模拟氮沉降增加条件下土壤团聚体对酶活性的影响

氮沉降增加改变了森林土壤生态系统物质输入,影响土壤生物及酶活性,而土壤团聚体内相对稳定的微域生境可能减弱或延缓土壤生物和酶对氮沉降增加的响应强度。以广东省东莞大岭山森林公园荷木人工林为研究对象,用模拟N沉降方法,分析了2011年12月到2012年11月一年内氮沉降增加条件下表层混合土壤和土壤团聚体内脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的变化及影响因素,旨在理解氮沉降增加条件下土壤团聚体对酶活性的影响。结果表明:氮沉降增加对表层混合土壤中脲酶和蔗糖酶的抑制作用不显著,而酸性磷酸酶受氮沉降显著影响,表现为低氮(50 kg N hm-2a-1)促进,高氮(300 kg N hm-2a-1)抑制的规律。表层土壤团聚体内脲酶活性随氮沉降增加而降低,N300处理显著低于对照;蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随氮沉降增加先降低后增加,N100处理最低,分别比其他处理降低了6.46%—25.53%和42.33%—68.25%。试验区内各粒径土壤团聚体内酶活性高于混合土壤,且随团聚体粒径增加酶活性均为先增加后降低。不同粒径土壤团聚体的3种酶活性均以2—5 mm最高,但脲酶、酸性磷酸酶在各团聚体粒径间差异不显著,蔗糖酶活性2—5 mm显著高于5—8 mm。土壤酶相对活性指数和相对活性综合指数结果显示,超过85%的团聚体粒径内的相对酶活性指数大于1,而土壤酶相对活性综合指数均大于1。以上结果表明,氮沉降增加条件下土壤团聚体对其团聚体内的土壤酶活性有隔离保护作用,但其隔离保护效果与酶的种类和土壤团聚体粒径有关。     

三峡库区马尾松林土壤-凋落物层酶活性对凋落物分解的影响

凋落物的彻底降解是在凋落物和土壤酶系统的综合作用下完成,酶活性的提高有利于凋落物-土壤有机物质的分解和养分释放。通过对三峡库区30年生马尾松林凋落物分解、凋落物-土壤层酶活性季节动态及其对分解的影响进行研究,结果表明:30年生马尾松林凋落物经过540 d的分解后干重剩余率是59.80%;凋落物层酶活性季节动态明显,氧化还原酶活性均是11月最低,3月最高;土壤过氧化物酶活性季节变化显著且均是11月最低,多酚氧化酶活性9月较高,而过氧化物酶活性则是6月较高。马尾松林凋落物层酶活性与土壤层酶活性差异较大,且水解酶活性差异较氧化还原酶活性差异大,凋落物层脲酶活性、纤维素酶活性和蔗糖酶活性11月、6月、9月分别是0—5 cm土壤层的6.33倍、3.24倍、10.29倍,68.14倍、16.16倍、24.81倍,25.07倍、31.88倍、29.20倍。凋落物分解速率均与土壤、凋落物层氧化还原酶活性呈极显著"S"形曲线,与凋落物层水解酶活性呈二次函数关系,与土壤层水解酶均呈极显著的线性关系。凋落物质量能引起凋落物-土壤层酶活性变化,酶活性的改变反过来影响凋落物的分解,因此,凋落物-土壤层酶活性差异与凋落物分解阶段和对共同影响因素(凋落物质量、土壤温度、水分含量和土壤养分等)的敏感性不同有关,凋落物-土壤层酶的相互作用共同影响森林生态系统的物质循环和养分循环过程。     

Pharmacological activities of crude acetone extract and purified constituents of Salvia moorcraftiana Wall.

