药用真菌桑黄的种类解析

桑黄的药用记载源自两千多年前的《神农本草经》中的「桑耳」,桑黄名称最早出自唐初甄权所著《药性论》。桑黄异于其他药用真菌之处是外观相似的种类多。两千年来多本古籍所记载之桑黄,乃不同人对于不同真菌种类的阐述,因为古代无能力研究显微特征以区分种类,亦无分子手段进行种类鉴定。现代桑黄的研究起于1968年日本学者发现桑黄的卓越抗癌能力。日、韩过去普遍以Phellinus linteus当作桑黄的拉丁学名。然而,中国学者在1998年发现P. linteus是中美洲的种类,亚洲并无分布。2012年发表真正的桑黄为新种Inonotus sanghuang,只长在桑树上。2016年发表桑黄及其相近种类属于新属：桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus,桑黄的拉丁学名因此改为Sanghuangporus sanghuang。桑黄孔菌属目前所知有14种,与生长的树种常具有专一性,只有桑树桑黄这一种长在桑树上。桑树桑黄的药理活性优于市售常见的杨树桑黄S. vaninii及暴马桑黄S. baumii。在中、日、韩广泛栽培的所谓桑黄子实体并非桑树桑黄,而是杨树桑黄（简称杨黄）。有鉴于桑树桑黄及杨树桑黄的优良保健功效及安全性,建议政府部门应尽早研究将这两种药用真菌收录于中国药典,纳入食品原料以及中药品,以促进民众健康和桑黄产业发展;并且应该明确规范这两种药用真菌产品的正确拉丁学名及中文名称。     

桑黄的分类及开发前景

桑黄的药用记载源自两千多年前中国最早的中药学专著《神农本草经》中的"桑耳",桑黄名称最早出自唐初甄权所著《药性论》。真正野生桑树桑黄数量少而伪桑黄种类及数量多。真桑黄分辨不易,也难以栽培子实体。桑黄在2012年发表为新种,在2016年发表为新属。桑黄族群分析结果,可分为"华西南"、"华东南-台湾"、"中国东北-韩国-日本"3个主要族群。华西南可能是桑黄的起源中心。本文未显示桑黄子实体及菌丝体具有毒性。桑黄子实体及菌丝体皆具有良好清除自由基能力,抗发炎及抑制肝、肺癌细胞的能力。桑树桑黄的药理活性效果优于杨树桑黄以及暴马桑黄。桑树桑黄优良菌株菌丝体的几项有效化学成分及保健功效并不亚于桑黄子实体。文中同时提出促进桑黄产业开发的几点意见。     

桑黄菌液体培养过程中酶活及多糖含量变化规律

桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus是一类具有重要药用价值的大型真菌,目前被国际公认为抗肿瘤效果最好的真菌之一。本研究以桑黄孔菌属中的杨树桑黄Sanghuangporus vaninii、鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporus baumii和桑树桑黄Sanghuangporus sanghuang为研究对象,通过测定它们液体培养过程中第3、6、9、12、15、18和21天的菌丝生物量以及发酵液的多糖含量、蛋白质含量、漆酶活性、羧甲基纤维素酶活性、半纤维素酶活性、淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活性等7个指标,对桑黄的生长代谢能力进行了评价。结果显示,3种桑黄真菌的发酵液均具有完整的胞外酶体系。相比之下,鲍姆桑黄的羧甲基纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性更高,杨树桑黄的漆酶活性更高,而桑树桑黄的蛋白酶活性更高,Pearson分析发现多糖的累积与其分泌的羧甲基纤维素酶、淀粉酶和半纤维素酶呈现显著正相关;蛋白质含量则与淀粉酶显著正相关。相应的,鲍姆桑黄和桑树桑黄在多糖含量和蛋白质含量方面显著优于杨树桑黄。研究结果为更好地研究、开发和利用桑黄提供了科学参考。     

桑黄孔菌属的研究进展

历来"桑黄"的种类混淆不清,直至近年来才被确定为桑树桑黄,与其亲缘性相近的物种也一同被划分入广义纤孔菌属的新分支—桑黄孔菌属。本文整理曾被当作"桑黄"的物种,阐述其正名和桑黄孔菌属确立的过程,对目前该属内物种的生物活性和栽培研究进展进行综述,旨在为桑黄孔菌属真菌资源的研究开发提供参考。     

桑黄类真菌多糖研究进展

桑黄是一类珍稀药用真菌的统称,多糖作为其主要的有效成分之一,具有抑肿瘤、抗氧化、抑菌、消炎、免疫调节等多种药理功效.本文就桑黄多糖的提取分离纯化、结构解析和药用价值等方面的研究进展进行了综述,旨在为深入研究其药理功效并开发成为天然食品、保健品或药品提供重要参考.     

