探讨种间传粉在杜鹃花属自然杂交物种形成中的作用

自然杂交是物种形成的一个途径, 在植物进化中起着重要的作用。自然杂交主要通过种间的基因交流, 花粉传递则是基因交流的主要途径。马缨花(Rhododendron delavayi)、大白花杜鹃(R. decorum)、迷人杜鹃(R. agastum)和露珠杜鹃(R. irroratum)是在云南广泛分布的杜鹃花种类, 马缨花与大白花杜鹃形态上区别明显, 而它们的可能杂交种迷人杜鹃和露珠杜鹃在形态上基本介于二者之间。本文对这4种杜鹃花的开花物候和访花昆虫的种类进行了观察,并进行了其繁育系统和种子萌发的实验。我们发现马缨花的花期从3月初至5月底, 迷人杜鹃与露珠杜鹃花期基本一致, 为3月初至4月初, 二者同大白花杜鹃基本不存在花期重叠, 大白花杜鹃的花期为4月中旬至5月底。4种杜鹃花的开花期不同年份稍有变化, 其单花开花周期都在一周以上。4种杜鹃花的传粉昆虫虽然种类和数量上有所不同, 但都以膜翅目和双翅目昆虫为主, 中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)是其共有的传粉昆虫。繁育系统研究发现, 除露珠杜鹃外, 其余3种自花不育, 而种间杂交不存在任何生殖障碍, 可以产生萌发率很高的种子。通过分析4种杜鹃花开花物候重叠、共有传粉昆虫及种间杂交可育等现象, 探讨了传粉昆虫和异花授粉的机制在自然杂交物种形成中的作用及杂交种的适应能力。     

Hybrid seed production and the challenge of propagating male-sterile plants

The introduction of hybrid crop varieties has enabled spectacular increases in productivity owing to hybrid vigor and increased uniformity. To produce hybrid seeds, a pollination control system is required to prevent unwanted self-pollination. In crop species with hermaphrodite flowers, this can be a major challenge. Over the past decade, new pollination control systems have been developed with the aid of genetic engineering, mainly based on the generation of nuclear-encoded male sterility. The successful application of these systems for large-scale hybrid seed production depends on whether the male-sterile female parent line can be multiplied efficiently and economically. In spite of its relevance, the propagation of the male-sterile line has often been overlooked in the development of pollination control systems.     

Establishment and application of distant hybridization technology in fish

Hybridization is widely used. However, for a long time, systematic theories and technologies related to hybridization in fish have been lacking. In this study, through long-term systematic research, we investigated and obtained the main rules regarding inheritance and reproduction related to fish distant hybridization. Furthermore, we established one-step and multistep breeding technologies that were suitable for interspecific hybridization and intraspecific hybridization. Simultaneously, we used these two breeding technologies to produce a batch of diploid fish lineages and tetraploid fish lineages and improved fishes. In addition, we widely discuss the methods, technologies and results of hybridization breeding, referring to the domestic and foreign literature on fish hybridization. We hope that this paper will be beneficial for the research and application of fish hybrid breeding.     

Breeding systems in Balsaminaceae in relation to pollen/ovule ratio,pollination syndromes,life history and climate zone

• Pollen/ovule (P/O) ratios are often used as proxy for breeding systems. Here, we investigate the relations between breeding systems and P/O ratios, pollination syndromes, life history and climate zone in Balsaminaceae.
• We conducted controlled breeding system experiments (autonomous and active self‐pollination and outcrossing tests) for 65 Balsaminaceae species, analysed pollen grain and ovule numbers and evaluated the results in combination with data on pollination syndrome, life history and climate zone on a phylogenetic basis.
• Based on fruit set, we assigned three breeding systems: autogamy, self‐compatibility and self‐incompatibility. Self‐pollination led to lower fruit set than outcrossing. We neither found significant P/O differences between breeding systems nor between pollination syndromes. However, the numbers of pollen grains and ovules per flower were significantly lower in autogamous species, but pollen grain and ovule numbers did not differ between most pollination syndromes. Finally, we found no relation between breeding system and climate zone, but a relation between climate zone and life history.
• In Balsaminaceae reproductive traits can change under resource or pollinator limitation, leading to the evolution of autogamy, but are evolutionary rather constant and not under strong selection pressure by pollinator guild and geographic range changes. Colonisation of temperate regions, however, is correlated with transitions towards annual life history. Pollen/ovule‐ratios, commonly accepted as good indicators of breeding system, have a low predictive value in Balsaminaceae. In the absence of experimental data on breeding system, additional floral traits (overall pollen grain and ovule number, traits of floral morphology) may be used as proxies.