The crude acetone extract of aerial parts of Salvia moorcraftiana Wall. was screened for various biological activities including Lemna bioassay, antifungal, antibacterial, leishmanicidal, insecticidal activities and brine shrimp cytotoxicity. It was found to possess strong phytotoxic activity against Lemna aequinoctials Welve. and moderate antifungal activity against animal and plant pathogens. The purified chemical constituents were tested for enzyme inhibition activity. Two constituents (compounds 3 and 8) were found to be effective inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase.     

中华真地鳖中肠主要消化酶的活性研究

以中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker为研究材料,测定人工饲养和野生地鳖虫在不同生长阶段消化酶的活性以及温度及pH对人工饲养地鳖虫中肠消化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在地鳖虫生长发育过程中,蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随发育而逐渐增强,淀粉酶活性却随发育而逐渐减弱。在低龄若虫、高龄若虫和成虫阶段,人工饲养地鳖虫蛋白酶活力比野生地鳖虫低,人工饲养地鳖虫淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力比野生地鳖虫高;在30～60℃的范围内,人工饲养地鳖虫蛋白酶、淀粉酶的适宜温度范围为40～50℃,脂肪酶的适宜温度范围为35～45℃;蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的适宜pH范围分别为6.5～7.5,5.6～6.4和7.5～8.5。     

化肥和有机肥长期施用对红壤酶活性的影响

选择长期定位试验中的不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(OM)及化肥有机肥配施(NPKM)4种处理,研究了长期化肥和有机肥互作对旱地红壤酶活性的影响及酶活性与土壤理化性质、微生物生物量的关系。结果表明,施肥特别是化肥和有机肥的交互作用能不同程度促进参与碳、氮循环的总体酶活性增加;其中,OM对酶活性的促进作用强于NPK,NPKM的酶活性最高。与CK相比,施用有机肥的处理(即OM和NPKM)会降低参与碳循环酶和参与氮循环酶的比值,而NPK不影响该比值。OM处理的单位微生物量碳酶活性和单位有机碳酶活性均显著低于其他处理,而在NPK处理中这两项指标最高,OM和NPKM处理则提高了单位微生物量氮酶活性。一方面说明有机肥可以缓解土壤微生物的碳限制,但是供氮能力相对不足,而与化肥配施缓解了氮素的限制状况;另一方面暗示有机肥可以提高土壤生物的生态效率。总之,化肥和有机肥配施能够在碳氮资源的生物有效性上形成互补关系,能够同时促进土壤生物和作物生长,从而满足土壤生态系统服务功能持续发挥的需要。     

盐度渐变与骤变对脊尾白虾渗透、代谢及免疫相关酶活力的影响

为探讨盐度变化对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)渗透、代谢及免疫相关酶活力的影响,实验设置了盐度渐变和骤变两个实验。渐变实验,设置5、10、15、20、25、30、33(CK)、40和45共9个盐度梯度;骤变实验,盐度从33突变至0、5、15、25和45,检测血清ATP酶(包括Na+/K+-ATP酶和总ATP酶)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果表明,渐变情况下,盐度为5时,ATP酶活力出现最高值,然后随着盐度的升高表现出先降低后升高的趋势。总ATP酶活力在盐度为15—30之间较稳定,并在此范围内达到最低值。AKP和ACP活力几乎不受盐度渐变的影响。SOD活力随盐度的升高,先上升后下降,并在盐度为33时达到最大值。骤变情况下,ATP酶活力随时间波动较大,AKP和SOD随时间波动较小,而ACP几乎不受影响。结果说明,盐度骤变对脊尾白虾酶活力的影响较盐度渐变明显,ATPase和SOD活力更易随盐度而变化,代谢酶(AKP、ACP)受盐度变化的影响较小,说明渗透调节和免疫相关酶活力对盐度变化反应敏感,养殖过程中应尽量保持盐度稳定。     

