影响肺炎链球菌感受态形成的双组分系统

肺炎链球菌在生长过程中可自发形成感受态,从而改变自身的毒力和生存能力,以适应环境的变化。肺炎链球菌的部分双组分系统与其感受态形成密切相关,对相关双组分系统的研究可为进一步探索肺炎链球菌感受态形成机制、深入理解肺炎链球菌的致病机制和耐药机制提供理论依据。     

自然感染途径建立肺炎链球菌感染性肺炎小鼠模型

目的探索自然感染途径制备肺炎链球菌感染性肺炎小鼠模型的方法,为肺炎链球菌性肺炎的相关研究提供实验基础。方法肺炎链球菌标准菌株(CMCC 31203)经血平板培养18 h后配成2麦氏浊度。小鼠浅麻醉状态下,破损鼻黏膜,滴注一定量肺炎链球菌菌液。于3、7、14和21 d分别处死小鼠,取肺脏进行组织病理学观察,确定肺炎小鼠模型制备的最佳方式。结果鼻黏膜破损组小鼠3 d时肺泡间隔内毛细血管扩张,肺泡腔内以红细胞和纤维素渗出为主;7 d时病变以纤维素和中性粒细胞浸润为主;14 d时肺泡腔内渗出减少,炎症开始减轻;21 d时肺脏外观趋于正常,肺泡腔内渗出物质基本溶解吸收。结论以3×107CFU的肺炎链球菌菌液通过破损的鼻黏膜感染7 d时可以制备出比较典型、稳定的肺炎小鼠模型。     

肺炎链球菌疫苗的研究进展

肺炎链球菌疫苗研制对于肺炎链球菌感染的防治具有重要意义。常见的荚膜多糖疫苗存在很大缺陷,需要更为有效的疫苗来替代。本文综述肺炎链球菌疫苗研制中的一些进展,包括结合疫苗的研制、几种公认的蛋白疫苗因子的研究进展和新的蛋白疫苗因子的筛选。同时还介绍肺炎链球菌疫苗研制过程中的一些新思路（联合疫苗、活疫苗、DNA疫苗）,它们是对肺炎链球菌疫苗研制方法的丰富。     

肺炎链球菌性肺炎诊断方法研究进展

肺炎链球菌是一种常见的细菌性肺炎的病原体,快速、准确的确定病原体是控制疾病的关键。本文就目前诊断肺炎链球菌性肺炎的免疫层析法、酶联免疫吸附法、胶乳颗粒凝集试验等研究进展作以简要综述。     

肺炎链球菌C多糖含量检测方法的建立

目的使用肺炎链球菌C多糖单克隆抗体(单抗),建立检测荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖含量的方法。方法选择BALB/c雌性小鼠,采用体内诱生单抗腹水,放大生产肺炎链球菌C多糖单抗;使用间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA对其进行特异性鉴定;用特异性和亲和力高的单抗尝试建立肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中C多糖含量检测的速率比浊法,并对该方法的线性、精密度、特异性进行验证。结果所制4株单抗的抗体类别均为IgM,识别的抗原表位互不相同,亲和力也不同。间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA结果均显示,所获得的单抗能够作用于肺炎链球菌C多糖上的磷酸胆碱位点,具有很好的特异性。选择单抗E8建立速率比浊检测方法的线性、精密度和特异性均良好,检测结果表明肺炎链球菌23个血清型荚膜多糖中C多糖含量不同。结论利用单抗建立了检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖的含量的速率比浊法。     

变形链球菌电击转化条件的优化研究

目的为增强对变形链球菌的电击转化效率,探索常用的胞壁弱化剂甘氨酸在电击转化中的加入模式。方法以氨苄青霉素抗性的pGL3 basic质粒作为外源DNA,通过电击转化导入变形链球菌参考株UA159内,并在选择性培养基上筛选阳性转化克隆,以优化筛选出最佳的甘氨酸加入浓度与模式,同时比较了不同电击方案转化效率的差异。结果在变形链球菌对数生长期后加入终浓度为10%的甘氨酸可有效地增强电击转化的效率;而不同的电转电压的选择对于转化效率的影响,在本实验中差异未见显著性。结论研究证实了甘氨酸作为胞壁弱化剂可增强对变形链球菌的转化效率,并优化了对变形链球菌的电击转化方案。     

中国肺炎链球菌标准菌株的筛选和建立

对我国自行分离的737株肺炎链球菌,依据生物学特性、地区分布及血清学分型进行筛选,选出297株具有典型特征的肺炎链球菌,建立了我国肺炎链球菌标准菌株。共分成42个群(型),其中有我国自行分离并保藏的二株国际上首次发现的新型10C和16A致病性肺炎链球菌,以及国际上多年来未见到的19C型、22A型和仅在亚洲分离到的33C型菌株。研究肺炎链球菌的血清学分型(群),建立标准分型菌株不仅有分类学的重要价值,而且对研究肺炎链球菌疾病的防冶具有重要意义。     