     

胡萝卜育种研究(综述)

胡萝卜是高度异花授粉作物,由于存在近交衰退,因而很难通过系内授粉培育出综合性状优良的品种。随着雄性不育系的发现,进而培育出整齐一致的一代杂种。本文综述国内外胡萝卜育种与科研现状,提出胡萝卜育种的主要目标,着重介绍雄性不育在胡萝卜育种中的应用,为加快胡萝卜育种研究提供思路。     

凤仙花属3种植物的开花性状和繁育系统研究

通过形态、扫描电镜观察及人工控制授粉等方法对温室环境中的睫毛萼凤仙花(Impatiens blepharosepala Pritz. ex Diels)、绿萼凤仙花(I.chlorosepala Hand.-Mazz.)、菱叶凤仙花(I.rhombifolia Y. Q. Lu et Y. L. Chen)等凤仙花属3种植物的开花物候、花部性状以及繁育系统进行探究。结果显示：3种植物的开花物候依据花部形态变化可分为6个时期,各植物花期存在部分重叠;花部性状、部分繁育指标、花粉粒和子房微形态等方面均存在部分差异;3个物种的花粉生活力与柱头可授性变化趋势在整体上呈单峰型;3种植物的繁育系统均为兼性异交,其具体特征为自交亲和、需要传粉者;花蜜报酬满足小体型昆虫的传粉需要;3个物种的6种控制授粉处理中对照处理结实率低于3种人工授粉处理结实率,且不存在自花授粉和无融合生殖的现象;3种处理中人工异株异花授粉处理结实率最高,人工同株异花授粉处理结实率最低。     

栽培番茄X秘鲁番茄杂交后的胚胎发育

"北京早红"番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)X秘鲁番茄(L. peruvianum )PI,128657中的8号株系杂交后杂种种子不能正常发育的原因观察。结果表明,杂种胚和胚乳发育缓 慢。授粉后16天胚乳开始退化。杂种胚的分裂是随机的,没有经历正常的发育阶段。.授粉后30天杂种胚开始退化,35天完全解体。投粉后4天有些珠被绒毡层出现增生。     

Hydrophilous pollination and breeding system evolution in seagrasses: a phylogenetic approach to the evolutionary ecology of the Cymodoceaceae

COX, P. A. & HUMPHRIES, C. J. 1992. Hydrophilous pollination and breeding system evolution in seagrasses: a phylogenetic approach to the evolutionary ecology of the Cymodoceaceae. A phylogenetic analysis of seagrasses of the Cymodoceaceae shows the Cymodoceaceae to be monophyletic and Posidoniaceae to be their sister group. Information on the pollination ecologies and breeding systems of the various genera of the Cymodoceaceae were plotted onto the consensus tree obtained for the group. From this analysis, it is suggested that the clade composed of the Zosteraceae, Posidoniaceae and Cymodoceaceae evolved from a freshwater hydrophilous ancestor that developed submarine pollination and filiform pollen in association with invasion of the marine environment. Dioecism and surface pollination appear to have evolved in the progenitor of the Cymodoceaceae, and hence the seagrasses of the Cymodoceaceae are dioecious due to common descent rather than to convergent evolutionary processes in extant genera.     