间歇性溪流米槠凋落叶分解过程胞外酶活性动态

以米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)凋落叶为研究对象,于2021年4—7月,对照森林地表和持续流水的溪流,研究间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中胞外酶活性变化规律。结果表明：(1)间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性总体高于地表,低于溪流。(2)通过分析胞外酶化学计量比和矢量特征,发现三种生境凋落叶分解过程中微生物群落受碳和磷的共同限制。分解初期,间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中微生物群落相对碳限制程度高于其他两个生境,但相对磷限制低于地表,高于溪流;随着分解的进行,间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中微生物群落相对磷限制程度逐渐减弱,相对碳限制程度逐渐加强。(3)统计分析表明,间歇性溪流中大气温度是凋落叶分解过程中胞外酶活性的主控因子,而地表凋落叶分解过程中胞外酶活性与大气温度、地表温度和土壤含水量关系更为密切,溪流凋落叶分解过程中胞外酶活性主要受水体温度、溪流深度和气温等因子的影响。研究结果为全面认识亚热带森林生态系统物质迁移与循环过程提供了新思路和科学依据。     

甘孜州炉霍县不同植被土壤微生物特性初步研究

研究了四川省甘孜州炉霍县不同植被条件下土壤微生物群落的分布状况及两种土壤酶活情况。结果表明,不同植被条件下,土壤微生物类群数量存在差异,草甸土壤微生物群落比森林覆盖土壤的微生物群落多。在同一土壤中,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量随土层深度的增加而降低,0~20cm土层微生物数量高于20~40cm的土层。土壤酶活在土壤剖面中的分布随深度增加而降低。     

Stimulation of microbial extracellular enzyme activities by elevated CO2 depends on soil aggregate size

Increased belowground carbon (C) transfer by plant roots at elevated CO₂ may change properties of the microbial community in the rhizosphere. Previous investigations that focused on total soil organic C or total microbial C showed contrasting results: small increase, small decrease or no changes. We evaluated the effect of 5 years of elevated CO₂ (550 ppm) on four extracellular enzymes: β‐glucosidase, chitinase, phosphatase, and sulfatase. We expected microorganisms to be differently localized in aggregates of various sizes and, therefore analyzed microbial biomass (C_mic by SIR) and enzyme activities in three aggregate‐size classes: large macro‐ (> 2 mm), small macro‐ (0.25–2 mm), and microaggregates (< 0.25 mm). To estimate the potential enzyme production, we activated microorganisms by substrate (glucose and nutrients) amendment. Although C_total and C_mic as well as the activities of β‐glucosidase, phosphatase, and sulfatase were unaffected in bulk soil and in aggregate‐size classes by elevated CO₂, significant changes were observed in potential enzyme production after substrate amendment. After adding glucose, enzyme activities under elevated CO₂ were 1.2–1.9‐fold higher than under ambient CO₂. This indicates the increased activity of microorganisms, which leads to accelerated C turnover in soil under elevated CO₂. Significantly higher chitinase activity in bulk soil and in large macroaggregates under elevated CO₂ revealed an increased contribution of fungi to turnover processes. At the same time, less chitinase activity in microaggregates underlined microaggregate stability and the difficulties for fungal hyphae penetrating them. We conclude that quantitative and qualitative changes of C input by plants into the soil at elevated CO₂ affect microbial community functioning, but not its total content. Future studies should therefore focus more on the changes of functions and activities, but less on the pools.     

藏中矿区重金属污染土壤的微生物活性变化

微生物几乎参与土壤中的一切生物及生物化学反应,土壤微生物活性可较敏感地反映土壤中生化反应的方向和强度,是探讨重金属污染生态效应的有效途径之一。通过野外调查与采样和室内分析,研究了藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤酶活性、基础呼吸、代谢商(qCO2)和可矿化N的影响。结果表明,矿区土壤受重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd不同程度污染,使得土壤酶活性、可矿化N受到抑制,基础呼吸和qCO2则受到刺激。逐步多元回归分析表明,在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染条件下,矿区土壤重金属复合污染对土壤微生物活性的影响是复杂的;主成分分析表明,土壤总体微生物活性指标能较好地反映拉屋矿区土壤重金属复合污染状况,可作为藏中矿区土壤环境质量评价及量化分类的有效指标。     

