增汇型气候保护的经济影响模拟分析

目前,将增汇作为气候保护的手段已在世界上引起了广泛重视。那么,增汇的经济可行性如何呢?我们认为,在经济发展的前提下,这个问题需要在宏观经济一般均衡的框架内进行讨论。针对这个问题,本文提出了对增汇型气候保护的经济影响进行评估的技术路线,建立了动态宏观经济分析模型进行模拟分析,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

国际参与下的全球气候保护策略可行性模拟

控制全球二氧化碳含量在 2050年前不超过500ml/m3和在2010年全球平均升温不超过2℃是当前国际气候保护的热点问题.建立了一个全球性的包含GDP溢出机制和技术进步作用的RICE类型模型,以分析全球合作减排的配额公平性和方案有效性.研究结果表明,为了将2050年全球二氧化碳浓度控制在500ml/m3,以"人均排放权均等"的原则进行国际碳排放权配额分配时,以1861年为历史排放起点会导致发达国家与发展中国家在可使用配额上产生极大悬殊,不易在国际谈判中被接受.Stern的减排方案能虽能较显著地将2100年升温幅度控制在2℃以内,但是,该方案的实施使发展中国家将损失相对较多的经济收益用于支付减排的成本.相比之下较优的国际减排方案为:至2050年,发达国家的排放水平比1990年降低80%,中国、俄罗斯和世界其他国家从2020年之后开始减排,至2050年,中国比2005年排放水平降低25%,俄罗斯比2005年排放水平降低30%,世界其他地区比2005年排放水平增加量不超出30%.     

CO2排放控制的动态宏观经济模拟分析

以 Nordhaus- Pizer模型和 L eimbach模型为基础 ,在新经济增长理论框架下 ,发展了一个气候保护分析的宏观经济动态模型 ,模拟分析了不同削减水平下我国温室气体排放的对我国 GDP增长和社会福利的影响 ,数值模拟发现 :如果不推动减排 ,我国经济增长到 2 0 2 5年左右将失去优势。如果中国适当参加减排 ,采用每年控制少排放 0 .2 %的水平 ,到 2 0 5 0年相对不控制将少排放 1 0 % ,对中国经济发展最为有利 ,对全球气候保护也是一个贡献     

基于气候适宜度的东北地区春玉米发育期模拟模型

以春玉米的生理生态发育过程为基础,基于作物生理发育时间恒定原理,建立了可推广应用的作物发育期模拟模型.本文充分考虑光、温、水对作物生育进程的综合影响,设计了基于气候适宜度来动态确定作物生理发育日数的算法,为模型的大范围推广应用奠定了基础.利用东北地区农业气象站2009、2010年观测资料对模型进行了分析和验证,模型运行结果与实际观测情况比较吻合,全生育期的均方根误差(root mean square error,简称RMSE)为3.8d,营养生长阶段发育期模拟结果的相关系数在0.84以上,生殖生长阶段发育期模拟结果的相关系数在0.77以上.模型生物学意义明确、精度较高、数据易获、可操作性强,能够在农业气象业务服务中应用于玉米生育进程的模拟与预测.     

中国增汇型气候保护政策实施对经济的影响

系统地给出了中国实施增汇型CO2减排政策对宏观经济影响的模拟结果,所采用的模拟系统包括基于Pizer,Demeter,Zwaan工作发展的中国气候保护决策支持系统和中国经济可计算一般均衡(CGE)系统。研究结果表明,增汇型气候保护政策较其他单一的气候保护政策更有利于国家经济安全;虽然增汇型气候保护政策在短期内会对国家GDP产出造成影响,但从长远角度看,增汇型气候保护将带动经济的发展,是一项值得推广的减排政策。同时,发现中国实行每年增加4%的碳汇和实施4%能源替代以减少CO2排放控制率,辅助于0.2%的生产型CO2排放控制率,如果能够促进世界其它地区到2050年减排1990年的10%的CO,是一个合适的方案。     

气候保护支出对中国经济安全的影响模拟

以德国学者Leimbach建立的气候保护支出模式为基础。对模式和参数作了一些修改,在假设中国经济一直保持稳定发展的前提下,模拟分析了不同削减水平下我国温室气候排放的轨迹,总产出中用于气候保护的开支以及在不同减排目标下的社会福利状况,在模拟分析的过程中,共假设了3种可能的减排目标,CO2排放量比1990年有所增加,CO2排放量保持在1990年的水平,CO2排入量逐年下降,在这3种减排目标的基础上,模拟计算出总产出用于气候保护的支出,最后得出结论,随着减排目标的上升,对气候保护的投入也就越大,居民对生活满意的程度也随之下降,但是不会构成国家经济不安全。     

