转cry1Ab基因水稻对非靶标昆虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响

通过室内饲养实验及水稻氨基酸和碳、氮含量测定,比较研究了转cry1Ab水稻克螟稻 (KMD1和KMD2)与其亲本秀水11对非靶标害虫白背飞虱种群增长的影响。 结果表明,以克螟稻为食可对白背飞虱的产卵期和每雌产卵量产生一定影响。 以KMD2为食的白背飞虱的产卵期为7.6天,每雌产卵量为95.0粒,均显著低于以母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱的12.7天和167.5粒。但是,以KMD1为食的白背飞虱仅产卵期（8.6天）显著变短, 其每雌产卵量与以其母本秀水11为食的白背飞虱无显著差异。稻苗氨基酸含量分析结果表明KMD2引起白背飞虱种群生殖力显著下降可能与其游离氨基酸的总量和丙氨酸含量的显著下降以及谷氨酸含量的显著上升有关。因此,转cry1Ab水稻可对白背飞虱种群增长产生影响,但其影响因转cry1Ab水稻品种而异。     

白背飞虱的再迁飞能力

通过室内模拟试验研究了白背飞虱经过一次远迁降落、取食不同水稻品种后的再迁飞能力。根据吊飞试验的持续飞行时间可将白背飞虱种群划分为居留型(<30 min)、迁飞型(≥30 min)、远迁型(>420 min)和再迁飞型(第二次吊飞持续飞行时间 ≥30 min)。在所测的558头白背飞虱中,再迁飞型的比率为5.7%;而在112头迁飞型个体中,再迁飞的比率为28.6%。取食不同品种的水稻对白背飞虱的飞行能力和再迁飞能力有显著影响。取食感虫水稻的白背飞虱飞行能力和再迁飞能力较强,再迁飞的比率也较高 (>5%)。吊飞前后取食常规稻与耐虫品种组合的飞虱的再迁飞时间则较短,再迁飞比率也较低;但吊飞前后均以耐虫品种饲喂的个体,反而也表现出较高的再迁飞比率和中等水平的再迁飞时间。而且,第一次飞行360 min以上的个体具有较强的再迁飞潜力。交配只对6日龄雌虫和2日龄雄虫的飞行能力有显著影响。     

Evaluation of resistance of wild rices,Oryza spp., to the whitebacked planthopper,Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Evaluation of wild rice species for resistance against major insect pests of rice was carried out in both field and greenhouse conditions. A total of 219 wild rice lines were evaluated under field conditions against yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee). Of the selected 185 lines tested by “standard seed box screening technique” against whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), 20 were found to be resistant, 54 moderately resistant, 88 moderately susceptible, and 23 susceptible. Out of the 185 wild rice lines tested against all the three major pests, 17 lines had multiple resistance. Out of these 17 lines, 14 lines were evaluated for mechanisms of resistance against S. furcifera; they showed antixenosis for feeding, as fewer nymphs settled on them compared to the susceptible O. sativa cultivar TN1. However, the eggs were observed to be randomly distributed on them. Antibiosis was exhibited as the nymphal period was prolonged, while there was a decrease in survival and growth index. Thus, besides possessing multiple resistance against all the three major pests during the present investigation, all these 14 wild rice lines belonging to different Oryza spp. exhibited good antixenotic and antibiotic effects.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

为正确评估防治水稻鳞翅目害虫的新型杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)的影响, 本文采取稻茎浸渍法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱的毒力, 利用生命表技术研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱的亚致死效应。结果表明： 氯虫苯甲酰胺对白背飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC₅₀分别为19.26 mg/L和19.69 mg/L。以氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量分别处理白背飞虱3龄若虫后, F₀和F₁代雌虫产卵量及其寿命均降低, 尤其LC₂₅处理与对照间存在显著差异（P<0.05）, F₀和F₁代雌虫寿命分别缩短了1.80 d和2.62 d, F₀和F₁代雌虫产卵量分别减少了52.94粒和78.45粒。药剂处理对F1代各虫态发育历期也有一定影响。根据不同剂量处理后白背飞虱各发育阶段的存活率和成虫的繁殖力, 组建了生殖力生命表, 发现LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量处理的种群内禀增长率rm分别降低了11.25%和34.41%, 净增殖率R0分别降低了36.56%和74.57%, 而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长。结果说明, 氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₂₅剂量可抑制白背飞虱种群的增长; 大田中使用氯虫苯甲酰胺防治鳞翅目害虫时, 可抑制同时发生的非靶标害虫白背飞虱田间种群增长。     