栎生桑黄和忍冬桑黄液体培养过程中发酵液抗氧化能力

桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus是药用木生真菌资源中一个重要的属,但是该属仅有少数几个种类被用于人工栽培,且栽培面积较小。此外,桑黄孔菌属中大部分种类的药用功能仍未完全明确。因此,本研究以桑黄孔菌属近期新发表的新种栎生桑黄S. quercicola和关注度较低的忍冬桑黄S. lonicericola为主要研究对象,通过测定它们液体培养过程中第2、4、6、8、10、12和14天的菌丝生物量以及发酵液的粗多糖含量、多酚含量、黄酮含量、抗坏血酸含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力、总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活性、羟自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子清除能力、铁离子还原能力和亚铁离子螯合能力等12个抗氧化指标,对桑黄的抗氧化能力进行评定。2种桑黄真菌各选取一号菌株,其发酵液均表现出强抗氧化能力。相比之下,栎生桑黄的多糖、抗坏血酸和超氧化物歧化酶含量更高,而忍冬桑黄的多酚和黄酮含量更高。相应的,栎生桑黄和忍冬桑黄在其他一些抗氧化指标上也表现出强弱程度及出现时间的差异。上述研究结果为桑黄孔菌属真菌的药用功能开发提供了新资源,为不同抗氧化代谢产物的分离纯化提供了科学依据。     

三种桑黄属真菌人工栽培子实体营养、药效成分及抗氧化活性分析评价

本研究通过测定人工段木栽培3年生杨树桑黄Sanghuangporus vaninii、鲍姆桑黄S. baumii、桑树桑黄S. sanghuang及野生桑树桑黄子实体的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、氨基酸、多糖、三萜、总黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化活性（ABTS和FRAP）,探究此3种栽培桑黄及野生桑树桑黄子实体的营养、药效成分及抗氧化活性差异。结果表明,供试材料在营养、药效成分及抗氧化活性上差异较大。其中,栽培鲍姆桑黄子实体粗纤维含量最低,多糖含量较高,总黄酮、总酚含量和ABTS、FRAP活性最高;栽培杨树桑黄粗纤维含量较低,粗脂肪含量最低,总黄酮、总酚、三萜含量较高,多糖含量最高;野生桑树桑黄粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总氨基酸含量最高,多糖含量较高,三萜含量最高,总黄酮、总酚含量和ABTS、FRAP活性最低;栽培桑树桑黄粗纤维含量较高,多糖、总黄酮、总酚、三萜含量和ABTS、FRAP均较低。栽培杨树桑黄、鲍姆桑黄和野生桑树桑黄在药效成分含量上各有所长。筛选到可结实、药效成分含量高的桑树桑黄菌株是可能的。桑黄优良品种选育是今后的工作重点。本研究为桑黄真菌资源开发利用提供了参考。     

桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的毒理研究

本文主要研究桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的毒理学并评价其安全性。利用小鼠急性毒性试验和遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)对桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的毒性进行考察。试验结果显示,小鼠对桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉最大耐受量大于12g/kg;桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉在有或无S9的条件下,对组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97a、TA98、TA100及TA102均无潜在致突变性;桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉在小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验中均呈阴性反应,不同剂量的样品组与阴性对照组之间无显著性差异。该结果表明桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉基本无毒性,属实际无毒物质。本研究为桑黄纤孔菌子实体粉的产品开发和应用提供了科学依据。     

我国桑黄产业发展现状、问题及展望：桑黄产业发展千岛湖宣言

桑黄是最早收录于我国中药古籍中的一类大型珍稀药用真菌的总称,具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化和降尿酸等多种功效作用。现代分类学研究结果表明,桑黄具有丰富的物种多样性,广泛分布于我国及北半球不同地区,并生长在桑树、杨树、丁香、忍冬、栎树、锦带花、水曲柳、枣树和核桃楸等多种阔叶树上。自20世纪90年代以来,我国开始了桑黄人工驯化,目前主要用于桑黄产业的种类有桑树桑黄Sanghuangporus sanghuang、瓦尼桑黄(又称杨树桑黄)Sanghuangporus vaninii、鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporus baumii和粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus等,产业规模正在逐年扩大,形成具有广阔发展潜力的健康产业,产生了较高的经济价值和社会效益。本文从桑黄的历史记载、分类地位的演变、功效研究、产业发展进程及面临的瓶颈等问题进行了分析与总结,提出了促进桑黄产业健康发展的建议,并对产业发展愿景进行了展望。     

