吉林省1：2500000植被图及其说明

以100个以上地点的植被调查研究资料为基础,编绘了吉林省1:2500000植被图。这是一幅小比例尺的现生天然植被图。鉴于温带植物群落的优势种明显,本图的图例设计,采用了优势种原则。图例以由高海拔到低海拔,由东南到西北,先森林后草原,先地带性植被后非地带性植被,先群落后个体为序作了编排和描述。共划分出18个基本图例和6个超比例尺符号,全图可能概括地示出了吉林省植被地理分布规律。     

内伶仃岛主要植被及群落类型的特征和分布

广东省内伶仃岛位于珠江口伶仃洋的东部,属南亚热带季风气候区,其自然植被的主要类型有：南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带针阔叶混交林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带红树林、南亚热带竹林、南亚热带常绿灌丛、南亚热带灌草丛、滨海砂生灌草丛等,包括８个植被亚型、１８个群系。人工植被主要有台湾相思林等４个群系,以及果园林４类、作物园４类。地带性植被为南亚热带常绿阔叶林;优势植被类型为台湾相思林、马尾松林,两者的建群种均为衰退种群,已形成多个发育阶段。论文对各主要植被类型及群落结构特征进行分析。     

广西常绿阔叶林的分类和地理分布研究

常绿阔叶林是东亚湿润亚热带地区特有的地带性植被类型,群落类型多种多样。作者研究制定了广西常绿阔叶林的分类系统,包括１３个群系组、５２个群系,列举有代表性的１０３个群丛。扼要地阐述了它们的地理分布生境特点,为其保护和科学的管理提供基本材料。     

《中国植被志》研编内容与规范

植被志是基于植被(或植物群落)调查资料, 全面记叙植被的外貌、物种组成、结构和功能, 以及地理分布和生境条件等特征, 并对同类植被进行归纳和总结的志书。《中国植被志》是第一部对中国植被进行全面记述的志书, 预计完成约48卷110册。在借鉴《中国植被》(1980)(简称“80方案”)植被分类基本原则的基础上,《中国植被志》将对中国植被分类系统的高级分类单位(植被型组、植被型和植被亚型)进行归纳和总结, 对中级和低级分类单位(群系组、群系、亚群系, 群丛组、群丛)进行详细描述。植被高级分类单位的描述具有概括性质, 是在中国植被分类系统中级和低级分类单位描述的基础上, 对其在全球和中国境内的地理分布、自然环境、群落外貌、植被类型及多样性、优势种或共优势种、生物多样性保育价值以及资源现状等进行概述, 并对“80方案”相关内容进行修订和拓展, 将提供对中国植被基本特征客观、准确的记述。在植被中级和低级分类单位中, 群系组描述的内容包括地理分布、自然环境、群落外貌、植被类型以及价值与保育等内容; 群系描述的主要内容包括地理分布、自然环境、生态特征、物种组成、群落结构、群丛组和群丛的分类与描述、优势种的生物学特性、生物量与生产力、植被动态与演替以及价值与保育等方面。作为植被志研编的核心内容, 群丛组和群丛的分类与描述主要基于植被调查资料, 采用数量分类方法, 根据群落结构和物种组成的差异划分出不同的植被类型, 并对其基本特征进行定量描述和归纳。其中, 群落的层片结构、特定植被分类单元的特征种或特征种组的筛选与甄别是植被类型划分的关键环节; 而群落外貌, 群落结构, 物种组成, 各类物种的生长习性、生境的偏适性等是群丛组和群丛描述与归纳的重点内容。该文提出了中国植被中级和低级分类单位的命名方案, 其特点在于植被类型的科学名称中同时体现了植被分类单元特征种或优势种的名称及其所属的高级植被分类单位(植被型组或植被型)的名称, 兼顾了植被名称的规范性与实用性。《中国植被志》的研编工作由文献整编、群落调查、数据分析与整理、文本撰写等环节组成。该文对植被样方的调查与收集, 文献收集与整编, 气候、土壤、地形等相关数据的来源及其整理方法, 植被分类方法, 植被命名, 植被分类单元描述的内容, 植被志章节编写大纲、体裁及撰写等多个规范进行了详细的阐述或示例。     