Evaluation of in vitro activities of extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus species isolated from corneal ulcer/keratitis

Mycotic/fungal keratitis is a suppurative, generally ulcerative infection of the cornea. The filamentous fungi, Aspergillus spp. are the second leading cause of mycotic keratitis, particularly in India. Aspergillus spp. produce a range of extracellular enzymes that are used to break down complex molecules and used for growth and reproduction, also for survival on/in host organism. The current study was designed with an objective to screen in vitro extracellular enzyme activity of Fusarium and Aspergillus isolates from mycotic keratitis patients and to correlate the same as a putative virulence factor. Extracellular enzymes viz., deoxyribonuclease (DNase), protease, lipase, elastase, keratinase, etc., produced by Aspergillus have key role in keratomycosis and hence their (n = 85) in vitro activities were investigated. It was found that, the majority of the Aspergillus isolates produced protease (n = 75; 88% of 85) followed by lipase (n = 59; 69% of 85), DNase (n = 35; 41% of 85), elastase (n = 26; 31% of 85) and keratinase (n = 13; 15% of 85). The enzyme activity indices (EAI) for DNase, elastase, protease and lipase ranged between 1.01 and 1.98, whereas elastase EAI varied between 1.26 and 1.92. DNase, protease and lipase showed a maximum EAI of 1.98 and lowest EAI value of 1.01, respectively. Extracellular enzymes of Aspergillus spp. may have potential role in the onset and progression of keratitis.     

Correlation between enzyme activities and routine metabolic rate in Drosophila

To determine whether enzyme activity is correlated with physiological performance, we analysed the relationship between routine metabolic rate and published data on activity of 12 enzymes from nine species of Drosophila. The enzymes are involved in several aspects of intermediary metabolism including glycolysis. Multiple regression on phylogenetically independent contrasts revealed significant and positive correlations between in vitro enzyme activity and routine metabolic rate. The regression analysis included body size and locomotor activity level as covariates. This result suggests that there may be energetic costs associated with increased enzyme capacity.     

我国主要蜜环菌生物种胞外酶活性对温度的种特异性响应

蜜环菌生物种与天麻的共生关系受到温度的调节。为了揭示我国蜜环菌生物种的温度适应性,本研究以我国8个蜜环菌生物种为实验材料,采用2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐（ABTS）法和3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法研究了胞外漆酶、果胶酶和纤维素酶的活性对温度的响应特征。结果表明,各生物种的胞外酶活性存在显著性差异,各胞外酶活性具有随时间先升后降的变化趋势;各胞外酶的分泌时间和活性大小对温度的响应存在着很大的差异;且在培养过程中,首先分泌的是果胶酶和纤维素酶,然后才是漆酶。温度对蜜环菌胞外漆酶和果胶酶活性大小有影响,对产酶时间没有影响;对纤维素酶活性达到峰值的时间和活性大小都有很大影响。除此之外,蜜环菌胞外酶活性对温度的响应和我国蜜环菌的地域分布特点具有相关性,分布于秦岭-淮河线以南和以北的蜜环菌生物种胞外酶活性对温度的响应具有差异。本研究对开展蜜环菌生物学和我国天麻的野外种植区划的研究具有指导意义。     

几种荞麦的抗氧化酶活性研究

测定了荞麦属六种十个居群的SOD、CAT、POD和ASP活性。结果表明在栽培荞麦中,苦荞的抗氧化酶活性高于甜荞;野生荞麦中差异很大,抗氧化酶活性高的有金荞和贵州云台山大野荞。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复与土壤酶活性关系