杨树桑黄饮片水提物对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能的影响

探究桑黄饮片水提物对环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能的影响。本研究以桑黄饮片为原料,采用超声和沸水提取方法得到桑黄饮片水提物,注射环磷酰胺造成小鼠免疫功能低下,通过测定脾脏和胸腺指数、血清免疫球蛋白和细胞因子、脾淋巴细胞增殖、碳粒廓清等实验,对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能进行研究评价。结果表明,灌胃桑黄饮片水提物的小鼠与模型组相比,免疫器官指数、血清中免疫球蛋白含量、细胞因子水平、脾淋巴细胞增殖程度、巨噬细胞的吞噬速率和吞噬指数、小鼠耳肿胀度均有提高,脾脏苏木精-伊红(HE)染色也表明桑黄饮片水提物可以改善环磷酰胺导致的脾脏组织病理状态。本研究表明桑黄饮片水提物对环磷酰胺所致的免疫抑制小鼠具有良好的免疫保护作用,为桑黄饮片扩大临床应用提供实验依据。     

California Porcini: Three New Taxa,Observations on Their Harvest,and the Tragedy of No Commons<Superscript>1</Superscript>

California Porcini: Three New Taxa, Observations on their Harvest, and the Tragedy of No Commons. Seven species of California porcini (Boletus, sect. Boletus) are recognized, including three new taxa that are culturally and economically significant: B. rex-veris sp. nov., B. regineus sp. nov., and B. edulis var. grandedulis var. nov. The three new taxa have been intensively gathered during the last century by Italian immigrants, and B. rex-veris sp. nov. more recently by southeast Asian immigrants as well as by long-time rural residents. B. rex-veris sp. nov. is restricted to inland mountains while the other two are widely distributed, and are abundant in California’s heavily populated coastal zone. In the 1990s, reflecting the preservationist policies of mainstream environmental organizations, many park authorities and land management agencies in coastal California closed public lands to mushroom gathering. Organized attempts to establish legal, limited gathering in a few parks were almost entirely unsuccessful. The result is that it is illegal to pick porcini on nearly all public lands over a 6,000-square-mile area, even though they grow prolifically in coastal California. Many of coastal California’s porcini are picked anyway by those willing to risk being apprehended and fined. In response to the official intolerance for mushroom gathering, an entire generation of mushroom hunters has grown up practicing the activity in secret.     

Several pseudomonads,associated with the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus or Pleurotus sp., are hemolytic

Pseudomonas tolaasii, causing brown blotch disease on cultivated mushrooms, and yielding a white line precipitate towards P. “reactans”, has been shown to induce lysis of erythrocytes. Some Finnish strains isolated from diseased mushroom fruit bodies, although harboring the typical features of P. tolaasii, proved to be distinct, and have been allocated to a nov. sp. P. costantinii. We examined in these study whether all brown blotch causing agents were hemolytic. The induction of erythrocytes lysis seemed to be a rather common feature of mushroom associated-pseudomonads, especially for strains involved in the production of a white-line-in agar.     

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on weed plants

Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. ITCC 3308 (collected from Indian Type Culture Collection, IARI, New Delhi, India, 110012) was grown on dry weed plants, Leonotis sp, Sida acuta, Parthenium argentatum, Ageratum conyzoides, Cassia sophera, Tephrosia purpurea and Lantana camara. Leonotis sp. was the best substrate in fruit body production of P. ostreatus when it was mixed with rice straw (1:1, wet wt/wet wt) for mushroom cultivation. The fruiting time for P. ostreatus was also less on Leonotis sp. than on any other weed substrates tested in the present investigation. T. purpurea was the least suited weed for oyster mushroom cultivation. The main problem of oyster mushroom cultivation on weed substrates was found to be low yield in the second flush that could be overcome by blending weed plants with rice straw. The protein contents of the fruit bodies obtained from Cassia sophera, Parthenium argentatum and Leonotis sp. were not only better than rice straw but also from the rice straw supplemented weeds.     

Several pseudomonads, associated with the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus or Pleurotus sp., are hemolytic

Pseudomonas tolaasii, causing brown blotch disease on cultivated mushrooms, and yielding a white line precipitate towards P. “reactans”, has been shown to induce lysis of erythrocytes. Some Finnish strains isolated from diseased mushroom fruit bodies, although harboring the typical features of P. tolaasii, proved to be distinct, and have been allocated to a nov. sp. P. costantinii. We examined in these study whether all brown blotch causing agents were hemolytic. The induction of erythrocytes lysis seemed to be a rather common feature of mushroom associated-pseudomonads, especially for strains involved in the production of a white-line-in agar.     