儿科痰培养肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解厦门市妇幼保健院儿科患者下呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌的耐药情况。方法对厦门市妇幼保健院2007年9月至2009年12月从儿科分离的95株肺炎链球菌用K-B纸片法检测其对青霉素等5种抗菌药物的敏感度,对耐苯唑西林的菌株用E-test法检测青霉素和头孢曲松的MIC值。结果95株肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,耐药率分别为97.9%、96.8%,对左氧氟沙星几乎敏感,未检出耐万古霉素菌株。E-test法测试青霉素不敏感率为58.9%（56株）,头孢曲松敏感率为93.7%（89株）。ermB因介导的红霉素耐药菌株92株,占98.9%,mefE基因介导的红霉素耐药仅1株（1.1%）。结论厦门市妇幼保健院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药严重,PNSP检出率较高（58.9%）,对红霉素、克林霉素高度耐药,临床应尽量减少此类药物的经验性用药,依据药敏结果选择抗菌药物进行治疗。     

肺炎链球菌及其多糖菌苗

<正>一、一般情况 肺炎链球菌(Strep Pneuwmoniac)又名肺炎双球菌,为链球菌科的链球菌属中的一种。为1881年由巴斯德首先分离出,之后美国Stornberg也报导了。肺炎链球菌对成人主要引起大叶性肺炎,对婴幼儿引起中耳炎。它引起的肺炎是一种呼吸道常见的急性传染病,在化脓性脑脊髓膜炎的病原中,它也是首要的病原菌。在正常人的口腔及鼻咽腔内,此菌经常存在形成带菌状态。在机体抵抗力下降时引起疾病,尤其是老年人及免疫缺陷病人,脾切除及脾功能障碍的病人,对本菌的感受性更高。可能与患者体内补体替代途径中某种成分的缺陷有关。 肺炎链球菌为革兰氏阳性,有荚膜,矛头状的双球菌,常排成直的短链,在含血清的肉水中弥漫地散在生长。在血琼脂上的菌落呈光滑型,其周围有一狭窄溶血环?-hemolysis为相对厌氧菌。有些菌株从临床标本分离时需要二氧化碳,加热     

肺炎链球菌5型发酵工艺的优化

目的:采用正交试验设计方法进行肺炎链球菌5型发酵工艺的研究。方法:根据正交试验设计表L9(34)设计的试验条件组合进行了9次肺炎链球菌5型的发酵,采用70升发酵罐进行发酵工艺的摸索,提取了肺炎链球菌5型荚膜多糖粗糖。结果:最佳的发酵培养条件组合为温度37℃、葡萄糖20克/升、大豆胨15克/升、pH值7.3,最佳的纯化条件组合为冷酚抽提三次、沉核酸乙醇浓度23%、超滤膜孔径50kD、最终沉糖乙醇浓度60%,在此筛选得到的最佳条件下,连续进行了5个批次肺炎链球菌5型的发酵与荚膜多糖提取,荚膜多糖粗糖的平均收率为808.6mg/L,相对标准偏差为3.84%。结论:上述发酵培养条件组合适合用于肺炎多糖疫苗的研究和生产。     

Significant variation in transformation frequency in Streptococcus pneumoniae

The naturally transformable bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is able to take up extracellular DNA and incorporate it into its genome. Maintaining natural transformation within a species requires that the benefits of transformation outweigh its costs. Although much is known about the distribution of natural transformation among bacterial species, little is known about the degree to which transformation frequencies vary within species. Here we find that there is significant variation in transformation frequency between strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from asymptomatic carriage, and that this variation is not concordant with isolate genetic relatedness. Polymorphism in the signalling system regulating competence is also not causally related to differences in transformation frequency, although this polymorphism does influence the degree of genetic admixture experienced by bacterial strains. These data suggest that bacteria can evolve new transformation frequencies over short evolutionary timescales. This facility may permit cells to balance the potential costs and benefits of transformation by regulating transformation frequency in response to environmental conditions.     

Uptake of extracellular DNA: Competence induced pili in natural transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Transport of DNA across bacterial membranes involves complex DNA uptake systems. In Gram‐positive bacteria, the DNA uptake machinery shares fundamental similarities with type IV pili and type II secretion systems. Although dedicated pilus structures, such as type IV pili in Gram‐negative bacteria, are necessary for efficient DNA uptake, the role of similar structures in Gram‐positive bacteria is just beginning to emerge. Recently two essentially very different pilus structures composed of the same major pilin protein ComGC were proposed to be involved in transformation of the Gram‐positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae – one is a long, thin, type IV pilus‐like fiber with DNA binding capacity and the other one is a pilus structure that was thicker, much shorter and not able to bind DNA. Here we discuss how competence induced pili, either by pilus retraction or by a transient pilus‐related opening in the cell wall, may mediate DNA uptake in S. pneumoniae.     