三峡库区森林植被气候生产力模拟

收集三峡库区森林资源二类调查资料及气候数据,在建立森林植被地理信息系统基础上,开展了三峡库区森林气候生产力的模拟,分析库区森林植被可能生产力,并对不同气候变化情景下的森林生产力可能变化进行了预测。结果表明:(1)各种森林类型的气候生产力与年均实际蒸散量均表现出了较强相关性,建立的4种森林植被的气候生产力模式,模型相关系数都达到极显著水平;(2)假设了5种气候变化情景分析库区森林气候生产力的可能响应,常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林及针阔混交林对温度或降水变化表现出正向变化,在温度增加2℃、降水增加20%的情况下,其生产力增幅分别达到24.34%、22.50%和15.98%;常绿针叶林生产力对气候变化的响应方向与此相反,在温度与降水同时增加情景下其生产力减幅达5.55%。     

基于MaxEnt模型的川西高原松茸气候生态适宜性与潜在分布

通过野外实地调查,结合文献中松茸分布数据,采用生态位因子分析和最大熵模型对川西高原松茸的分布规律及适生区范围进行模拟和验证,分析气候因子与动态分布之间的关系,预测未来松茸适生区的变化.结果表明:模型训练集和验证集曲线下面积(AUC)值均＞0.90,模型预测结果极准确.影响松茸潜在分布的环境变量主要有最冷月最低温度、最冷...     

基于MaxEnt模型的中国鲜食杏气候适宜性区划

基于中国鲜食杏地理分布数据和1981—2020年全国2303个气象站点的逐日气象观测数据,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和GIS技术,在综合考虑热量条件、水分条件、光照条件、耐受极端天气/灾害程度、地形条件等自然要素的基础上,确定了影响中国鲜食杏地理分布的主导环境因子,根据自然断点分级法将中国鲜食杏气候适宜性划分为高适宜区、较适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区4个等级,厘定不同区划等级的主导环境因子阈值。结果表明：影响我国鲜食杏地理分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、海拔、春霜冻概率和最冷月平均气温;鲜食杏种植的适生区主要集中在华北、黄土高原、西北和西南地区,与我国鲜食杏地理标志产品的产地吻合较好,其中鲜食杏的高适宜区集中分布在我国的黄土高原、黄河故道和环渤海湾地区。本研究可为合理规划我国鲜食杏生产布局提供科学依据。     

Global inequities between polluters and the polluted: climate change impacts on coral reefs

For many ecosystem services, it remains uncertain whether the impacts of climate change will be mostly negative or positive and how these changes will be geographically distributed. These unknowns hamper the identification of regional winners and losers, which can influence debate over climate policy. Here, we use coral reefs to explore the spatial variability of climate stress by modelling the ecological impacts of rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification, two important coral stressors associated with increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We then combine these results with national per capita emissions to quantify inequities arising from the distribution of cause (CO₂ emissions) and effect (stress upon reefs) among coral reef countries. We find pollution and coral stress are spatially decoupled, creating substantial inequity of impacts as a function of emissions. We then consider the implications of such inequity for international climate policy. Targets for GHG reductions are likely to be tied to a country's emissions. Yet within a given level of GHG emissions, our analysis reveals that some countries experience relatively high levels of impact and will likely experience greater financial cost in terms of lost ecosystem productivity and more extensive adaptation measures. We suggest countries so disadvantaged be given access to international adaptation funds proportionate with impacts to their ecosystem. We raise the idea that funds could be more equitably allocated by formally including a metric of equity within a vulnerability framework.     

基于SPEI的北京低频干旱与气候指数关系

干旱是北京地区发生最频繁、波及面积最大、持续时间最长的一种自然灾害。基于1868—2010年每月的降水和平均气温数据,应用综合了降水和气温变化共同效应的新的干旱指标标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量描述北京地区的干湿状况,并利用历史旱灾记录对其进行验证;采用连续小波转换(CWT)分析近150 a来的干旱振荡特征,并利用交叉小波变换(XWT)探论了干旱与大尺度气候因子之间的关系。结果表明:1)SPEI揭示的干旱与历史记录比较吻合,证明该指数可以在多时间尺度上有效地反映北京地区旱涝程度及其持续时间;2)北京地区干旱具有80—120个月年际尺度和250个月、480个月年代际尺度的周期振荡,呈现了同大尺度气候因子相似的变化特征;3)北京干旱变化与四大气候因子存在着多时间尺度的显著相关性,SPEI和北大西洋涛动(NAO)、北极涛动(AO)、太平洋涛动(PDO)都具有100—120个月和250个月的年代际主共振周期,而SPEI和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)在整个研究期内都表现出极显著的32—64个月年际主共振周期,同时SPEI与4个气候因子在共振周期上均体现出比较明确的时滞特征(2—6月不等)。因此,可以基于大尺度气象因子结合SPEI预测北京地区未来的干旱变化。     