水稻施硅对白背飞虱刺吸和寄主选择行为的影响

【目的】硅可增强植物对多种植食性昆虫的抗性。本研究旨在了解硅处理对水稻叶鞘硅化程度及其对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera刺吸和寄主选择行为的影响,以明确施硅增强水稻对白背飞虱的抗性的部分机制。【方法】采用扫描电镜观察施硅水稻的叶鞘硅化程度;利用刺吸电位技术记录白背飞虱若虫刺吸行为;采用笼罩法测定白背飞虱雌成虫栖息和产卵选择性。【结果】与不施硅的对照相比,硅处理(0.16和0.32 g SiO₂/kg土壤)增加了水稻叶鞘硅细胞的数量,延长了白背飞虱若虫刺吸行为中非刺探波和路径波的总时间,缩短了取食韧皮部汁液的时间。在选择性测定中,与对照组相比,白背飞虱雌成虫对0.16和0.32 g SiO₂/kg土壤处理的水稻的栖息率分别降低48.0%和67.4%,在其上的产卵量分别降低34.8%和46.1%。【结论】施硅增加水稻对白背飞虱的排驱性,阻碍白背飞虱的刺吸行为,因此有助于增强水稻对白背飞虱的抗性。     

SfHMGR在白背飞虱生殖调控中的功能分析

[目的]为探究保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)生物合成关键基因3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因(HMGR)在白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera生殖中的作用.[方法]基于已公布的白背飞虱基因组和转录组数据,结合RT-PCR技术获得SfHMGR全长cDNA序列;采用RT-qPCR技术分...     

白背飞虱SfABCD1对杀虫剂胁迫的响应表达

[目的]ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)是一个庞大的膜转运蛋白超家族,在昆虫生长发育和抗药性方面具有重要作用.本研究旨在通过克隆白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera ABCD1基因,并测定其在杀虫剂胁迫下的表达模式,为后续的功能...     

Effect of organic rice farming on planthoppers 4. Reproduction of the white backed planthopper,Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

The reproduction ofSogatella furcifera was investigated in a chemically fertilized rice field and an organically farmed field. In the latter, the density of immigrants was significantly higher, while the settling rate of female adults and the survival rate of immature stages of ensuing generations were lower. The number of eggs laid by a female of the invading and following generations was smaller, and the percentage of brachypterous females in the next generation was also lower. Consequently, the density of nymphs and adults in the ensuing generations decreased in the organically farmed field. For an experimental comparison, potted rice plants were cultivated using seedlings and soil from the chemically fertilized or the organically farmed fields. WhenSogatella furcifera was reared on these plants, both the reproductive rate and the appearance rate of brachypterous female adults were lower in the organic treatment. Egg hatchability was also lower in the organic treatment. This experiment suggested that a specific nutritional condition in rice plants suppressed the population ofS. furcifera in the organically farmed field.     

福建省白背飞虱前期迁入虫源分析

近年来, 福建省白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)危害严重, 尤其2007年, 全省早稻白背飞虱特大发生, 迁入峰不但比常年偏早, 且虫量异常偏多。本文利用由美国国家大气与海洋局与澳大利亚国家气象局共同开发研制的大气质点轨迹分析平台模型HYSPLIT, 和气象图形分析显示软件GrADS对2007-2010年4-5月福建省白背飞虱早期主要迁入峰次进行了轨迹模拟, 并对2007年5月份的主要迁入过程进行了天气学背景分析。结果显示： (1) 福建省白背飞虱早期迁入虫源主要来自广东、海南省, 台湾省、 菲律宾仅在个别年份提供少量虫源, 非主要虫源地; (2) 低空急流与持续降水的配合是导致2007年白背飞虱集中降落的直接原因。2007年5月稻飞虱迁入同期, 福建850 hPa上空低空急流频繁, 5月份西太平洋副高比往年偏西、 偏强, 且北跳推迟, 使得华南地面准静止锋形成, 雨季延长; （3）2007年广东、 海南3月底至4月初的1代成虫迁入种群较多造成的田间2代白背飞虱虫源基数的增加是造成2007年福建白背飞虱迁入量增加的最根本原因。福建白背飞虱的主迁入虫量取决于两广早期田间虫源基数的多寡, 在副高偏强、 雨水较多年份, 提前对两广、 海南地区田间稻飞虱发生情况进行了解将有助于福建稻飞虱的预防与治理。     

