NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN tHbmass AND POLYMORPHISMS IN THE HBB GENE IN ENDURANCE ATHLETES

The aim of this study was to examine the association between tHbmass and HBB gene polymorphisms in athletes of endurance disciplines. Eighty-two well-trained athletes (female n=36, male n=46), aged 19.3 ± 2.7 years, representing cross country skiing (n=37) and middle- and long-distance running (n=45), participated in the study. Genotyping for 2 polymorphisms in the HBB gene (- 551C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G) was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Total haemoglobin mass (tHbmass) was determined by the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Blood morphology, indices of iron status (ferritin, transferrin receptor and total iron binding capacity) and C reactive protein were also determined. No differences were found in the HBB genotype and allele frequencies between male and female athletes. Regardless of the polymorphisms, no relationships were found between HBB genotypes as well as alleles and relative values of tHbmass, expressed per body mass (g · kg^-1 BM), both in female and male athletes. Our results demonstrated that -551 C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms of the HBB gene have no association with total haemoglobin mass in endurance athletes. It cannot be ruled out that several polymorphisms, each with a small but significant contribution, may be responsible for the amount of haemoglobin.     

双价杀虫蛋白基因在荧光假单胞菌中的表达及增效

利用广宿主质粒载体pJMS6αlac将苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白基因cry1Ac和cry2Aa基因分别及一起进行克隆,将重组质粒导入能在多种作物上定殖、对植物病菌有良好抑菌和防治作用的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)P303菌株,分别得到工程菌株IPP101、IPP201和IPP202。PCRRFLP和Southern blot检测均证明目的基因已经导入了工程菌。SDSPAGE电泳显示工程菌中存在明显的Cry1Ac蛋白带;透射电镜观察发现含cry1Ac基因的两个菌株IPP101和IPP202中杀虫蛋白形成了典型的菱形晶体和蛋白包含体,而在野生P303菌株中均无这些结构。这些结果说明,工程菌中cry1Ac基因得到了很好表达。室内杀虫试验表明：工程菌对棉铃虫初孵幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50),只含cry1Ac的IPP101为000812mL/g饲料,只含cry2Aa的IPP201为002604mL/g饲料,含双基因的IPP202为000186mL/g饲料;HD73为000170mL/g饲料。cry1Ac和cry2Aa双基因表达产物具有显著增效作用,共毒系数达3328。     

p21和p27基因在眼睑皮脂腺腺癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨p21和p27基因在眼睑皮脂腺腺癌中的表达差异。方法收集武汉大学人民医院和武汉大学中南医院病理科2000-2008年手术切除及活检的眼睑皮脂腺腺癌(eyelid sebaceous gland grandular cancer,ESGGC)标本共20例,另取癌周围组织5例作对照。采用免疫组织化学方法观察各组组织内p21和p27基因的表达。并利用HPIAS-2000图像分析系统测定p21和p27基因在以上各组中表达的平均光密度和平均阳性面积率。对各组组织中p21和p27基因表达的阳性面积率作双变量相关分析。结果 1.p21和p27基因在眼睑皮脂腺腺癌组织中呈低表达;p21和p27基因在癌旁组织中呈高表达。经单因素方差分析,组间有显著性差异(P0.05?。经q检验,眼睑皮脂腺腺癌与癌旁组织之间,p21和p27基因表达的平均光密度及阳性面积率有显著性差异(P0.05?。2.p21和p27基因之间的表达呈显著正相关。结论1.p21和p27基因在眼睑皮脂腺腺癌组织中异常表达,对眼睑皮脂腺腺癌的发生和发展起了重要作用;2.p21和p27基因之间的表达呈显著正相关,它们在皮脂腺腺癌的发生和发展过程中可能起协同作用。     

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF SELECTED GENES IN THE MOSQUITO CULEX PIPIENS

To determine the outcome of the combined effects of gene flow, genetic drift, and selection on the evolution of insecticide-resistance genes in the mosquito Culex pipiens, samples were collected along three transects crossing treated and nontreated areas in northern Spain and southern France. Electrophoretic polymorphisms of five presumably neutral genes disclosed that differentiation among samples was low, and that both Wright F-statistics and Slatkin private-alleles methods provided a high estimate for Nm. In contrast, there was a strong differentiation in the distribution of resistance genes closely associated with insecticide treatments. These divergent situations are explained in relation to both the very recent origin of some resistance genes that are still localized geographically (A2-B2 and C1), and the high fitness cost of the older and ubiquitous ones in nontreated areas (A1, A4-B4, and Ace^R).     