几种农作物细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的定位和分子标记研究进展

利用杂种优势提高作物产量时, 生产杂交种的主要授粉控制系统是细胞质雄性不育及其恢复系统。在杂交品种的选育过程中, 优良恢复系选育至关重要。为了高效并准确地鉴定选择恢复材料, 同时更深入地研究恢复基因的作用机理, 近年来植物细胞质雄性不育恢复基因分子标记研究受到了广泛重视。本文综述了主要农作物水稻、油菜、小麦、棉花和玉米等细胞质雄性不育类型恢复基因的定位和分子标记研究进展, 并讨论了恢复基因的精确定位和分子标记鉴定在基因克隆和分子标记辅助选择育种中的意义和应用前景。     

几种农作物细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的定位和分子标记研究进展

利用杂种优势提高作物产量时,生产杂交种的主要授粉控制系统是细胞质雄性不育及其恢复系统。在杂交品种的选育过程中,优良恢复系选育至关重要。为了高效并准确地鉴定选择恢复材料,同时更深入地研究恢复基因的作用机理,近年来植物细胞质雄性不育恢复基因分子标记研究受到了广泛重视。本文综述了主要农作物水稻、油菜、小麦、棉花和玉米等细胞质雄性不育类型恢复基因的定位和分子标记研究进展,并讨论了恢复基因的精确定位和分子标记鉴定在基因克隆和分子标记辅助选择育种中的意义和应用前景。     

栽培番茄×秘鲁番茄杂交后的胚胎发育

“北京早红”番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)×秘鲁番茄(L.peruvianum)PI,128657中的8号株系杂交后杂种种子不能正常发育的原因观察。结果表明,杂种胚和胚乳发育缓慢。授粉后16天胚乳开始退化。杂种胚的分裂是随机的,没有经历正常的发育阶段。授粉后30天杂种胚开始退化,35天完全解体。授粉后4天有些珠被绒毡层出现增生。     

Mixed mating strategies and pollination by insects and wind in coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae)): importance in production and selection

Abstract 1 Coconut is one of the most important tropical crops. It is threatened by Lethal yellowing disease. Production and selection by breeding require pollination, yet little is known of the pollination requirements and breeding system of this palm. 2 This study was carried out from 1999 to 2001 in coconut plantations represented by five coconut ecotypes commonly found in Mexico. It is the first study in the Neotropics on pollination and the breeding system of this palm. 3 Hymenoptera were the most numerous and diverse visitors to coconut flowers. The greatest period of insect abundance occurred during the rainy season (July to October). Insect abundance on the flowers correlated highly and positively with precipitation. 4 The abundance of visitors to pistillate flowers did not vary with season but there were significant differences between palm ecotypes; the most insect‐visited flowers were of the Atlantic Tall ecotype. 5 The introduced honeybee (Apis mellifera) had the most appropriate foraging behaviour, visiting both pistillate and staminate flowers. These insects were probably the most efficient pollinators as they carry pollen on their ventral surface. Ants were present on flowers day and night but had no effect on pollination. 6 Pollination experiments indicated a mixed mating strategy: self‐pollination by geitenogamy produced almost 19% of the fruit set, but cross‐pollination (xenogamy) was the most important contribution (c. 30%). Anemophilous cross‐pollination only accounted for 10% of fruit set, whereas entomophily became the most important pollination mechanism under Yucatan conditions. 7 As coconut palm grows naturally on the oceanic strand in a wide variety of seasonal conditions of wind and rain, we suggest that they may have evolved pollination, breeding and mating systems that ensure fruit production under a wide variety of conditions, while maximizing the probability of cross‐pollination.     

关苍术花部综合特征与繁育系统的研究

采用定点观察,运用杂交指数估算、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)测定、套袋授粉等方法,对关苍术的花部综合特征及繁育系统进行研究。结果表明:种群花期为7月下旬至9月初,单花序花期为12~17 d,小花日开放高峰期为早上7:00~8:00;花粉活力最高(90%以上)在开花后2 h以内,而此时其柱头尚无可授性,柱头在花开48~72 h以内具有较强可授性;花粉/胚珠比为6 690,杂交指数为5,繁育系统为专性异交,优势访花者为蜂类和蝇类;套袋和授粉实验结果表明关苍术不存在无融合生殖现象,自交和同株异花结实率很低,其繁育系统以异交为主。通过关苍术花部综合特征和繁育系统的研究,进一步了解其生物学特性,为关苍术资源保护和人工培育提供了理论基础。     

A new pollination system: brood-site pollination by flower bugs in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)