水稻白背飞虱发生程度的长期预测模型

气象条件影响白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera发生发展 ,根据海气相互作用原理 ,海温的变化会引起大气环流系统的变化 ,同样制约各地气象条件。作者将西太平洋海温作为长期预报因子 ,根据场相关分析方法 ,找出与水稻白背飞虱发生程度各指标相关的强信号海区 ,应用最优化相关处理技术 ,大大增加了虫情发生指标和海温之间的相关度 ,建立了水稻白背飞虱始见期、迁入虫量及第五 ( 2 )代虫量可靠的长期预测模型 ,模型均通过了α=0 0 1显著性水平 ,拟合及试报结果理想 ,预报模型切实可行 ,可以投入业务使用 ,此研究对虫害防治和水稻生产具有重要指导意义     

Preference of white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera to different rice varieties

Preference studies of the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Delphacidae: Homoptera) (WBPH) for different growth stages of rice, Oryza sativa L., indicated that WBPH selected its preferred variety for feeding by alighting on the plant and feeding briefly, tasting the plant. Differential preference for shelter, food or oviposition by WBPH were observed for different rice varieties and for different stages of a variety. With the advancement of plant age, rice varieties became more unsuitable for feeding and a process progressing more rapidly in resistant varieties. Most of the resistant varieties viz. Pundia, Landi Sarakanti and Ptb-33, unsuitable for shelter and feeding were usually not preferred for oviposition. However, the tolerant variety Mahia bankoi, though suitable for shelter and feeding was also not preferred for oviposition. Therefore, when screening varieties by only measuring feeding preference sources having tolerance mechanisms of resistance may be overlooked.     

不同水稻品种上白背飞虱取食行为的EPG分析

【目的】为探明不同水稻品种（丰源优272、R9810-T、华恢1号、明恢63、麻糯谷和Rathu Heenati）对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera的抗性差异机理,利用刺吸电位技术(electronic penetration graph, EPG)记录了该虫在这6个品种三叶期稻苗上的取食行为。【方法】结合特定的EPG波形,考察了9个非韧皮部指标和22个韧皮部指标。【结果】在总记录时间8 h内,白背飞虱在品种Rathu Heenati上非刺探波np的总时间最长,其次是麻糯谷上非刺探波np的总时间,这两者间差异显著且都显著地长于其他4个品种的np总时间(P<0.05);该虫在Rathu Heenati上路径波Nc的总时间为8 523.41 s,是感虫品种明恢63 Nc总时间的2.24倍;该虫在Rathu Heenati上吸食韧皮部汁液N4-b的总时间显著地比其他品种短(P<0.05)。华恢1号和R9810-T上所有的EPG指标和感虫品种明恢63的EPG指标都没有显著的差异(P≥0.05)。白背飞虱在丰源优272上单次分泌水溶性唾液N4-a的平均时间更长,并伴随长时间的韧皮部取食。【结论】由此推测,品种Rathu Heenati可能存在不利于白背飞虱取食的忌避成分,并且在韧皮部外组织和韧皮部组织都存在抗性因子;在麻糯谷上仅存在忌避成分;然而,品种华恢1号和R9810-T可能对白背飞虱不具有明显的抗性;丰源优272可能是比明恢63更为感虫的品种。结合介体昆虫取食行为与传播持久性病毒的关系,这些结果也为利用抗白背飞虱品种控制南方水稻黑条矮缩病提供了参考。     

川东地区白背飞虱迁入种群虫源地分布与降落机制

【目的】本研究旨在确定四川达州白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)迁入虫源地及其降落机制,以期为川东地区白背飞虱预警和有效防控提供依据。【方法】运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT4.8对1991-2013年达州灯下白背飞虱主要迁入高峰日进行轨迹模拟,并运用气象图形处理软件Grads对主要迁入高峰日进行气象背景分析。【结果】达州白背飞虱主要在6-7月迁入,7月份是迁入高峰期。6月虫源主要来自广西西北、中部地区;7月虫源主要来自贵州中西部、北部,广西西北部和云南东北部也可提供部分虫源。【结论】四川达州白背飞虱迁入虫源主要来自贵州大部,部分来自云南东北部和广西西北部。由于气候条件和地形胁迫引起的降水、垂直气流和风向切变是白背飞虱大规模集中降落的主要原因。     