Transformation of a type 4 encapsulated strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae strain JNR.7/87 is a highly virulent, type 4 encapsulated Gram-positive bacterium whose transformability has not been tested previously, and whose genome is currently being sequenced. The strain was transformed at very low efficiency by addition of exogenous competence-stimulating peptide: However, the efficiency was too low and irreproducible to be useful in many genetic studies. Therefore, the effects on transformation efficiency of changing different components of competence-stimulating peptide-induced transformation have been examined. Screening of growth media was followed by optimization of pre-induction culture acidification, glycine concentration, and induction time. An optimized protocol was developed whereby S. pneumoniae strain JNR.7/87 was transformed reproducibly with a streptomycin resistance (SmR) marker at an efficiency of approximately 10(5) colony forming units per 10(8) cells.     

Regulation of natural genetic transformation and acquisition of transforming DNA in Streptococcus pneumoniae

The ability of pneumococci to take up naked DNA from the environment and permanently incorporate the DNA into their genome by recombination has been exploited as a valuable research tool for 80 years. From being viewed as a marginal phenomenon, it has become increasingly clear that horizontal gene transfer by natural transformation is a powerful mechanism for generating genetic diversity, and that it has the potential to cause severe problems for future treatment of pneumococcal disease. This process constitutes a highly efficient mechanism for spreading β-lactam resistance determinants between streptococcal strains and species, and also threatens to undermine the effect of pneumococcal vaccines. Fortunately, great progress has been made during recent decades to elucidate the mechanism behind natural transformation at a molecular level. Increased insight into these matters will be important for future development of therapeutic strategies and countermeasures aimed at reducing the spread of hazardous traits. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of competence regulation, DNA acquisition and the role of natural transformation in the dissemination of virulence and β-lactam resistance determinants.     

A rhesus macaque model of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage

Background Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumococcal disease. Elucidation of procedures to prevent or eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage in a model akin to the human would help to diminish the incidence of both pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Methods We conducted a survey of the nasopharynx of infant rhesus macaques from our breeding colony, in search of natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. We also attempted experimental induction of colonization, by nasopharyngeal instillation of a human S. pneumoniae strain (19F). Results None of 158 colony animals surveyed carried S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx. Colonization was induced in eight of eight infant rhesus by nasopharyngeal instillation and lasted 2 weeks in 100% of the animals and 7 weeks in more than 60%. Conclusion Rhesus macaques are probably not natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. The high rate and duration of colonization obtained in our experiments indicates that the rhesus macaque will serve as a human‐like carriage model.     

MALDI-TOF MS对肺炎链球菌鉴定与分型的应用

目的 探讨MALDI-TOF MS对肺炎链球菌鉴定和质谱分型的应用价值。方法 收集2009年1月至2013年5月温州医科大学附属第二医院临床分离的112株肺炎链球菌标本,采用Optochin敏感试验和全自动细菌分析仪对收集的菌株进行鉴定验证,并用Microflex MALDI-TOF质谱仪进行分析鉴定。根据质谱图的相似性进行细菌同源聚类树分析并构建质谱分型模型,采用荚膜肿胀试验对参与分型的菌株进行血清型比较。结果 除20株不符合检测条件之外,92株临床菌株和1株标准株经质谱分析均为肺炎链球菌,选取的60株菌株以0.5的差异水平,将60株肺炎链球菌分为18个质谱型别,在这些菌株的血清分型中有19F、19A、23F、23A、3和14六个血清型别,分布于不同的MALDI-TOF MS分型中,其中19F有18株,占30%（18/60）,分布在6种不同的MALDI-TOF MS分型中,也有3型血清型较为集中地分布于相应的MALDI-TOF MS一个型别里。结论 MALDI-TOF MS能快速、准确、简便地鉴定肺炎链球菌,且能达到种的水平。对比血清型,按照0.5差异水平,建立的18个质谱分型部分的型别与血清型有一致性,但也存有差异。     

comE基因缺陷影响肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因的表达

【目的】筛选受comE调控的肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,S.pn)体内诱导基因。【方法】通过插入失活构建基因comE缺陷的S.pn菌株,与野生菌株分别腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,经过体内诱导后取小鼠血,分离细菌提取RNA,用RT-PCR法检测13个体内诱导基因mRNA水平差异。【结果】将RT-PCR结果通过Quantity-one灰度分析,进行配对t检验,显示8个体内诱导基因在缺陷菌株和野生菌株中mRNA表达水平具有统计学差异(P0.05),其中spd-0300、spd-0414、spd-0622、spd-1663、spd-1719、spd-0235、spd-0873受转化上调,spd-1672受转化下调。【结论】筛选出受转化调控的体内诱导基因spd-0300、spd-0414、spd-0622、spd-1663、spd-1719、spd-0235、spd-0873、spd-1672,它们可能参与生长调节、温度感应、糖脂代谢等环节,表明细菌转化可通过调节某些体内诱导基因的表达来增强细菌的毒力。     

应用差异蛋白质组学的方法分析左氧氟沙星对肺炎链球菌D39的作用

应用差异蛋白质组学的方法,对肺炎链球菌D39在左氧氟沙星作用下蛋白质表达水平的变化进行了研究,利用质谱技术共鉴定到23个差异蛋白质。这些蛋白质主要参与DNA的复制、转录以及蛋白质的翻译过程,为深入了解抗生素的作用机理以及细菌的耐药机制提供重要理论基础。