淡色库蚊酯酶等位基因及其在自然种群中的频率分布

酯酶基因扩增所产生的酯酶活性升高是库蚊Culex pipiens对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的主要机理之一。采用分子杂交技术和限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,已鉴定出多种酯酶等位基因类型。该文通过酯酶基因特异性片段的PCR扩增及扩增片段的酶切片段分析,对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens四种有机磷抗性品系的酯酶等位基因进行分型,并测定分析自然种群中不同酶型的频率分布。研究结果表明：PCR分型方法具有快速、准确的特点。不同的有机磷杀虫剂对酯酶等位基因具有明显的选择作用。双硫磷品系为B₁型;毒死蜱和敌百虫品系为B₂型;马拉硫磷品系为B₁型和B₁/B₂杂合型。不同地区采集的种群表现出不同的酶型频率分布。该文就杀虫剂对酯酶等位基因选择作用及自然种群的酶型频率分布进行了讨论。     

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ACE GENE VARIATION AND AEROBIC CAPACITY IN WINTER ENDURANCE DISCIPLINES

The aim of the study was to examine the possible relationship between I/D polymorphism of ACE gene and selected indices of aerobic capacity among male and female athletes practising winter endurance sports. Sixty-six well-trained athletes (female n = 26, male n = 40), aged 18.4 ± 2.8 years, representing winter endurance sports (cross-country skiing, n = 48; biathlon, n = 8; Nordic combined, n = 10) participated in the study. Genotyping for ACE I/D polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max), maximal running velocity (V_max) and running velocity at anaerobic threshold (V_AT4) were determined in an incremental test to volitional exhaustion on a motorized treadmill. The ACE genotype had no significant effect on absolute VO₂max, relative VO₂max (divided by body mass or fat free body mass), V_AT4 or V_max. No interaction effect of gender x ACE genotype was found for each of the examined aerobic capacity indices. ACE gene variation was not found to be a determinant of aerobic capacity in either female or male Polish, well-trained endurance athletes participating in winter sports.     

DIURNAL EXPRESSION OF CLOCK GENES IN PINEAL GLAND AND BRAIN AND PLASMA LEVELS OF MELATONIN AND CORTISOL IN ATLANTIC SALMON PARR AND SMOLTS

In Atlantic salmon, the preadaptation to a marine life, i.e., parr-smolt transformation, and melatonin production in the pineal gland are regulated by the photoperiod. However, the clock genes have never been studied in the pineal gland of this species. The aim of the present study was to describe the diurnal expression of clock genes (Per1-like, Cry2, and Clock) in the pineal gland and brain of Atlantic salmon parr and smolts in freshwater, as well as plasma levels of melatonin and cortisol. By employing an out-of-season smolt production model, the parr-smolt transformation was induced by subjecting triplicate groups of parr to 6 wks (wks 0 to 6) under a 12?h:12?h light-dark (LD) regime followed by 6 wks (wks 6 to 12) of continuous light (LL). The measured clock genes in both pineal gland and brain and the plasma levels of melatonin and cortisol showed significant daily variations in parr under LD in wk 6, whereas these rhythms were abolished in smolts under LL in wk 12. In parr, the pineal Per1-like and Cry2 expression peaked in the dark phase, whereas the pineal Clock expression was elevated during the light phase. Although this study presents novel findings on the clock gene system in the teleost pineal gland, the role of this system in the regulation of smoltification needs to be studied in more detail. (Author correspondence: ti.hu@hotmail.com)     

PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL GENES INVOLVED IN CARBON AND NITROGEN ASSIMILATION1

A functional gene microarray was developed and used to investigate phytoplankton community composition and gene expression in the English Channel. Genes encoding the CO₂‐fixation enzyme RUBISCO (rbcL) and the nitrate assimilation enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) representing several major groups of phytoplankton were included as oligonucleotide probes on the “phytoarray.” Five major groups of eukaryotic phytoplankton that possess the Type 1D rbcL gene were detected, both in terms of presence (DNA) and activity (rbcL gene expression). Changes in relative signal intensity among the Type 1D rbcL probes indicated a shift from diatom dominance in the spring bloom to dominance by haptophytes and flagellates later in the summer. Because of the limitations of a smaller database, NR probes detected fewer groups, but due to the greater diversity among known NR sequences, NR probes provided higher phylogenetic resolution than did rbcL probes and identified two uncultivated diatom phylotypes as the most abundant (DNA) and active (NR gene expression) in field samples. Unidentified chlorophytes and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin were detected at both the DNA and cDNA (gene expression) levels. The reproducibility of the array was evaluated in several ways, and future directions for further improvement of probe development and sensitivity are outlined. The phytoarray provides a relatively high‐resolution, high‐throughput approach to assessing phytoplankton community composition in marine environments.     