白背飞虱中的Wolbachia和Cardinium双重感染特性

为了明确自然种群白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera中Wolbachia和Cardinium的感染情况以及Wolbachia与其特有的WO噬菌体之间的关系, 以采自中国7个省区9个地点的白背飞虱为研究材料, 运用PCR检测的方法调查了Wolbachia, Cardinium以及WO噬菌体在各飞虱种群中的感染率和组织分布特点。结果表明： 白背飞虱广泛双重感染Wolbachia和Cardinium, 并且都表现出很高的感染率。白背飞虱各种群Cardinium的感染率几乎均为100%; Wolbachia的感染率也较高, 但雌雄虫感染率差异较大, 雌虫的感染率几乎均为100％, 而雄虫的感染率从22.2%~95.0%不等。另外, 通过不同DNA聚合酶、 不同提取方法的对比, 揭示了DNA粗提样品在基于PCR技术的胞内共生菌检测中的不足之处。对白背飞虱头部、 胸部、 腹部、 足和翅5个不同部位组织的检测结果表明, 不仅在含有生殖组织的腹部有这两类共生菌的感染, 在其他非生殖组织中同样也感染了这两类共生菌; 虽然Wolbachia和Cardinium在寄主的各个组织中均有分布, 但是两者在白背飞虱成虫（尤其是雄虫）阶段的动态变化有明显的差异。进一步对Wolbachia宿主特异性WO噬菌体的检测结果表明, 自然种群雄虫中Wolbachia的感染率与不感染个体中WO噬菌体的比率呈明显的负相关。因此推测, 雄虫中Wolbachia感染率相对较低的原因可能是由于Wolbachia基因组中溶原性的WO噬菌体受到某种因素的诱导已转化为裂解性噬菌体。研究结果为进一步揭示Wolbachia和Cardinium双重感染条件下对寄主的生殖调控作用及其机制、 垂直传播规律、 两者之间的相互关系以及进一步的应用研究等方面提供了重要的理论基础。     

白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中体内保护酶和自由基的变化

白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中自由基含量显增加,在取食18小时后达最高值,以后开始下降,在取食中抗品种N22和高抗品种Ptb33时,虫体内SOD和CAT活性明显增加,且起着主要作用,POD作用不明显;白背飞在抗虫品种上连续饲养一至二代后,体内保护酶活性逐渐接近于感虫品种,基本明确了白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中体内保护酶和自由基的变化规律。     

白背飞虱体内金属元素的含量动态及模拟分析

摘要: 为明确金属元素在白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)体内的分布及其含量动态, 将白背飞虱长翅成虫在实验室中用超纯水分别饲养0, 24, 48, 96 h后测量其体重变化; 并用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)检测各个处理虫体内12种金属元素(Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ca, Fe, Na, As, U, Mg, K和Pb)的含量。以白背飞虱整个体重(W)、 有机体组织重量(O)、 体内可排泄内容物重量(E)及可排泄内容物排出体外的速率(r)为参数, 构建其体重变化的修正指数模型W_t=O+E(1-r)^t。基于白背飞虱体内金属元素总含量(WC_t)为有机体组织内含量(OC)和可排泄内容物中含量(EC)按两者百分率(OP_t和EP_t)加权之和, 即WC_t=OC·OP_t+EC·EP_t, 分别估计白背飞虱体内组织和可排泄内容物中金属元素含量。模拟分析结果表明： Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn和Ca这5种元素在白背飞虱组织内的含量显著高于其可排泄内容物中的含量(P<0.05), 表明这些金属元素可被昆虫有机体组织吸收、 积累, 并稳定地存在于昆虫的有机体组织之中。Fe, Na, As, U, Mg, K和Pb这7种元素在白背飞虱有机体组织内的含量与其可排泄内容物中的含量接近, 其在有机体组织中和可排泄内容物中的分布差异不显著(P>0.05), 以相对平衡状态存在于白背飞虱有机体组织和可排泄内容物中。该分析方法可能为其他小型和微型昆虫体内金属元素的分布、 积累、 排泄的研究提供借鉴。     