Background and Aims Macaranga: (Euphorbiaceae) is a large genus of dioecious trees with approx.260 species. To date, only one pollination study of the genushas reported brood-site pollination by thrips in M. hullettii.In this study, the pollination system of Macaranga tanariusis reported. Methods: The study was conducted on Okinawa and Amami Islands, Japan.Flower visitors on M. tanarius were collected and their pollenload and behaviour on the flowers examined, as well as inflorescencestructure and reward for the pollinators. Key Results: The most abundant flower visitors found on the male and femaleinflorescences were Orius atratus (Anthocoridae, Hemiptera),followed by Decomioides schneirlai (Miridae, Hemiptera). Pollenload on O. atratus from flowering pistillate inflorescenceswas detected as well as from staminate flowers. Orius atratusand D. schneirlai are likely to use the enclosed chambers formedby floral bracts as breeding sites before and during floweranthesis, and feed on nectar on the adaxial surface of flowerbracts. The extrafloral nectary has a ball-shaped structureand the contained nectar is not exposed; the hemipterans piercethe ball to suck out the nectar. Conclusions: The results indicate that the plant is pollinated by flowerbugs breeding on the inflorescences. This study may be the firstreport of pollination systems in which flower bugs are the mainpollinators. Similarity of pollination systems between M. hullettiiand M. tanarius indicates that the two brood-site pollinationsystems have the same origin. The pollinator species belongsto a predacious group, whose major prey includes thrips. Thepollination system might represent a unique example of evolutionfrom predatory flower visitors feeding on the pollinators (thrips)to the main pollinators.     

海南三七（姜科）的食源性欺骗传粉

有花植物为繁殖成功,进化出各种各样的花部特征来吸引传粉者,如为传粉者提供花蜜、花粉、栖息地等,然而在33科146属的被子植物中也存在着不提供任何报酬而欺骗昆虫为其传粉的现象。这种欺骗性传粉模式主要出现在高度进化的具有多样化传粉模式的兰科植物中。报道了在姜科植物中首次发现的食源性欺骗传粉模式。对姜科山柰属海南三七进行连续2年的传粉生物学观察和研究发现,海南三七的花在早上5:30～6:00之间开放,下午17:00～18:00左右闭合萎蔫,持续大约11～12h。开花过程中花粉活性与柱头可受性均保持较高水平(>90%)。花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)为82.20±47.89(n=20)。木蜂是其主要的访花和传粉昆虫,访花目的是吸取花蜜。海南三七虽有细长线形的蜜腺,但并不分泌花蜜作为传粉昆虫访花的报酬,采用食源性欺骗的方式欺骗木蜂为其传粉。繁育系统的研究表明广西弄化的海南三七居群主要是通过根茎进行无性繁殖。     

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a resource for farmland insect pollinators: quantifying floral traits in conventional varieties and breeding systems

Oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus L.) is a major crop in temperate regions and provides an important source of nutrition to many of the yield‐enhancing insect flower visitors that consume floral nectar. The manipulation of mechanisms that control various crop plant traits for the benefit of pollinators has been suggested in the bid to increase food security, but little is known about inherent floral trait expression in contemporary OSR varieties or the breeding systems used in OSR breeding programmes. We studied a range of floral traits in glasshouse‐grown, certified conventional varieties of winter OSR to test for variation among and within breeding systems. We measured 24‐h nectar secretion rate, amount, concentration and ratio of nectar sugars per flower, and sizes and number of flowers produced per plant from 24 varieties of OSR representing open‐pollinated (OP), genic male sterility (GMS) hybrid and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) hybrid breeding systems. Sugar concentration was consistent among and within the breeding systems; however, GMS hybrids produced more nectar and more sugar per flower than CMS hybrid or OP varieties. With the exception of ratio of fructose/glucose in OP varieties, we found that nectar traits were consistent within all the breeding systems. When scaled, GMS hybrids produced 1.73 times more nectar resource per plant than OP varieties. Nectar production and amount of nectar sugar in OSR plants were independent of number and size of flowers. Our data show that floral traits of glasshouse‐grown OSR differed among breeding systems, suggesting that manipulation and enhancement of nectar rewards for insect flower visitors, including pollinators, could be included in future OSR breeding programmes.     