栗疫病菌的营养体亲和性基因和dsRNAs对病毒传播的影响

研究了栗疫病菌[Cryphonectria parasitica(Murr.)Barr]的营养体亲和性基因及dsRNA病毒对菌株间病毒特征传播的影响。试验选用已知4个VC基因座位的15个Vc基因型菌株和3种dsRNA病毒,通过含病毒菌株与野生型菌株的配对培养,将病毒逐个转入不同Vc基因型菌株。将不同Vc基因型的含病毒菌株与具特定VC基因差异的野生型菌株配对培养,根据培养两周后野生型菌株培养性状的改变与否,统计菌株间的病毒传播率。结果表明,各个VC基因对菌株间病毒传播的影响不同;存在2个VC基因差异的菌株间病毒传播率低于相差1个VC基因的：病毒在相差1个VC基因的菌株间的传播多具单向性：不同类型的病毒在菌株间的传播率也有差异。     

GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF METABOLIC RATE: ENVIRONMENT SPECIFIC EPISTASIS BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR GENES IN AN INSECT

The extent to which mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation is involved in adaptive evolutionary change is currently being reevaluated. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that mtDNA genes coevolve with the nuclear genes with which they interact to form the energy producing enzyme complexes in the mitochondria. This suggests that intergenomic epistasis between mitochondrial and nuclear genes may affect whole‐organism metabolic phenotypes. Here, we use crossed combinations of mitochondrial and nuclear lineages of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus and assay metabolic rate under two different temperature regimes. Metabolic rate was affected by an interaction between the mitochondrial and nuclear lineages and the temperature regime. Sequence data suggests that mitochondrial genetic variation has a role in determining the outcome of this interaction. Our genetic dissection of metabolic rate reveals a high level of complexity, encompassing genetic interactions over two genomes, and genotype × genotype × environment interactions. The evolutionary implications of these results are twofold. First, because metabolic rate is at the root of life histories, our results provide insights into the complexity of life‐history evolution in general, and thermal adaptation in particular. Second, our results suggest a mechanism that could contribute to the maintenance of nonneutral mtDNA polymorphism.     

THE EVOLUTION OF GENES IN BRANCHED METABOLIC PATHWAYS

Simulation models of the evolution of genes in a branched metabolic pathway subject to stabilizing selection on flux are described and analyzed. The models are based either on metabolic control theory (MCT), with the assumption that enzymes are far from saturation, or on Michaelis–Menten kinetics, which allows for saturation and near saturation. Several predictions emerge from the models: (1) flux control evolves to be concentrated at pathway branch points, including the first enzyme in the pathway. (2) When flux is far from its optimum, adaptive substitutions occur disproportionately often in branching enzymes. (3) When flux is near its optimum, adaptive substitutions occur disproportionately often in nonbranching enzymes. (4) Slightly deleterious substitutions occur disproportionately often in nonbranching enzymes. (5) In terms of both flux control and patterns of substitution, pathway branches are similar to those predicted for linear pathways. These predictions provide null hypotheses for empirical examination of the evolution of genes in metabolic pathways.     

HOW SPECIFICITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY DRIVE THE COEVOLUTION OF STATIC TRAIT DIVERSITY IN HOSTS AND PARASITES

There is typically considerable variation in the level of infectivity of parasites and the degree of resistance of hosts within populations. This trait variation is critical not only to the evolutionary dynamics but also to the epidemiology, and potentially the control of infectious disease. However, we lack an understanding of the processes that generate and maintain this trait diversity. We examine theoretically how epidemiological feedbacks and the characteristics of the interaction between host types and parasites strains determine the coevolution of host–parasite diversity. The interactions include continuous characterizations of the key phenotypic features of classic gene‐for‐gene and matching allele models. We show that when there are costs to resistance in the hosts and infectivity in the parasite, epidemiological feedbacks may generate diversity but this is limited to dimorphism, often of extreme types, in a broad range of realistic infection scenarios. For trait polymorphism, there needs to be both specificity of infection between host types and parasite strains as well as incompatibility between particular strains and types. We emphasize that although the high specificity is well known to promote temporal “Red Queen” diversity, it is costs and combinations of hosts and parasites that cannot infect that will promote static trait diversity.     

