中国陆生哺乳类的易绝灭特征

本研究首先收集了我国367个陆生哺乳类物种的4类基本特征数据:个体大小、繁殖力、利用和濒危等级。从类群和特征两个角度出发,用随机检验和回归分析的方法,检验(1)受威胁物种在各科中是否是随机分布的?如果不是,哪些科含有比随机分布更多或更少的受威胁物种?不同类群受威胁概率与人类的利用有何关系?(2)物种受威胁程度与个体大小和繁殖力有何关系?人类的利用是否对受威胁程度与个体大小和繁殖力的关系产生了重要影响?结果表明:受威胁物种在各科中的分布不是随机的,猴科、牛科和猫科含比随机分布更多的受威胁物种,而鼠科和科则相反;不同类群受威胁概率与被利用率成正比;物种受威胁程度相对于繁殖力和身体大小也不是随机的;当控制系统发育关系的影响后,物种受威胁程度随个体增大和繁殖力降低而增大;多元回归分析显示,只有个体大小与物种受威胁程度相关,这一点与其它的研究不同;个体大小与被利用率成正比。过度利用对我国哺乳类多样性受威胁模式产生了重要影响     

三江平原孤立沼泽湿地保护优先性评价与保护策略

随着人们生活生产、经济开发等活动加剧,导致湿地面积减少,湿地破碎化严重,形成大量孤立湿地。研究基于压力-状态响应理论和层次分析法构建了湿地保护优先性评价模型,对三江平原沼泽湿地进行评价。评价结果表明,2000-2020年三江平原自然沼泽湿地保护优先性空间分布由东北高西南低的格局转向东高西低的格局,而孤立沼泽湿地由东北高西南低的格局向分散无空间分布趋势格局转换,2000-2020年自然沼泽湿地和孤立沼泽湿地保护优先性质心都由东北向西南移动;2000-2020年三江平原的孤立沼泽湿地与非孤立沼泽湿地保护优先性强度均呈降低趋势,孤立沼泽湿地降低的幅度较大;保护区外孤立沼泽湿地的保护优先性强度高于保护区内孤立沼泽湿地。基于孤立沼泽湿地变化规律、驱动力和保护优先性评价结果,提出三江平原孤立沼泽湿地的保护策略,即对现有重要孤立沼泽湿地进行优先保护,对已丧失的重要孤立沼泽湿地进行恢复。加强保护区外孤立沼泽湿地的保护力度,特别是保护区外6km缓冲区内的孤立沼泽湿地保护。     

尤溪县生物多样性保护优先地区分析

选择人类活动频繁的常绿阔叶林林区具有代表性的福建尤溪县进行了生物多样性保护的优先性分析。在多次实地调查基础上,利用野生动物野外实地样带调查数据,已有的珍稀淑危鸟,兽和植物物种的分布资料,同时结合利用地理信息系统软件ARC/INFO数字化1：10万林相图和1：5万地形图,建立了基于GIS的尤溪县生物多样性信息系统,然后根据物种多样性,珍稀濒危物种保护和生态系统保护目标,确立了保护优先性分析原则,即珍稀濒危物种尽可能包含在保护区和保护小区内,同时在优先保护区尽可能包含更多的其它物种,用最新的森林分布图及调查物种分布与生境关系,生态系统在保护物种与生态系统功能等方面的作用等,提出了生态系统的保护优先地区,将提出保护优先地区与已建保护小区和保护点分布图进行叠加分析表明,保护小区和保护点的方法是保护珍稀濒危物种的有效方法,但是需要考虑保护小区之间的联系,在对大型哺乳动物保护时需要建立面积较大的自然保护区,最后,提出了建立自然保护区规划。     

海南岛淡水龟类区系特点及保护优先性分析

海南岛是我国淡水龟类分布较为集中、物种丰富度高、动物区系独特的地区,已知的淡水龟有2科8属11种,占全国淡水龟种数(24种)的46％。海南岛淡水龟物种密度为3．2种／10^4km^2,均为东洋界成分,其中华南区种4种,占36．4％;华中-华南区共有的种7种,占63．6％;海南特有种2种,占岛内淡水龟种数的18．2％。海南岛淡水龟占华南地区淡水龟种数(19种)的57．9％。海南与广东、广西和香港的淡水龟类区系关系也十分密切,与它们的生物相似值分别为0．76、0．64和0．47。目前,中国75％的淡水龟类濒危,海南岛81．8％的淡水龟类濒危。分析表明,海南岛应是我国淡水龟类资源优先保育的地区。     

