Determination of pseudojujubogenin glycosides from Brahmi based on immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody against bacopaside I

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Brahmi) is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant used for centuries as a memory enhancer. Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins classified as pseudojujubogenin and jujubogenin glycosides are reported as the active components in this plant. In this study, the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against bacopaside I, a major pseudojujubogenin glycoside found in Brahmi, was produced and characterised. Bacopaside I was conjugated with bovine albumin serum to prepare an immunogen. Hybridomas secreting a monoclonal antibody against bacopaside I was produced by fusing splenocytes from an immunised mouse and SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells. The results showed that the antibodies were raised specifically against pseudojujubonin glycosides. An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using anti-bacopaside I MAb was performed in the range of 1.95-62.5 ng/mL of bacopaside I, with a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL. The method was validated and the practical use of the ELISA for analysing saponin glycosides from Brahmi was demonstrated.     

Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC

Bacoside A, the putative bioactive component of the Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri, was found to be a mixture of saponins with bacoside A3 (1), bacopaside II (2), jujubogenin isomer of bacopasaponin C (3) and bacopasaponin C (4) as major constituents. An HPLC method together with an optimised extraction procedure was developed for the estimation of 1-4 in B. monnieri to enable standardisation of the latter. Concentration ranges of the analytes in samples of B. monnieri collected from different regions of India were 0.14-0.85% (w/w) (1), 0.12-0.69% (2), 0.05-0.72% (3) and 0.05-0.44% (4). The importance of using bacoside A, with known concentrations of 1-4, as a reference standard for the routine analysis of B. monnieri is highlighted. Two common flavonoids, luteolin and apigenin, were present in all samples of B. monnieri.     

Suitability of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) cultivation on fly ash-amended soil for better growth and oil content

Abstract

Sustainable application of fly ash and its management in agriculture is a major challenge nowadays. A pot culture experiment was conducted to find out the most suitable level of fly ash application for soil amendments that can improve the plant growth and productivity of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.). After growing seedlings of B. monnieri under different levels of fly ash for 90?days, a significant increase in plant biomass, essential oil content and tolerance index (more than 100%) was observed under 25% of fly ash amended soil in comparison to garden soil and higher fly ash treatments. Leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic parameters were remained unchanged under 25% of fly ash as compared to seedlings grown on garden soil. However, these parameters were significantly declined under higher concentrations of fly ash treatments. Higher levels of fly ash caused oxidative damage and the induction of some antioxidative enzymes activities in B. monnieri indicates its capability to endure oxidative stress tolerance. Overall, our study showed that 25% of fly ash can be used as soil amendment for cultivation of B. monnieri L. leading to enhance plant biomass and essential oil production.     

Estrogenic activity of triterpene glycosides in yeast two-hybrid assay

Estrogenic potency of six triterpene glycosides, Holothurin A, Holotoxin A₁, Frondoside A, Cucumarioside A₂-2 and Cauloside C, that are natural products and semi-synthesized Ginsenoside-Rh₂, were examined with yeast two-hybrid system, including expressed genes of human estrogen receptor, hER, the co-activator TIF2 and lacZ as a reporter gene. Only Ginsenoside-Rh₂ exhibited significant moderate estrogenic activity in the concentration range of 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁶ M. Its effect was approximately 30% of the activity of 17β-estradiol applied at half-effective concentration. This indicates Ginsenosides-Rh₂ is a weak phytoestrogen. The sea cucumber triterpene glycosides, Holothurin A, Holotoxin A₁, Cucumarioside A₂-2 and Frondoside A, and plant glycoside Cauloside C had no appreciable estrogenic activity. Data obtained by yeast two-hybrid assay reflect structure–activity relationship between tested compounds and 17β-estradiol. Only Ginsenoside-Rh₂ has some similarity in chemical structure with 17β-estradiol that might explain affinity of this glycoside to the hER receptor.     

Thiol addition to protected allyl glycosides: An improved method for the preparation of spacer-arm glycosides

A useful method for the preparation of differently functionalized sulfide spacer-arm glycosides is presented. Several protected allyl glycosides were variously elongated via a radical addition reaction with pentanethiol, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, or 2-mercaptoethanol. The hydroxyl function of protected 3-(2-hydroxyethylthio)propyl glycosides was subsequently transformed into an azide function.     

Phenolic glycosides from Symplocos racemosa: natural inhibitors of phosphodiesterase I

One new phenolic glycoside named benzoylsalireposide (1) along with one known phenolic glycoside named salireposide (2) have been isolated from Symplocos racemosa. Four other known compounds i.e. beta-amyrin (3), oleonolic acid (4), beta-sitosterol (5) and beta-sitosterol glycoside (6) were also isolated from this plant. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was based primarily on 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis, including COSY, HMQC, and HMBC correlations. The compound 1 and 2 showed inhibitory activity against snake venom phosphodiesterase I.     

Four new glycosides from the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia

Four new glycosides, including one anthraquinone glycoside (1), one naphthalene glycoside (2), and two naphthopyrone glycosides (3–4), with 10 known compounds (5–14) were isolated from the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. The new structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations.     

Cardiac glycosides of the root bark of Nerium odorum

In addition to the known odorosides, the β-d-digitaloside and β-d-glucosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-digitaloside of uzarigenin were isolated from the root bark of Nerium odorum. Odoroside B was obtained in remarkably high yield among the digitoxigenin and uzarigenin glycosides. With the aid of polyamide column chromatography, oleandrigenin β-gentiobiosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-digitaloside ( = 16-O-acetylneogitostin) was isolated along with other oleandrigenin glycosides.     