白鲢个体发育过程中同工酶基因的表达与调控研究

采用淀粉或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及特异性组织化学染色技术研究了白链早期发育过程中（从未受精卵到卵黄吸尽期）及成体不同组织（脑、眼、心、肌、肾、肝）中六种同工酶系统（ＬＤＨ,ＭＤＨ,ＩＤＨ,ＡＤＨ,ＳＤＨ,ＥＳＴ）的分化表达谱式,白链各同工酶基因的表达具有明显的组织特异性早期发育过程中,ＡＤＨ和ＳＤＨ基因均无活性,其它四种同工酶则具有不同的个体发育谱式。值得一提的是,由取自同一地区的两对白链的受精卵的形     

脑缺血再灌流大鼠海马hsp70及bcl—2基因的表达

为进一步了解中枢神经系统中选择性易损伤的分子机制,采用大鼠短暂前脑缺血再灌流损伤动物模型,应用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、原位杂交及免疫组织化学方法,检测了ｈｓｐ７０及ｂｃｌ－２基因的表达及其组织学分布。发现易损伤的海马ＣＡ１区锥体细胞出现ｈｓｐ７０基因的诱导表达,ＢＣＬ－２蛋白合成受抑制;而耐受缺血的海马ＣＡ３区锥体细胞则明显地持续表达ＢＣＬ－２蛋白,却未见明显的ｈｓｐ７０基因表达。因此提示,ｈｓｐ７０基因的表达是神经元缺血的应激指征,也可能对神经元有保护作用;ＢＣＬ－２蛋白对神经元有保护作用     

巴西固氮螺菌ntrBC基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

以EMBL3为载体,构建了巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62的基因文库.以巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中PCR扩增出的450bp DNA 片断作为探针,对该基因文库进行筛选,得到了10个阳性克隆(EA1—EA10),其中含有两种不同类型的克隆,分别以EA4和EA9为代表.对EA4的杂交分析发现目的基因位于2.9kb EcoRI片段上.DNA序列分析结果表明该片段含有完整的ntrC编码区,其编码产物由480个氨基酸组成.分子量为53469;ntrC上游是完整的ntrB编码区,其编码产物由400个氨基酸组成,分子量为43487.对相应的NtrC和NtrB氨基酸序列进行同源性分析,说明巴西固氮螺菌与根瘤菌的亲缘关系较与其它自生固氮菌的更为接近.     

两个人组蛋白H1基因的亚克隆和它们启动子核苷酸顺序的比较

从人基因库中分离得到的两个含有不同变种组蛋白H_1基因的λ克隆(λHh8和λHh9),分别把它们含有该基因的片段(8c和9a)插入载体puc8质粒中,得到了亚克隆pHh8c和pHh9a。对这两个人组蛋白H_1基因的启动子(Promoter)和部份编码蛋白质的区域作了核苷酸顺序的分析和比较,确定了它们的启动要素和同系顺序。     

mtDNA基因树拓扑距离比较和基因分群

基因树间拓扑距离数据的比较进一步证明：与分割拓扑距离相比,能经拓扑距离是一种更为精确的测度,利用相对通经拓扑距离构建了8个基因的拓扑距离树。基因的拓扑距离树能直观地反映不同基因树的拓扑结构差异大小,可用来对基因进行分群。此外,发现不同DNA序列用于构建多基因树中其系统发生信息存在“累加”,“合取”,“含盖”,“相斥”等数学关系。这可解释在mtDNA基因组中一些基因比另一些基因更适合用来的构建树的结果。结果提示从GenBank中应选择具有累加基因的DNA序列或蛋白质氨基酸序列合并来构建物种。在讨论中还提出了一种获得真树的新建树策略。     

两种泥鳅不同核质关系下LDH同工酶基因表达的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续系统凝胶电泳方法分析了泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅不同杂交组合不同核质关系下胚发育阶段（0－145h）中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）同工酶的分化表达谱式,ＬＤＨ同工酶的基因表达随细胞质、细胞核不同及胚胎发育各个时期具有不同的个体发育谱式,以泥鳅卵子为细胞质的Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组,杂交组（Ⅱ）ＬＤＨ同工酶基因在受精后３min至原肠中期雄核基因参与表达与调控,部分基因位点比本交组（Ⅰ）启动与表达的时间要早,两组的管家酶主要来自细胞质。以大鳞副泥鳅为细胞质的Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组,各酶均以细胞质调控为主,其管家酶与泥鳅有很大不同。并具体分析和讨论了不同核质关系ＬＤＨ同工酶基因的表达和调控的时空顺序。