长江流域稀有濒危植物特征及其优先保护等级

长江流域共有１２７ 种列入《中国植物红皮书》的稀有濒危植物。其中,具有较高经济价值的松科、木兰科、樟科、毛茛科等４ 个科的植物占１／３ 强;以森林为生境的稀有濒危植物占６６．９３％ ;因生境丧失而受威胁的植物达７１ ．６５ ％ 。长江流域稀有濒危植物形成了２ 区＋６ 片的地理分布格局：川西滇北和四川盆地盆周山地的２ 区的地貌多为高山峡谷,东部平原丘陵区出现的６ 个稀有濒危植物分布片都在片断化后形成的山地森林区。表明人类干扰是长江流域植物受威胁的主要原因,保护森林成为保护长江流域稀有濒危植物的主要途径。以种群数≤１０ 个作为判定植物是否属于濒危这一级的条件之一基本符合《中国植物红皮书》的标准。长江流域的稀有濒危植物可分为５个优先保护等级,其中,８ 种仅有１ 个种群的本区特有植物为第一优先保护对象,必须尽快采取有效措施加以保护     

基于贵州省兰科植物丰富度与分布特征的保护优先区研究

为研究贵州省野生兰科植物及生物多样性保护空缺,以全省兰科植物作为指示物种,结合GIS软件分析其丰富度和分布特征,运用Dobson算法筛选县(区、市)域保护优先区,并与已建自然保护区叠加分析.结果表明:贵州兰科植物以省相对边缘地带较丰富,其中南部高于北部,西部高于东部;800～1200 m海拔段包含了贵州省兰科植物种类的...     

蒙古扁桃植物的潜在地理分布及居群保护优先性

基于野外调查的分布数据,利用GIS技术与生态位模型(MAXENT)模拟、分析、揭示第三纪孑遗、濒危蒙古扁桃植物在亚洲中部荒漠区的潜在地理分布、格局及驱动因子。并将模拟得到的蒙古扁桃在不同地区的平均潜在发生概率与研究区的土地利用数据(主要公路、铁路及县、地市级居民点用地)叠加,进行缓冲分析,以鉴别该濒危植物的保护区面积,进而确定各居群的保护优先性。结果表明:(1)蒙古扁桃的潜在分布都集中在蒙古的南戈壁省及东戈壁省、我国内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市、阿拉善左旗、鄂尔多斯高原、锡林郭勒盟西部、河西走廊中部及东部、宁夏回族自治区北部及陕西省北部,以及河北省北部的部分地区;(2)反映极端气候条件的极端最低温度和最暖季降水量主要控制了蒙古扁桃的潜在分布;(3)定量评价了人类活动对蒙古扁桃适生生境的干扰,获得的核心保护区、缓冲区可以较好地指导该植物的原地保护和不同居群的保护优先性。     

基于系统保护规划的海河流域湿地保护优先格局与保护空缺识别

以海河流域为研究对象,依托系统保护规划的理论、方法和技术手段,建立气候-地貌-湿地生态地理综合分类单元,并将此单元作为宏观尺度湿地生物多样性的替代单元,同时以湿地水鸟作为物种尺度的指示物种,综合考虑道路、居民点等社会因素,确定了海河流域湿地保护优先格局及保护空缺。研究结果表明：湿地结构上,现有保护体系中仅滨海湿地受保护比例较高,经系统保护规划优后,湿地保护比例可达28.55%,保护面积达36.55 km²;在空间分布上,仅徒骇马颊河水系目前得到较好的保护,建议对滦河及冀东沿海区域及海河流域南北水系通过设立保护小区和建立湿地公园等方式加强保护。研究结果可为海河流域湿地保护体系调整提供参考,为湿地、非湿地生态系统的整合优化提供有益启示。     

中国东北受威胁植物的优先保护区域

在确定中国东北地区受威胁植物的基础上,依据植物优先保护值确定受威胁植物的优先保护区域.结果表明:中国东北地区共有受威胁植物25科42属60种.在东北地区219个县(市)中,共119个县(市)分布有受威胁植物.吉林省安图县是东北地区拥有受威胁植物最多的县,有受威胁植物42种.确定吉林省安图县、辽宁省桓仁满族自治县等16县(市)为东北地区受威胁植物优先保护县(市).根据受威胁植物的优先保护区域值,划分出中国东北地区的5个优先保护区域,分别为长白山优先保护区、辽东优先保护区、辽南优先保护区、张广才岭优先保护区和小兴安岭优先保护区,并对各优先保护区的主要受威胁植物进行了分析.     