Asia1型口蹄疫病毒胶体金免疫层析检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、简便、灵敏检测Asia1型口蹄疫病毒的胶体金免疫层析方法(GICA)。本研究采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记纯化的抗Asia1型口蹄疫病毒的单克隆抗体,将该标记物与羊抗豚鼠IgG分别包被在硝酸纤维素膜(Nitrocellulose membrane)上,作为检测带和质控带。经条件优化,组装成检测Asia1型口蹄疫的诊断试纸条。用该试纸条分别对A、O、C和Asia1型口蹄疫病毒抗原以及猪水泡病病毒抗原等87份样品进行了检测,发现该试纸条不与口蹄疫病毒A、O、C型以及猪水泡病病毒抗原发生反应,特异性良好。用该试纸条对口蹄疫细胞毒(TCID50为6.25)的10倍系列稀释液进行了检测,最低可以检测到大约10?4。该试纸条与其他传统诊断方法的符合率为98.8%。初步实验确定该试纸条在4oC下可保存3个月、37oC和室温下大概可保存1周左右。该试纸条是一种快速、灵敏、特异的FMD抗原检测方法,对现场检测具有一定实用价值。     

Occurrence of steryl glycosides and acylated steryl glycosides in some marine algae

There is some controversy concerning the presence of steryl glycosides and acylated steryl glycosides in eucaryotic algae. These two classes of sterol compounds were investigated in species belonging to the three major groups of eucaryotic algae: green algae (Ulva gigantea, Cladophora rupestris), brown algae (Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum), and red algae (Rhodymenia palmata, Porphyridium sp.). All these algae contain both steryl glycosides and acylated steryl glycosides. The sterol components of these compounds vary according to the alga but they are always the same as the free sterols of the alga in question. The most common sugar moiety is glucose. In the acylated steryl glycosides, the fatty acid is mainly palmitic acid. The percentage of these compounds (as a percentage of the total sterol content) is often low.     

怀地黄叶片中总环烯醚萜苷及总苯乙醇苷含量快速分析模型的建立

本文旨在建立地黄叶片中总环烯醚萜苷及苯乙醇苷定量分析模型。利用紫外-可见分光光度法测定不同种质怀地黄生育期内的128份地黄叶片中总环烯醚萜苷及总苯乙醇苷的含量,并将其作为基础值,结合地黄叶片的近红外光谱图,利用TQ8.0分析软件结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),分别建立地黄叶片中总环烯醚萜苷及总苯乙醇苷的定量分析模型。地黄叶片中总苯乙醇苷定量校正模型决定系数(R2)为0.998 2,校正均方根偏差(RMSEC)为0.089 9,预测均方决定差(RMSEP)为0.142,交叉验证均方根偏差(RMSECV)为0.707 2;总环烯醚萜苷定量校正模型的内部交叉验证决定系数(R2)为0.972 1,校正均方差(RMSEC)为0.259,预测均方决定差(RMSEP)为0.095 4,交叉验证均方根偏差(RMSECV)为0.869 4。预测值与实测值差异无统计学意义。该定量模型可用于怀地黄叶片中总环烯醚萜苷及总苯乙醇苷含量的快速测定。     

糖苷水解酶——生物转化制备活性糖苷与苷元的有效工具

糖苷广泛存在于自然界,具有多种药理活性,是人类发现与生产药物的重要来源。糖苷中糖链部分的组成与其药理活性密切相关,改变糖苷分子中的糖链结构能改变糖苷的药理活性,为开发药物提供更多的化合物资源。糖苷水解酶修饰糖链具有效率高、成本低、污染小等优点,被广泛应用于活性糖苷与苷元的制备。本文系统地总结了糖苷水解酶转化制备活性糖苷与苷元的研究进展,为研究糖苷酶生物转化制备活性化合物提供数据资源,为相关的研究和生产提供有用的文献资料。     

Two triterpenoid glycosides from leaves of Ilex cornuta

Two new triterpene glycosides, a diglycoside (as the corresponding methyl ester) and a bis-desmoside were isolated from leaves of Ilex cornuta. The     

Flavonoid glycosides of Lathyrus pratensisleguminosae

Eight flavonoid glycosides have been identified in the leaves of Lathyrus pratensis, two of which are new glycosides.     

The occurrence of acylated flavonol glycosides in the cruciferae

Nine acylated glycosides of kaempferol or quercetin were identified in Sisymbrium gilliesii, and in three Crambe spp. They were usually present together with the related unacylated glycosides. Acylation is a very common characteristic of the four crucifer species studied.     

Bitter phenyl propanoid glycosides from campsis chinensis

A new bitter phenyl propanoid glycoside, campneoside I, was isolated, together with acteoside and campneoside II, from the leaves of Campsis chinensis. The stereostructure of campneoside I was established as R,S-β-methoxy-β-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 3) β-^D-(4-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside on the basis of the spectroscopic studies and chemical evidence.     

New lignan glycosides from the root barks of Litsea glutinosa

An investigation on the chemical constituents in the root barks of Litsea glutinosa was performed for the first time. Three new lignan glycosides named Litseasins A–C (1–3), together with a known one (4), were obtained. The structures of the new compounds were established through extensive spectroscopic analyses including HR-ESI–MS, NMR, and circluar dichroism (CD). The new compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induce nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. However, these compounds showed no inhibition on LPS-induced NO productions.