Modeling climate change impacts on overwintering bald eagles

Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are recovering from severe population declines, and are exerting pressure on food resources in some areas. Thousands of bald eagles overwinter near Puget Sound, primarily to feed on chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) carcasses. We used modeling techniques to examine how anticipated climate changes will affect energetic demands of overwintering bald eagles. We applied a regional downscaling method to two global climate change models to obtain hourly temperature, precipitation, wind, and longwave radiation estimates at the mouths of three Puget Sound tributaries (the Skagit, Hamma Hamma, and Nisqually rivers) in two decades, the 1970s and the 2050s. Climate data were used to drive bald eagle bioenergetics models from December to February for each river, year, and decade. Bald eagle bioenergetics were insensitive to climate change: despite warmer winters in the 2050s, particularly near the Nisqually River, bald eagle food requirements declined only slightly (<1%). However, the warming climate caused salmon carcasses to decompose more rapidly, resulting in 11% to 14% less annual carcass biomass available to eagles in the 2050s. That estimate is likely conservative, as it does not account for decreased availability of carcasses due to anticipated increases in winter stream flow. Future climate-driven declines in winter food availability, coupled with a growing bald eagle population, may force eagles to seek alternate prey in the Puget Sound area or in more remote ecosystems.     

The impact investigation and adaptation strategy analysis of climate change on nature reserve in China

Nature reserve has been served as the important pathway for biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. Global climate change is an indisputable fact and impacted the biodiversity and nature reserve. How nature reserves adapt to climate change has drawn more and more concerns. This research conducted questionnaires of 68 national nature reserves from 24 provincial regions, and the questionnaires showed that all surveyed nature reserves experienced climate change, and 68.57%, 61.43% and 68.57% of nature reserves, respectively, considered warming temperature, precipitation change, and occurrence of extreme climate events as new threats to them. These new factors directly threat the distribution range and survival of endangered species, change of ecosystem function, enhance of pest and disease damages, and directed damage the infrastructures. However, most of the surveyed nature reserves did not consider the systematic monitoring the facts of climate change, and lack actions and strategies of initiative adaptation to climate change. At last, we proposed the strategies for nature reserves to adapt to climate change, including enhancing the monitoring on the impact of climate change, making scientific planning and designing for development of nature reserves, decreasing the pressure through sustainable development, and enhancing the scientific research and the investment to improve the ability of nature reserves to adapt to climate change.     

人工绿洲对夏季气候变化趋势的影响

在绿洲的气候环境效应方面 ,此前的研究主要是基于个别地点的短期 (几天或几个月 )观测资料进行对比 ,分析绿洲与荒漠之间的要素差异和能量交换机制。通过细致筛选那些观测环境变化小、人口密度低、没有进行大规模水土开发地区的气象站 ,建立了反映背景变化的气候序列 ,同时选择不同地区的气象站建立了绿洲气候序列 ,分析背景与绿洲在气温、降水、水汽压、蒸发、风速等 9个气候因子近 5 0 a来气候趋势变化率的差异 ,研究绿洲发展对长年代气候变化的综合影响。结果表明 ,绿洲发展产生的气候环境效应在影响局部地区长期气候变化趋势方面是十分明显的。在夏季 ,绿洲平均气温的增温变化趋势要小于背景变化趋势 ,有些绿洲地区如吐 -善 -托盆地和叶尔羌河流域绿洲气温变化趋势还略呈下降趋势。绿洲地区对最高气温的变化趋势有着明显的抑制作用。其中 ,叶尔羌河流域绿洲和塔里木河中游地区绿洲最高气温变化趋势略呈下降趋势。绿洲地区对最低气温上升的变化趋势有一定的加强影响 ,绿洲效应使日较差正在变的越来越小。夏季绿洲对空中水汽压的增加十分明显 ,使蒸发潜力变得越来越弱 ,对降水有一定程度的增加作用。绿洲效应最为显著的一个方面是风速的变化 ,绿洲使平均风速和大风日数大幅度减少     

Regional and global climate risks for reef corals: Incorporating species-specific vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards

Climate change is driving rapid and widespread erosion of the environmental conditions that formerly supported species persistence. Existing projections of climate change typically focus on forecasts of acute environmental anomalies and global extinction risks. The current projections also frequently consider all species within a broad taxonomic group together without differentiating species-specific patterns. Consequently, we still know little about the explicit dimensions of climate risk (i.e., species-specific vulnerability, exposure and hazard) that are vital for predicting future biodiversity responses (e.g., adaptation, migration) and developing management and conservation strategies. Here, we use reef corals as model organisms (n = 741 species) to project the extent of regional and global climate risks of marine organisms into the future. We characterise species-specific vulnerability based on the global geographic range and historical environmental conditions (1900–1994) of each coral species within their ranges, and quantify the projected exposure to climate hazard beyond the historical conditions as climate risk. We show that many coral species will experience a complete loss of pre-modern climate analogs at the regional scale and across their entire distributional ranges, and such exposure to hazardous conditions are predicted to pose substantial regional and global climate risks to reef corals. Although high-latitude regions may provide climate refugia for some tropical corals until the mid-21st century, they will not become a universal haven for all corals. Notably, high-latitude specialists and species with small geographic ranges remain particularly vulnerable as they tend to possess limited capacities to avoid climate risks (e.g., via adaptive and migratory responses). Predicted climate risks are amplified substantially under the SSP5-8.5 compared with the SSP1-2.6 scenario, highlighting the need for stringent emission controls. Our projections of both regional and global climate risks offer unique opportunities to facilitate climate action at spatial scales relevant to conservation and management.     

Reconstruction of climate change during the Holocene in western and central Europe based on pollen records of indicator species

On the basis of distribution maps showing the first pollen occurrences in the Holocene of the well-known climate indicators Hedera, Ilex and Viscum as well as data for Corylus, a series of maps have been prepared that show summer and winter isotherms at various time intervals during the Holocene. From these maps climate curves for Amsterdam, the Netherlands have been set out. These were compared with curves for the Eemian at the same site. In both of these warm periods there is evidence for increased seasonality in the early phases which were relatively continental. Changes in insolation could account for such differences. Summer optima occurred earlier than winter optima. Changes in land-sea distribution are important, especially with regard to the patterns in winter climate. During the latter half of the Eemian, the climate was distinctly more oceanic than in the Holocene. Early in the Holocene, an influx of warm ocean water resulted in higher winter temperatures in the Gulf of Biscay, the Irish Sea, and areas east of Skagerrak-Kattegat. Temperature decline after the climatic optimum was greatest in the north, i.e. at 60°N, where a depression in the order of 2°C in summer and 2–3°C in winter occurred. Temperature decline was less farther south, i.e. at ca. 50°N, where a distinct west-east gradient in temperature change can be observed.     

Understandings of climate change articulated by Swedish secondary school students

This study investigated beliefs about climate change among Swedish secondary school students at the end of their K-12 education. An embedded mixed method approach was used to analyse 51 secondary school students’ written responses to two questions: (1) What implies climate change? (2) What affects climate? A quantitative analysis of the responses revealed that ‘Earth’, ‘human’ and ‘greenhouse effect’ were frequent topics regarding the first question, and ‘pollution’, ‘atmosphere’ and ‘Earth’ were frequent regarding the second. A qualitative analysis, based on a ‘conceptual elements’ framework, focused on three elements within responses: atmosphere (causes and/or consequences), Earth (causes and consequences) and living beings (humans and/or animals and their impacts on climate change). It revealed a predominantly general or societal, rather than individual, perspective underlying students’ responses to the second question. The ability to connect general/societal issues with individual issues relating to climate change could prompt students to reflect on the contributions of individuals towards climate change mitigation, thereby constituting a basis for decision-making to promote a sustainable environment. Although the students did not discuss climate changes from an individual perspective, their statements revealed their understanding of climate change as a system comprising various components affecting the overall situation. They also revealed an understanding of the difference between weather and climate.     

Impact of expected climate change on mangroves

There is a consensus of scientific opinion that the activities of man will cause a significant change in the global climate over the next hundred years. The rising level of carbon dioxide and other industrial gases in the atmosphere may lead to global warming with an accompanying rise in sea-level. Mangrove ecosystems grow in the intertidal zones in tropical and sub-tropical regions and are likely to be early indicators of the effects of climate change. The best estimates of predicted climate change in the literature are presented. It is suggested that a rise in mean sea-level may be the most important factor influencing the future distribution of mangroves but that the effect will vary dramatically depending on the local rate of sea-level rise and the availability of sediment to support reestablishment of the mangroves. The predicted rise in mean air temperature will probably be of little consequence to the development of mangroves in general but it may mean that the presence of mangroves will move further north and south, though this will depend on a number of additional factors. The effect of enhanced atmospheric CO₂ on the growth of mangroves is unknown at this time but that there is some evidence that not all species of mangroves will respond similarly. The socio-economic impacts of the effects of climate on mangrove ecosystems may include increased risk of flooding, increased erosion of coast lines, saline intrusion and increased storm surges.