lanierone was highly synergistic.
3 A significant seasonal shift in pheromone response between spring and summer seasons was found in both regions in both years. Shifts resulted in a more specific preference for the pheromone treatment of 97% ( R )-(–)-ipsdienol with lanierone.
4 Several coleopteran insect associates of I. pini also displayed responses to the ipsdienol and lanierone treatments. Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Trogositidae), Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Cleridae) and, to a limited extent, Lasconotus laqueatus (LeConte) (Colydiidae) were attracted to higher proportions of ( R )-(–)-ipsdienol with no apparent reaction to the presence of lanierone. Orthotomicus latidens (LeConte) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was strongly attracted to ( S )-(+)-ipsdienol with Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Cleridae), Pityogenes carinulatus (LeConte) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) demonstrating some preferences for the ( S )-(+)-enantiomer. However, lanierone was synergistic for E. lecontei and P. carinulatus , inhibitory for O. latidens , and produced no significant reaction for H. porosus . Elacatis sp. (Salpingidae, previously Othniidae) was attracted to the presence of ipsdienol but displayed no preference to the enantiomeric ratios of ipsdienol or the presence of lanierone.