Response of Pseudomonas tolaasii,the causal agent of mushroom brown blotch disease to the volatile compounds produced by endofungal bacteria

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by bacteria have significant potential to control phytopathogens. In this study, the VOCs produced by endofungal bacteria Pseudomonas sp. Bi1, Bacillus sp. De3, Pantoea sp. Ma3 and Pseudomonas sp. De1 isolated from wild growing mushrooms were evaluated in vitro for their antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas tolaasii Pt18, the causal agent of mushroom brown blotch disease. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that strains Pseudomonas sp. Bi1, Pseudomonas sp. De1, Bacillus sp. De3 and Pantoea sp. Ma3 produced eight, sixteen, nine, and twelve VOCs, respectively. All antagonistic endofungal bacteria produced VOCs which significantly reduced brown blotch symptoms on mushroom caps and inhibited the growth of P. tolaasii Pt18 at the varying levels. Scanning electron microscopy revealed severe morphological changes in cells of P. tolaasii Pt18 following exposure to the VOCs of Pseudomonas sp. Bi1 and De1. Furthermore, The VOCs produced by endofungal bacteria significantly reduced swarming, swimming, twitching, chemotaxis motility and biofilm formation by P. tolaasii Pt18 cells, which are essential contributors to pathogenicity. This is to first report about the inhibition effects of VOCs produced by antagonistic bacteria on virulence traits of P. tolaasii. Our findings provide new insights regarding the potential of antibacterial VOCs as a safe fumigant to control mushroom brown blotch disease.

     

Bacteria Antagonistic to Pseudomonas tolaasii and their Control of Brown Blotch of the Cultivated Mushroom Agaricus bisporus

S ummary : Pseudomonas tolaasii was isolated from casing peat of healthy and diseased mushroom beds, compost of diseased mushroom beds and from soils round a mushroom farm. It was not isolated from fresh peat or compost from healthy mushroom beds. Three bacteria antagonistic to Ps. tolaasii were isolated from soil and peat. These were a nonfluorescent Pseudomonas sp. (closest to Ps. multivorans ) from soil; and strains of Ps. fluorescens and Enterobacter aerogenes from peat. When the antagonists and the pathogen were added in the ratio of 8 × 10⁷: 10⁶ cells/ml to unsterilized peat and applied to mushroom trays, infection of mushroom sporophores by the pathogen was effectively controlled. In vitro studies failed to show lysis or growth inhibition of Ps. tolaasii by the antagonists.     

Goldilocks mushrooms: How ballistospory has shaped basidiomycete evolution

Ballistospory has been a governing factor in mushroom diversification. Modifications to fruit body morphology are subject to a series of fundamental constraints imposed by this uniquely fungal mechanism. Gill spacing in lamellate mushrooms, tube width in poroid species, and other configurations of the hymenium must comply with the distance that spores shoot themselves from their basidia. This reciprocal relationship between the development of fruit bodies and spores may have been maintained by a form of evolutionary seesaw proposed in this article. The necessity of the accurate gravitropic orientation of gills and tubes is another constraint on mushroom development and physiology, along with the importance of evaporative cooling of the hymenium for successful spore discharge and the aerodynamic shaping of the fruit body to aid dispersal. Ballistospory has been lost in secotioid and gasteroid basidiomycetes whose spores are dispersed by animal vectors and has been replaced by alterative mechanisms of active spore discharge in some species. Partnered with the conclusions drawn from molecular phylogenetic research, the biomechanical themes discussed in this review afford new ways to think about the evolution of basidiomycetes.     

全球野生双孢蘑菇种质资源的研究现状

双孢蘑菇 (Agaricusbisporus)是世界最重要的人工栽培的食用菌 ,近 10a来对其野生种质资源的研究在广泛地进行 ,试从野生双孢蘑菇的自然居群的分布 ,遗传变异、交配类型和生活史等方面对全球野生双孢蘑菇种质资源的研究现状进行综述。     

Biotransformation of (±)-2-methylcyclohexanone by fungi

The biotransformation of 2-methylcyclohexanone (1) using 16 fungal strains and some mushroom cultures was investigated. Fusarium sp. was one of the effective biocatalysts for oxidoreduction of 2-methylcyclohexanone (1). cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol (2a) was isomerized to trans-2-methylcyclohexanol (2b) by Fusarium sp. In addition, the corresponding lactones 3 was obtained by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation using Fusarium sp. AP-2 (46%, 94% ee).     

The mushroom bodies of the lower nematocera: A link between those of the higher diptera and other mecopteroids

Nematoceran Diptera are nonuniform in the structure of their mushroom bodies. Members of the more basal families (Ptychopteridae, Pediciidae, and Tipulidae) have bipartite mushroom bodies, characteristic of members of the other mecopteroid complex orders. In members of Bibionomorpha (Bibionidae and Anisopodidae), tripartite mushroom bodies have been found characteristic of Brachycera Orthorrhapha.