《中国植被志》研编内容与规范

植被志是基于植被(或植物群落)调查资料,全面记叙植被的外貌、物种组成、结构和功能,以及地理分布和生境条件等特征,并对同类植被进行归纳和总结的志书。《中国植被志》是第一部对中国植被进行全面记述的志书,预计完成约48卷110册。在借鉴《中国植被》(1980)(简称"80方案")植被分类基本原则的基础上,《中国植被志》将对中国植被分类系统的高级分类单位(植被型组、植被型和植被亚型)进行归纳和总结,对中级和低级分类单位(群系组、群系、亚群系,群丛组、群丛)进行详细描述。植被高级分类单位的描述具有概括性质,是在中国植被分类系统中级和低级分类单位描述的基础上,对其在全球和中国境内的地理分布、自然环境、群落外貌、植被类型及多样性、优势种或共优势种、生物多样性保育价值以及资源现状等进行概述,并对"80方案"相关内容进行修订和拓展,将提供对中国植被基本特征客观、准确的记述。在植被中级和低级分类单位中,群系组描述的内容包括地理分布、自然环境、群落外貌、植被类型以及价值与保育等内容;群系描述的主要内容包括地理分布、自然环境、生态特征、物种组成、群落结构、群丛组和群丛的分类与描述、优势种的生物学特性、生物量与生产力、植被动态与演替以及价值与保育等方面。作为植被志研编的核心内容,群丛组和群丛的分类与描述主要基于植被调查资料,采用数量分类方法,根据群落结构和物种组成的差异划分出不同的植被类型,并对其基本特征进行定量描述和归纳。其中,群落的层片结构、特定植被分类单元的特征种或特征种组的筛选与甄别是植被类型划分的关键环节;而群落外貌,群落结构,物种组成,各类物种的生长习性、生境的偏适性等是群丛组和群丛描述与归纳的重点内容。该文提出了中国植被中级和低级分类单位的命名方案,其特点在于植被类型的科学名称中同时体现了植被分类单元特征种或优势种的名称及其所属的高级植被分类单位(植被型组或植被型)的名称,兼顾了植被名称的规范性与实用性。《中国植被志》的研编工作由文献整编、群落调查、数据分析与整理、文本撰写等环节组成。该文对植被样方的调查与收集,文献收集与整编,气候、土壤、地形等相关数据的来源及其整理方法,植被分类方法,植被命名,植被分类单元描述的内容,植被志章节编写大纲、体裁及撰写等多个规范进行了详细的阐述或示例。     

用模糊聚类探讨福建三明格氏栲自然保护区植被类型的划分

初步统计三明格氏栲自然保护区有种子植物１４５科,４３４属,１０１０种（变种）。植物区系古老,地理成分以泛热和热带分成分较多,我们运用模糊聚类分析了保护区群落的划分,结果表明,划分的类型与用植物所在群落层中重要值来确定群落乔木层的优势种划分群系的方法基本相一致,计自然植被３个群系,格氏栲林,米储林,栲树林;人工植被５个群系：马尾松林,杉木林,建柏林,楠木林,毛竹林。     

上海大金山岛植被分类与制图——基于网格化清查方法

网格化清查方法有助于准确诊断一个地区的植被性质,并为探索植被分类方法提供支持。该研究以上海大金山岛为对象,借助航拍影像等间距地将其划分为140个清查网格(40 m × 40 m),按照统计样方法逐网格调查植物群落特征,综合运用列表法和双向指示种法,进行植被分类并绘制现状植被图。按照新修订的植被三级分类系统进行分类:一级单位根据植被型,大金山岛植被划分为落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿落叶阔叶混交灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛和草丛; 二级单位根据优势种和植物区系特征,可划分出15种群丛或群落类型; 三级单位根据群落年龄和外貌可划分为22种群落类型。以上结果表明,大金山岛不仅是上海市物种多样性最高的区域,也拥有华东海岛最典型、最多样的自然半自然森林群落。就植被状态而言,地带性森林群落处于演替中后期,但少数次生植被处于演替前期,且面临着猴群干扰导致的植被发育停滞不前等生态问题。关于植被分类方法,网格化清查方法可充分揭示植物群丛连续性中包含间断性和过渡性群落的现象。     