全球200:确定大尺度生物多样性优先保护的一种方法

生物多样性保护的优先性研究成为保护生物学研究的焦点之一,“全球２００”是世界自然基金会确立的旨在拯救地球上急剧损失的生物多样性优先保护区域的清单,是确定大尺度生物多样性优先保护的一种方法。本文介绍了“全球２００”的研究方法,分析了在应用中存在中存在的问题,着重讨论了“全球２００”中涉及到中国的部分以及它们与中国目前的生物多样性保护关键地区的异同。     

Biodiversity,biological uncertainty,and setting conservation priorities

In a world of massive extinctions where not all taxa can be saved, how ought biologists to decide their preservation priorities? When biologists make recommendations regarding conservation, should their analyses be based on scientific criteria, on public or lay criteria, on economic or some other criteria? As a first step in answering this question, we examine the issue of whether biologists ought to try to save the endangered Florida panther, a well known “glamour” taxon. To evaluate the merits of panther preservation, we examine three important arguments of biologists who are skeptical about the desirability of panther preservation. These arguments are (1) that conservation dollars ought to be spent in more efficient ways than panther preservation; (2) that biologists and conservationists ought to work to preserve species before subspecies; and (3) that biologists and conservationists ought to work to save habitats before species or subspecies. We conclude that, although all three arguments are persuasive, none of them provides convincing grounds for foregoing panther preservation in favor of other, more scientifically significant conservation efforts. Our conclusion is based, in part, on the argument that biologists ought to employ ethical, as well as scientific, rationality in setting conservation priorities and that ethical rationality may provide persuasive grounds for preserving taxa that often are not viewed by biologists as of great importance.     

Developing regional conservation priorities using red lists: a hypothetical example from the Swiss lowlands

This paper investigates how different prioritizations of species for conservation can affect both the number of breeding individuals that receive protection and the distribution of conservation attention among different types of habitat. I use as a study example three red lists of the avifauna of Kanton Zürich in northern Switzerland. Species are weighted based on their placement in different red list categories to represent differences in species' relative conservation value. I examine how these weightings affect the number of breeding pairs benefiting from increasing conservation effort. Conservation effort is defined as the number of ranked land parcels that receive conservation attention, be it through habitat enhancement, protection, or other measures. I rank parcels' conservation value based on the number of weighted breeding pairs estimated for each parcel. Not surprisingly, the number of category-1, -2 and -3 breeding pairs that receive benefits varies greatly when different red lists are used. Changes in the relative conservation value of species in different categories influences both the number of breeding pairs and the number of parcels to receive conservation attention. The effect of increasing conservation effort on the number of breeding pairs and the proportion of each landscape type receiving attention also vary when different red lists and relative conservation values are used to determine conservation priorities. Use of the official red list published by a governmental body (Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern, Switzerland) results in more emphasis on conservation in agricultural landscape than did use of either of the other two lists. The process of prioritization of sites for conservation should evaluate the effects of variation in both the relative conservation value of species and species categorization that may arise due to incomplete data and variation in opinion.     

Macrofungi diversity in cork-oak and holm-oak forests in Andalusia (southern Spain); an efficient parameter for establishing priorities for its evaluation and conservation

In this work, the fungal diversity of holm-oak and cork-oak woodlands in southern Spain is studied in order to analyse the macrofungi component and its ecological characteristics, as well as to establish priorities for its conservation. For this, we have compiled published as well as unpublished data, and applied compositional analysis and statistical methods (basic statistics, non-parametric and multivariate analyses). Priority areas were selected based on complementarity analysis. As a result, 838 taxa were recorded, 78.6% in cork-oak and 76.4% in holm-oak forests, with 55.1% in common. The ratio of mycorrhizal to saprophitic species indicated that cork-oak woodlands present a higher diversity and conservation degree of its macrofungal community than holm-oak woodlands, since the mycorrhizal component is more important for the conservation of these forests (due to nutritional relations). Both forests types appear well differentiated in the multivariate analysis. In the complementarity analysis, with only one site, we recorded 40% of the total species encountered. The percentage increased to 80% with four sites. This type of approach, by highlighting the important areas for conservation of fungal diversity, constitutes a powerful tool to optimise conservation efforts.     

Governance factors in the identification of global conservation priorities for mammals

Global conservation priorities have often been identified based on the combination of species richness and threat information. With the development of the field of systematic conservation planning, more attention has been given to conservation costs. This leads to prioritizing developing countries, where costs are generally low and biodiversity is high. But many of these countries have poor governance, which may result in ineffective conservation or in larger costs than initially expected. We explore how the consideration of governance affects the selection of global conservation priorities for the world's mammals in a complementarity-based conservation prioritization. We use data on Control of Corruption (Worldwide Governance Indicators project) as an indicator of governance effectiveness, and gross domestic product per capita as an indicator of cost. We show that, while core areas with high levels of endemism are always selected as important regardless of governance and cost values, there are clear regional differences in selected sites when biodiversity, cost or governance are taken into account separately. Overall, the analysis supports the concentration of conservation efforts in most of the regions generally considered of high priority, but stresses the need for different conservation approaches in different continents owing to spatial patterns of governance and economic development.     

