鸟类对松毛虫天敌作用的探讨

松毛虫(Dendrolimns punctatus)是森林主要害虫,它给林业生产带来很大损失。因此,寻求合理的、有效的及没有副作用的防治方法,是林业植保工作急待解决的问题。 鸟类中有不少种是以昆虫为食,但在发生     

昆虫拒食剂的生物测定方法

<正> 目前国内外比较广泛采用的测定昆虫拒食剂拒食活性的方法主要有圆叶片法及改进的圆叶片法、体重法、排泄物法及电讯号法,现分述如下。 一、圆叶片法及改进的圆叶片法 如果以食叶量较大的咀嚼式口器昆虫为试虫,则可采用圆叶片法测定拒食活性。将供试样品用丙酮定溶至预定浓度(如样品难溶于丙酮,则可先用少量其它溶剂如乙醇、二甲亚砜、乙醚等溶解,再以丙酮稀释至预定浓度)。将试虫喜食的叶     

大气CO2浓度升高对森林食叶昆虫的潜在影响

评述了大气CO₂浓度升高对森林食叶昆虫的影响,昆虫对森林取食为害水平的潜在变化,以及研究中的主要实验方法.大气CO₂浓度升高通过引起叶片化学变化进而影响食叶昆虫个体的取食和生长;但物种对环境变化反应的特异性、植物化学对高浓度CO₂的反应强度、昆虫对植物生理变化的敏感性和适应性、研究周期的长短、其它环境因子的协同效应以及不同实验中植物生长条件和研究方法的差异均将影响昆虫反应的方向和强度;CO₂气体浓度增高本身可能不足以对食叶昆虫个体的新陈代谢构成影响;大气CO₂浓度升高也可能影响森林食叶昆虫种群的大小.     

赤松毛虫各龄幼虫食叶量及其食叶量的间接估计

本文研究了较易测定的排粪量、蛹重与幼虫食叶量之间的相关关系,建立了以排粪量、蛹重为自变量,间接估测赤松毛虫幼虫食叶量的回归估测模型,简化了直接测定幼虫食叶量所必需的繁杂工作。     

小兴安岭带岭林区的鸟类初步调查

森林中的鸟类是森林综合体的一个组成部分,它与森林有着密切的联系。猛禽消灭着为害森林的鼠类,食虫鸟消灭有害的昆虫,而食种子的鸟类则同时散布着天然更新所需要的种子。此外尚有许多鸟类本身具有工业价值,肉可供食用,羽毛可作为生活资料的一部分,是森林副产品中的重要产品之一。所以要了解森林,     

昆虫体内的防卫反应

<正> 昆虫生活在森林中、草原上、河川海洋里、高山峻岭的洞穴深处以及人畜的身体上,可以说是无处不有。在食性上,有植食、腐食、粪食和菌食之分。虽说它们的环境充满了各种病原菌和寄生物,但并不经常得病。众所周知,高等动物具有淋巴组织,它能产生由伽马球蛋白所组成的特种抗体,使机体产生对疾病的免疫力。可是昆虫体内缺乏这类抗体。昆虫在遇到微生物或其他寄生物侵染时,在体内可迅速地产生各种反应:主要有吞噬作用,囊状体的形成和分泌溶菌物质。也有人将上述几种反应归纳为“细胞免疫”和“体液免疫”两类。本文将简述昆虫各有关防卫反应的过程及其特点。     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林石栎叶片昆虫取食状类型和取食强度研究

在浙江天童常绿阔叶林中随机选择10株石栎（Lithocarpus glaber）大树,每株选择冠层向阳枝条2枝,取其所有成熟叶片（2332片）对昆虫取食状类型和取食强度进行了分析。结果表明,石栎叶片昆虫取食状类型多样,计有15种,但出现频度有很大不同;顶食状和缘食状的频度分别在30％以上;切叶状、连续小孔状和大孔状的频度在10％～30％：小孔状、阴面食状、叶中脉、泡状的频度在6．4％～1．5％;其余6种类型的频度〈1％。对叶片的危害程度取决于取食面积和频度,顶食状等3种类型频度高、取食面积大,对叶片的危害重;而阴面食状等11种类型取食面积较小,频度低,对叶片的危害较小;连续小孔状尽管取食频度高,但取食面积小,对叶片的危害也小。连续小孔状和切叶状之间存在显著正相关,但连续小孔食状与阴面食状之间,切叶状、连续小孔食状与小孔食状之间则存显著负相关,其它取食状之间均没有显著相关性,反映出不同昆虫类型的取食生态位关系。石栎叶片昆虫取食率为13．6％,介于温带森林和热带森林之间;但石栎叶片的昆虫取食频率64％,小于辽东栎,可能是由于防御机制上的差异所至;此外,石栎叶片昆虫取食强度还受到植株本身因素和小生境等因素的影响。     

昆虫多样性三十年研究进展

当前, 全球昆虫数量和多样性均处于下降趋势, 而导致这一趋势的原因主要包括人为干扰及气候变化。本文基于森林、草地、农业、水生和土壤生态系统, 以植食性、访花、捕食性、寄生性、食果以及食腐昆虫为重点功能昆虫群, 综述了近三十年来国内外昆虫多样性研究领域的主要进展, 并分析了发展趋势。近年来, 昆虫多样性的研究维度不断拓展, 形态多样性研究不断深入, 系统发生多样性、功能多样性和遗传多样性等研究也显著加强。此外, 昆虫多样性研究的空间尺度也逐步扩大, 大尺度区域性研究甚至全球范围的调查持续增长。昆虫进化历史也被引入多样性格局研究中, 并随着系统发生信息学方法的普及而被整合到生态系统建成和生物多样性形成机制研究中。未来需要加强关键昆虫类群整合分类学研究、功能性状多样性、林冠昆虫多样性、互作网络结构等方向的研究。     

谈谈昆虫资源的利用

近年来,人们除了热衷于传统的养蜂、养蚕外,又出现了饲养昆虫热,养虫业可说是方兴未艾,其用途涉及食品、医药、生物防治、工业原料、观赏工艺品、科学与仿生等方面。世界各国不断加大开发和利用昆虫资源的力度,取得了巨大的成果。本文对昆虫资源的开发和利用在１７个方面进行简述,希望能对昆虫的研究、饲养和利用有所裨益。１昆虫食品古今中外,食虫记载早已有之。我国早在２０００多年前的《周礼》中就有食蚂蚁的记载;利比亚的惹沙末尼斯人公元前５世纪也有食蝗虫的记载;在北京召开中国昆虫学会成立５０周年暨学术讨论会之际,柞蚕…     

食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互作用和协同进化关系

食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间是捕食和被捕食的关系,夜行性昆虫是食虫蝙蝠主要的食物来源。在漫长的协同进化中,蝙蝠施加的捕食压力导致夜行性昆虫一系列特征的进化,其中一部分昆虫进化出能听到蝙蝠的超声波信号并采取逃跑行为或者能通过其它方式躲避蝙蝠,同时昆虫的适应性特征同样影响着蝙蝠的回声定位和捕食策略。本文从蝙蝠捕食昆虫的种类、昆虫对蝙蝠捕食的反应和食虫性蝙蝠对昆虫防卫的适应对策等三个方面对食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互关系进行了概述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.