拉萨河流域植物群落的数量分类与排序

青藏高原植物群落空间分异格局是异质生境条件下物种性状、种间相互作用等生态学过程共同作用的结果,对其分析有助于深入理解群落形成与环境因子之间的关系。基于拉萨河流域自然植被样带调查,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)等方法,探讨了群落的结构组成及影响其结构分异的主导环境因子。结果表明:(1) TWINSPAN数量分类将拉萨河流域草地系统划分成12个群系类型,即圆叶合头菊+唐古拉翠雀花群系;紫花针茅群系;青藏臺草群系;雪层杜鹃+鲜卑花-西藏嵩草群系;高山嵩草群系;小叶金露梅群系;硬叶柳+杯腺柳群系;水栒子+拱枝绣线菊-高山嵩草群系;绢毛蔷薇-冷蒿+白草群系;大果圆柏-垂穗披碱草群系;铺地柏-藏橐吾+高原荨麻群系;醉鱼草+砂生槐群系。12种群系类型包含了较多的植被类型,包括高寒灌丛草甸、高寒灌丛草原、稀树草原、高寒草甸和高寒草原等。(2) CCA排序表明:影响拉萨河流域植物群系分布的主要环境因子是年均温度、海拔和经度和纬度,其次是年均降雨量。(3) TWINSPAN分类与CCA排序结合反映了群系分布格局变异与环境因子之间的关系,可为拉萨河流域草地的保护和可持续利用,以及相关的植被群落研究提供参考。     

海南岛文昌县滨海沙土草地植被的研究

 海南岛文昌县滨海沙土草地植被,用改进的点样法——拉线点样法,测定的数据,所作的数量分析,可分为14个群丛,两个类型,6个主要群系(群落)：1．热带滨海沙土沼泽草地 1)薄果草+岗松群系(含5个群丛) 2)田葱群系(含1个群丛) 2．热带滨海沙生草地 3)鸭咀草+蜈蚣草群系(1个群丛) 4)蜈蚣草+金须茅群系(1个群丛) 5)鬣刺+单叶牡荆群系(1个群丛) 6)竹节草+野香茅群落(1个群丛)。在这6个群落(群系)中,以潜育性沙土上由薄果草和岗松组成的草地,以及半流动和固定沙土上以蜈蚣草、鸭咀草、野香茅为主的草地,面积最大,最有代表性。     

中国常绿阔叶林分类试行方案

植被分类是植被生态学研究中最复杂、充满着争论的问题之一,直到现在并没有一个能为植被学家共同接受的、统一的分类系统。常绿阔叶林的复杂性仅次于热带雨林,加之在人类长期干扰下,变化极大,过渡性群落极多,更增加了分类的困难。中国常绿阔叶林分类经历了漫长的道路,20世纪50年代学习苏俄学派,60年代初引进威斯康星学派的“重要值"概念,在研究云南滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)林时也曾试用过法瑞学派的理论和方法。80年代《中国植被》(1980)一书的作者们提出,对于“南方某些类型"在“群系(Formation)"和“群丛(Association)"划分时应采用“标志种(Diagnostic species)"的原则,当时由于资料所限,这一原则并未得到贯彻。本文在总结以往分类方案的基础上,根据高级单位以生态外貌、中级单位以优势度类型、低级单位以特征种组的分类原则,构建了从“群丛"、“群系"、“群系组"到“植被亚型"和“植被型"的中国常绿阔叶林分类系统。将中国常绿阔叶林划分出3个植被型、8个植被亚型、14个群系组和53个群系。这些群系大都占据一定的地理区域,并与一定的生境相联系。     

Identifying and quantifying uncertainty and spatial disagreement in the comparison of Global Land Cover for different applications

This paper provides a methodology for comparing global land cover maps that allows for differences in legend definitions between products to be taken into account. The legends of the two maps are first reconciled by creating a legend lookup table that shows how the legends map onto one another. Where there is overlap, the specific definitions for each legend class are used to calculate the degree of overlap between legend classes. In this way, one‐to‐many mappings are accounted for unlike in most methods where the legend definitions are often forced into place. Another advantage over previous map comparison methods is that application‐specific requirements are captured using expert input, whereby the user rates the importance of disagreement between different legend classes based on the needs of the application. This user‐defined matrix in conjunction with the degree of overlap between legend classes is applied on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis to create maps of spatial disagreement and uncertainty. The user can then highlight the areas of highest thematic uncertainty and disagreement between the different land cover maps allowing for areas that require further detailed examination to be readily identified. It would also be possible for several users to input their knowledge into the process, leading to a potentially more robust comparison of land cover products. The methodology of map comparison is illustrated using different land cover products including Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC‐2000) and the MODIS land cover data set. Two diverse applications are provided including the estimation of global forest cover and monitoring of agricultural land. In the case of global forest cover, an example was provided for Columbia, which showed that the MODIS land cover map overestimates forest cover in comparison with the GLC‐2000. The agricultural example, on the other hand, served to illustrate that for Sudan, MODIS tends to underestimate crop areas while GLC‐2000 overestimates them.     