The key elements of a comprehensive global mammal conservation strategy

A global strategy is necessary to achieve the level of coordination, synergy and therefore optimization of resources to achieve the broad goal of conserving mammals worldwide. Key elements for the development of such a strategy include: an institutional subject that owns the strategy; broad conservation goals, quantitative targets derived from them and appropriate indicators; data on the distribution of species, their threats, the cost-effectiveness of conservation actions; and a set of methods for the identification of conservation priorities. Previous global mammal research investigated phylogeny, extinction risk, and the species and areas that should be regarded as global conservation priorities. This theme issue presents new key elements: an updated Red List Index, a new list of evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species, new high-resolution mammal distribution models, a global connectivity analysis and scenarios of future mammal distribution based on climate and land-cover change. Area prioritization schemes account for mammalian phylogeny, governance and cost-benefit of measures to abate habitat loss. Three discussion papers lay the foundations for the development of a global unifying mammal conservation strategy, which should not be further deterred by the knowledge gaps still existing.     

The conservation of declining butterfly populations in Britain and Europe: priorities, problems and successes

The status, ecology and conservation of butterflies in Europe and Britain are reviewed, as a background to the National Trust's past and future contribution to British conservation. Britain has a poor butterfly fauna by European standards, the main areas of endemism and species richness being in the Alps and southern Europe. To date, the main declines among European butterfly populations have occurred across central-northern Europe, with slightly higher extinction rates in mainland countries than in Britain. The main causes of decline are biotope destruction, the loss of certain species' habitats within surviving semi-natural biotopes due to changed land management, and a failure by several species to track the patches of their habitat that are still being generated in modern fragmented landscapes. Until recently, most conservation programmes failed to take account of the latter two factors, resulting in many local extinctions of rare butterfly species even in conservation areas. Recent measures have been much more successful; many were first tested on National Trust properties.     

Setting priorities for the conservation of terrestrial vertebrates in Hungary

The first step towards the preservation of endangered species is to establish an appropriate ranking system, which assigns different nature conservation priority scores to different taxa. The system developed by Millsap et al. (Wildlife Monograph 1990, 111: 1–57) has been modified and applied to the mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian species of Hungary. Three variable groups have been compiled, including eight (measuring biological characteristics), three (features of the Hungarian population) and five (evaluation of research and conservation actions) variables, respectively. In cooperation with several experts, we gave scores to all 379 taxa considered. The most endangered taxon proved to be the Hungarian Meadow Viper (Vipera ursinii rakosiensis), which occurs only in Hungary with just a few hundred individuals. The species rank depends on the availability and quality of data, so it is urgent to devote more effort to survey and monitoring projects. We present a possible application of the species list, where the taxa are grouped according to their legal status in Hungary (strictly protected, protected, partly protected and not protected), and the validity of this categorisation was tested by applying multivariate discriminant analysis. Only 58.36% of the species were correctly classified. The reasons for stronger than expected protection include popularity, attractiveness, and local rarity, while reasons for lower protection include preference for hunting and control of predators and pests.     

Determination of conservation priorities in regions with multiple political jurisdictions

Red lists serve as the most prominent tool for priority setting in applied conservation, even though they were not originally designed for this task. Hence, threat status does not always reflect actual conservation needs and can be very different from actual conservation priorities. Therefore, red lists may at best be a suboptimal tool for setting conservation priorities in a country or region. As a response, a range of alternative or complementary tools have been developed, with approaches, methods, and parameters such as population decline, population center etc. used, differing widely among countries. One recent development is the combination of conservation status with a measure of the international importance of a population in a focal region for the global survival of a species. Here, we provide a new method that integrates the two concepts while keeping them conceptually separate. The main benefit of this method is that it can be applied across variable geographical scales such as regions, countries, and even continents. Furthermore, it allows for better recommendations for applied conservation and conservation policy development than the two concepts in isolation. Our method, if applied internationally, would allow for a standardized priority setting in species conservation, would be highly comparable between countries, and would lead to a more efficient use of the limited financial and human resources for monitoring and conservation of biodiversity.     

海南岛生物多样性保护优先区评价与系统保护规划

选择海南岛140个濒危物种为指示物种,在物种栖息地评价的基础上,利用系统保护规划工具MARXAN模型进行迭代运算,提出了海南岛生物多样性保护优先区域,并对保护优先区进行评价.结果表明:海南岛保护优先区面积5383.7km2,占海南岛陆地面积的15.6%,集中分布于鹦哥岭、尖峰岭、五指山等林区和北部湿地;在保护优先区中,11个I级指示物种栖息地的保护比例均超过各自栖息地总面积的65%.通过对保护优先区与现有自然保护区的空缺分析,建议扩充尖峰岭保护区群、鹦哥岭-黎母山保护区群、五指山-吊罗山保护区群;新建抱龙林场-林鼻岭-福万岭保护体系;在海南岛北部建立以水源保护为主,同时兼顾珍稀物种保护的水源地保护带.