A unique C-terminal repeat domain maintains the cytosolic localization of the placenta-specific tristetraprolin family member ZFP36L3

Members of the tristetraprolin family of CCCH tandem zinc finger proteins bind to AU-rich elements in certain cellular mRNAs, leading to their deadenylation and destabilization. Studies in knock-out mice demonstrated roles for three of the family members, tristetraprolin, ZFP36L1, and ZFP36L2, in inflammation, chorioallantoic fusion, and early embryonic development, respectively. However, little is known about a recently discovered placenta-specific tristetraprolin family member, ZFP36L3. Tristetraprolin, ZFP36L1, and ZFP36L2 have been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, using typical hydrophobic amino acid-rich nuclear export sequences, and nuclear localization sequences located within the tandem zinc finger domain. In contrast, we previously showed that green fluorescent protein-labeled ZFP36L3, expressed in HEK 293 cells, remained cytosolic, even in the presence of the nuclear export blocker leptomycin B. We show here that the conserved tandem zinc finger domain contains an active nuclear localization signal. However, the sequence corresponding to the nuclear export signal in the other family members was nonfunctional, and thus did not contribute to the cytosolic localization. The unique C-terminal repeat domain could override the activity of the nuclear localization sequence, preventing the import of ZFP36L3 into the nucleus. Immunostaining of mouse placenta demonstrated that ZFP36L3 was located only in the cytoplasm of trophoblast cells. Thus, in contrast to the other mammalian members of this protein family, ZFP36L3 is a "full-time" cytosolic protein, rather than a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. The significance of this difference in subcellular localization to the physiology of placental trophoblast cells, where ZFP36L3 is selectively expressed, remains to be determined.     

Expression of Dlx genes during the development of the murine dentition

The mammalian Dlx homeobox gene family has been shown to play multiple roles in tooth development, but a detailed comparison of the expression pattern of all members throughout tooth development has been lacking. We provide such an analysis for the six known murine Dlx genes. The expression patterns for these genes allow a refinement of previously proposed models for the role of Dlx genes in tooth type specification and raise the possibility of roles for subsets of these genes in tooth initiation, morphogenesis (enamel navel formation, enamel knot induction, cervical loop growth), and enamel formation. The relationship of Dlx gene expression to their genomic organization suggests coordinate regulation of linked genes at early stages but regulatory differences at later stages. Received: 19 July 1999 / Accepted: 3 December 1999