四川岷山火溪河地区人为干扰后的植被组成及分布

以平武县地形图、植被图、野外植被调查结果为数据源制作研究区植被图和数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM),在Arcview GIS平台下通过植被分类和图层叠加分析法,研究了人为干扰后植被的组成及植被类型在主要地形梯度上的分布特征。结果表明:(1)受人为干扰特别是森林采伐活动影响,研究区针阔混交林消失,针叶林面积缩小,阔叶林和灌丛面积增加。(2)植被类型在海拔梯度上分布规律性明显;除农田外,其它植被类型在坡度上的面积比例与研究区面积在各坡度段所占比例很相似;针叶林、阔叶林、农田、灌丛对坡向有明显选择性。(3)人为干扰活动改变了研究区植被类型及其面积比重,并使植被在海拔段上的分布带有明显人类干扰的痕迹。     

Assessment of biodiversity in Central Federal District using satellite-based maps of terrestrial ecosystems

A research study of the ecosystem biodiversity of the Central Federal District (CFD) has been carried out at the regional level with the use of the map of vegetation in the terrestrial ecosystems, which was created on the basis of the high spatial resolution (30 m) data obtained from the Landsat satellite series. Numerical characteristics such as the areas of the forest and other terrestral ecosystems; the number of forest plots; their average areas in a federal region; the disturbed forest land areas over the past 5 years; the proportions of the coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests; and the total number of ecosystem types found in the federal region are calculated for each federal region in the Russian Federation within the CFD. The dominant landscape type is defined using a regular grid whose cell size matches the size of the average basal area of the forest plot on the vegetation map. The areas of the forest, agricultural, grassland, and agro-forest landscapes within each grid cell are estimated. The dominant landscape areas are assessed for each federal region; the analysis reveals that, on average, a quarter of all land areas in the district are occupied by agroforest landscapes. A logical sequence of research activities has been presented to assess the indicators of biodiversity in the forest and other terrestrial ecosystems and their functions and services.     

Combining land cover mapping of coastal dunes with vegetation analysis

Question: Coastal dune systems are characterized by a natural mosaic that promotes species diversity. This heterogeneity often represents a severe problem for traditional mapping or ground survey techniques. The work presented here proposes to apply a very detailed CORINE land cover map as baseline information for plant community sampling and analysis in a coastal dune landscape. Location: Molise coast, Central Italy. Method: We analysed through an error matrix the coherence between land cover classes and vegetation types identified through a field survey. The CORINE land cover map (scale 1: 5000) of the Molise coast was used with the CORINE legend expanded to a fourth level of detail for natural and semi‐natural areas. Vegetation data were collected following a random stratified sampling design using the CORINE land cover classes as strata. An error matrix was used to compare, on a category‐by‐category basis, the relationship between vegetation types (obtained by cluster analyses of sampling plots) and land cover classes of the same area. Results: The coincidence between both classification approaches is quite good. Only one land cover class shows a very weak agreement with its corresponding vegetation type; this result was interpreted as being related to human disturbance. Conclusions: Since it is based on a standard land cover classification, the proposal has a potential for application to most European coastal systems. This method could represent a first step in the environmental planning of coastal systems.     

The exposure,sensitivity and vulnerability of natural vegetation in China to climate thermal variability (1901–2013): An indicator-based approach