Population dynamics of the whitebacked planthopper,Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) with special reference to the relationship between its population growth and the growth stage of rice plants

A population census was conducted to describe the effects of the growth stage of rice on the population dynamics ofS. furcifera, in particular, on immigration, seasonal abundance, population growth rate, and wing-form expression. The number of immigrants was highest on rice plants 17 to 30 days after transplanting (DAT), which suggested that immigrants prefer to settle or remain more on rice plants at the tillering stage (approximately 20–30 DAT). Population growth rate from immigration to the 1st generation decreased with an increase in rice plant age. In contrast, population growth rate from the 1st to 2nd generation was not influenced by rice plant age and was negatively density-dependent. The percentage of macropters (flyers) was positively related to the growth stage of rice when rice was in the vegetative or early part of the reproductive stage, and reached 100% at about 10 days before heading (booting stage). Threafter, most adult females molted into macropters regardless of population density. The roles of host plant age and crowding effect on the population dynamics ofS. furcifera are discussed.     

叶面喷施硅和磷对水稻及其抗白背飞虱的影响

【目的】硅可以增强植物的抗病性和对环境胁迫的耐受性,本实验检测了水稻叶面喷施硅和磷后叶片中硅和两种次生物质含量的变化以及喷硅对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera种群的影响,旨在阐明外源元素施用是否会提高水稻的抗虫性。【方法】采用对分蘖期水稻进行硅肥、磷肥、和两者混合的喷施处理,测定比较了水稻叶片正面和反面硅含量、草酸含量和可溶性糖含量,同时检测了喷施硅肥后水稻叶片硅化细胞数量和取食处理水稻后白背飞虱种群增长的参数。【结果】20和40 mg/L 硅或硅+磷混合施用后,水稻叶片中的硅含量比对照显著增加(P<0.05)。在40 mg/L硅+ 40 mg/L磷喷施处理后,水稻叶片正反面的硅含量分别比对照增加了116%和104.4%。扫描电镜结果显示,处理后的水稻叶片上气孔周围硅化细胞明显增加。此外,硅和磷喷施后3 d和6 d,水稻叶片草酸含量显著增加(P<0.01)。40 mg/L硅处理后的水稻上饲养的白背飞虱产卵量与对照相比明显下降(P<0.05)。【结论】硅+磷喷施处理促进水稻叶片抗虫物质含量增加,硅喷施抑制了白背飞虱的产卵量。     

A migration analysis of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) using hourly catches and a three-dimensional simulation model

Abstract

• 1 Migrations of Sogatella furcifera captured in Japan in the 2003 season were analysed using hourly catches and a simulation model.
• 2 The catch data showed several clear migration peaks, with average durations of 4 h. The peaks were separated from each other by approximately 12 h, corresponding to the observed fact that planthoppers take off at dusk or dawn.
• 3 The simulation model comprised two components: a numerical weather forecast submodel, MM5, and a particle dispersion submodel, GEARN. The simulation model used three‐dimensional meteorological data and calculated the relative aerial density of migrating planthoppers to allow analysis of the timing and area of migrations in Japan.
• 4 The simulation model, together with the hourly catches, enabled an estimation of migration source regions.
• 5 Possible migration sources during our hourly observation period were located in the coastal area of Fujian province in China, as well as Taiwan.

     

Functional analysis of Notch gene in the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Insect wing development is a complex process controlled by a series of genes. Notch is a key gene that regulates insect wing development. It is a receptor protein in the Notch signaling pathway that regulates the expression of downstream target genes after binding with ligands. In this study, we obtained the Notch gene from Sogatella furcifera (SfNotch) and analyzed its mRNA expression levels in different developmental stages and tissues. We also used RNA interference (RNAi) to investigate the biological function of SfNotch. Our results showed that SfNotch expression increased toward the end of the 3rd–5th instars, reaching its highest expression in the adult stage, and was especially high in the thorax and wing tissues. In addition, knockdown of SfNotch resulted in notched wings in 68.5% of S. furcifera. Our findings provide insight into the regulation of insect wing development and contribute to the molecular understanding of this process.