长萼兰花蕉(Orchidantha chinensis var.longisepala)的繁育系统研究

通过野外观察并采用杂交指数（OCI）测定、花粉/胚珠比（P/O）检测、人工控制授粉等方法,对长萼兰花蕉（Orchidantha chinensis var.longisepala（D.Fang） T.L.Wu）种群的繁育系统进行了研究,采用常规石蜡切片与扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了柱头与"V"形黏盘的结构与形态。结果表明,长萼兰花蕉单花花期一般为18 d,依其花部形态的变化可分为蕾期、花萼未反转期、花萼反转期、唇瓣枯萎期、花萼枯萎期5个时期;根据杂交指数值为4、P/O值为253.89 ±21.09、人工异花授粉结实率分别为45%（2014年）和75%（2015年）,显示出长萼兰花蕉的繁育系统属于异交,且需要传粉者。石蜡切片观察到长萼兰花蕉黏盘区与柱头可授区之间是光滑的表皮细胞,结合人工授粉实验与分泌物含糖量测定结果表明,长萼兰花蕉的"V"形黏盘不具有可授性,其作用可能是分泌黏液附着在传粉者背部使其便于携带花粉。长萼兰花蕉整个花期环境湿冷、多雨且开花同步性较低,这些因素很可能造成其有效传粉媒介缺乏,影响了传粉成功;另一方面,长萼兰花蕉有性繁殖受到限制,其主要通过根状茎进行无性繁殖后代,所以分布范围比较狭窄。     

Comparisons of breeding systems between two sympatric species, Nastanthus spathulatus (Calyceraceae) and Rhodophiala rhodolirion (Amaryllidaceae), in the high Andes of central Chile

Alpine vegetation occurs over a wide range of ecological conditions. Thus, the breeding systems of alpine plants are likely to be diverse and vary from one geographical area to another. The reproductive characteristics of Nastanthus spathulatus (Calyceraceae) and Rhodophiala rhodolirion (Amaryllidaceae), species with contrasting floral morphology, were studied in the high Andes of Chile, which has a Mediterranean-type climate. Natural and supplemental open pollination, and cross pollination and self-pollination trials were carried out in the field. Flower visitors were quantified by field and video observations. Both species had high outcrossing properties, and Nastanthus was strongly self-incompatible. Rhodophiala could form some seed by self-pollination, but fruit and seed sets were much lower after self-pollination compared with outcrossing. The phenology and flower/inflorescence forms of these species supported the view that alpine flowers are comparatively long lived and that the floral display contributes to a large proportion of the plant biomass. Rhodophiala was well attended by a native bee species ( Megachile sauleyi ) that was appropriately sized for efficient pollination. Although no flower visitors were observed on Nastanthus and wind pollination was discarded experimentally, a high proportion of the flowers produced seeds under natural pollination. Therefore, the seed set was not severely pollen limited in these species. Including previously published information, breeding systems are now known for 12 species on this Mediterranean alpine site and current knowledge suggests an emphasis on outcrossing breeding systems.     

同域分布的紫堇属三种植物的繁育系统和传粉差异

为研究近缘物种之间繁育系统分化对传粉环境的适应性意义,本文针对湖北地区的3种紫堇属植物（紫堇Corydalis edulis Maxim.、尖距紫堇C.shearer S.Moore.和小花黄堇C.racemosa（Thunb.） Pers.）进行了传粉生态学研究,对比分析了它们在花部特征、分布模式、花期、交配系统、传粉系统等方面的差异。3种紫堇属植物常见伴生现象,花期有一定重叠;花色、距长、花蜜量等方面均有显著差异;尖距紫堇交配系统为自交不亲和、依靠传粉者异花授粉;而紫堇和小花黄堇交配系统为自交亲和,兼有自交和异交的混合交配系统。3个物种均由蜂类传粉,且花部性器官与传粉者的接触部位一致,但访花频率差异较大。在混合群落中,传粉者访花具有较高的忠实性,花部特征差异可能是传粉者选择性访花的原因。对于紫堇属3个物种,花部特征和交配系统的分化有助于其避免传粉过程的相互干扰,交配系统与传粉环境具有一定相关性,混合交配系统可能有利于提高植物对不同生境和气候的适应性。