Vulnerability assessments can be helpful in assessing the impact of climate change on natural ecosystems and are expected to support adaptation and/or mitigation strategies in the 21st century. A challenge when conducting such assessments is the integration of the multi-level properties and processes of ecosystems into an assessment framework. Focusing on the primary stresses of climate thermal variability (at both upper and lower extremes), this study proposes a quantitative indicator system—following the IPCC framework of vulnerability assessment—that assesses the impact of historical climate change, during 1901–2013, on the natural terrestrial vegetation types in China. The final output of the vulnerability assessment was expressed as a composite index, composed of ecosystem exposure, sensitivity and resilience to climate thermal change, and including biological, ecological and spatial traits of vegetation types in the assessment. The exposure to temperature variability was generally higher in January than in July, and higher in non-arborous vegetation types than forests. In contrast, sensitivity was higher for forests, wetlands and alpine tundra regions, especially for small areas and areas with scattered patterns. Original forests—especially those distributed in the north—had lower resilience than other vegetation types. The vulnerability of natural vegetation types in China to the temperature variability of the past century was very low to moderate, with a few exceptions, including tropical mangroves and the semi-arid to arid vegetation types in northwestern China, which had high vulnerability. Vulnerability was stronger in winter than in summer. Our results are generally in accord with the scenario-based projections on the geographical pattern of vegetation vulnerability to climate change, and revealed the difference caused by not considering moisture. The risks for these fragmented and narrow-range ecosystems are highlighted, and the importance of natural resilience is stressed for the assessment of vegetation vulnerability to climate change. Given the inadequate coverage of the natural reserve network in China (after the large investment in recent decades) found in the high-vulnerability vegetation types (with a few exceptions), the assessment of natural resilience of ecosystems could be critical for the optimal design of socio-economic strategies in response to the impacts of future climate change.     

On the concept of vegetation class in phytosociology

Abstract. The vegetation class is generally accepted as the highest category in vegetation taxonomy. Vegetation classes, following the tradition, are defined mainly on the basis of character species. However, these are sometimes relatively rare and not always really representative of the ecological conditions of plant communities included in the class. In the present study the possibilities are discussed for a more comprehensive definition of the class, including spatial structure and environmental characteristics of the vegetation and the geographical distribution of character species. These include criteria with practical value, in particular for the understanding of vegetation in tropical areas. Some cases of well-known vegetation classes are discussed; in most of them the ranges of single character species and the range of the class as a whole largely coincide.     

台湾植被分类方案

复杂的自然条件导致面积仅为36 000多平方公里的台湾兼有热带和寒温带的群落类型,堪称中国乃至世界植被之缩影.它的植被分类也是对中国乃至世界植被分类的补充.台湾植被分类采用的是外貌-区系原则,分类单位和系统自上而下是:植被型纲、植被型目、植被型、群团组、群团和群丛.高级单位(植被型纲、植被型目和植被型)以群落的生态外貌为依据;中、低级单位主要依据种类组成,兼顾优势种和标志种的指示意义.在中级单位中(群团组、群团),重视优势种的作用,在低级单位中(群丛)更重视特征种(或标志种)的意义.按此原则将台湾植被划分为5个植被型纲(森林、灌丛、草本植被、岩原植被、沼泽和水生植被),29个植被型目(寒温性针叶林,凉温性针叶林,暖温性针叶林,暖性针叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林、常绿苔藓林、常绿硬叶林、常绿阔叶林、热带雨林、热带季雨林海岸林、暖性竹林、常绿针叶灌丛、革叶灌丛、落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛、刺肉灌丛、竹灌丛、草甸、疏灌草地、干热早生草地、岩屑堆稀疏群落、石隙植被、木本沼泽、草本沼泽、藓类沼泽、淡水水生植被和咸水水生植被),53个植被型.列举了各个植被型中的重要群团.     

台湾植被分类方案

复杂的自然条件导致面积仅为36000多平办公里的台湾兼有热带和寒温带的群落类型,堪称中国乃至世界植被之缩影。它的植被分类也是对中国乃至世界植被分类的补充。台湾植被分类采用的是外貌-区系原则,分类单位和系统自上而下是：植被型纲、植被型目、植被型、群团组、群团和群丛。高级单位(植被型纲、植被型目和植被型)以群落的生态外貌为依据;中、低级单位主要依据种类组成,兼顾优势种和标志种的指示意义。在中级单位中(群团组、群团),重视优势种的作用,在低级单位中(群丛)更重视特征种(或标志种)的意义。按此原则将台湾植被划分为5个植被型纲(森林、灌丛、草本植被、岩原植被、沼泽和水生植被),29个植被型目(寒温性针叶林,凉温性针叶林,暖温性针叶林,暖性针叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林、常绿苔藓林、常绿硬叶林、常绿阔叶林、热带雨林、热带季雨林海岸林、暖性竹林、常绿针叶灌丛、革叶灌从、落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛、刺肉灌从、竹灌丛、草甸、疏灌草地、干热旱生草地、岩屑堆稀疏群落、石隙植被、木本沼泽、草本沼洋、藓类沼泽、淡水水生植被和成水水生植被),53个植被型。列举了各个植被型中的重要群团。