研究了不同油浓度污染土壤经过两个为期125d的生物修复后的土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脂肪酶的酶活变化,分析了土壤中3种酶活性的变化特征与规律。结果表明,随着油浓度的增加,土壤中过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性下降,脂肪酶活性增加;经过生物修复后,土壤中的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性在第二周期要比第一周期提高,而脂肪酶活性下降;这3种土壤酶活性变化受污染物浓度影响不显著,但不同浓度油污染土壤的修复对过氧化氢酶的影响要大于对多酚氧化酶和脂肪酶的影响。     

降水和氮沉降增加对草地土壤酶活性的影响

为探究降水和氮沉降增加对草地生态系统土壤酶活性的影响,于2014年生长季在内蒙古温带典型羊草草原开展了野外原位控制实验。试验共设置降水(对照,W0,自然降水;W15,增加15%的年均降水量)、施氮(对照,CK,0 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1);低氮,LN,25 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1);中氮,MN,50 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1);高氮,HN,100 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))及其交互作用等8个不同的处理水平来模拟降水和氮沉降增加的全球变化情景,分别定量探讨了不同水、氮添加条件下草地表层土壤中与氮循环相关的蛋白酶,脲酶,硝酸还原酶,亚硝酸还原酶活性的月动态变化及其与土壤理化性质之间的相关性。研究结果表明:在自然降水条件下,不同施氮水平蛋白酶、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性无显著差异,亚硝酸还原酶活性相比于对照显著降低;在增加降水条件下,不同施氮水平对蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶活性未产生显著性影响,高氮水平显著降低脲酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。不同施氮水平是否添加降水对亚硝酸还原酶活性无影响,而增添降水使低氮处理的蛋白酶活性和中、高氮处理水平的硝酸还原酶活性增加、高氮处理的脲酶活性降低。降水在影响蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶活性方面具有主效应,氮沉降在影响亚硝酸还原酶活性方面具有主效应,而降水和施氮处理未表现出明显地交互作用。土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性与土壤碳氮比和NH~+_4-N含量极显著正相关,与NO-3-N含量显著正相关。     

Computed structures of point deletion mutants and their enzymatic activities

Point deletions in enzymes can vary in effect from negligible to complete loss of activity; however, these effects are not generally predictable. Deletions are widely observed in nature and often result in diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, or osteogenesis imperfecta. Here, we have developed an algorithm to model the perturbed structures of deletion mutants with the ultimate goal of predicting their activities. The algorithm works by deleting the specified residue from the wild‐type structure, creating a gap that is closed using a combination of local and global moves that change the backbone torsion angles of the protein structure. On a set of five proteins for which both wild‐type and deletion mutant x‐ray crystal structures are available, the algorithm produces deep, narrow energy funnels within 1.5 Å of the crystal structure for the deletion mutants. To assess the ability of our algorithm to predict activity from the predicted structures, we tested the correlation of experimental activity with several measures of the predicted structure ensemble using a set of 45 point deletions from ricin. Estimates incorporating likely prevalence of active and inactive deletion sites suggest that activity can be predicted correctly over 60% of the time from the active site root‐mean squared deviation of the lowest energy predicted structures. The predictions are stronger than simple sequence organization measures, but more fundamental work is required in structure prediction and enzyme activity determination to allow consistent prediction of activity. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

不同植物群落下酸化尾矿养分状况及土壤酶活性

调查不同植被群落下铜尾矿的养分状况及土壤酶活性的变化动态,通过常规方法测定了尾矿的pH和电导率,以及有机质,总氮,有效磷,速效钾的含量。用底物反应法测定了过氧化氢酶,芳基硫酯酶,脲酶,酸性磷酸化酶和脱氢酶的活性。结果表明,与酸化的裸露尾矿相比,定居其上的芦苇(Phragmites australis)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)均能显著增加尾矿基质pH值(从3.6上升到5.4),降低电导率,减缓尾矿酸化过程。芦苇和狗牙根能够显著提高尾矿基质中N、K和有机质含量(P<0.05),增加尾矿中的养分。3种植物群落下有效磷较裸露尾矿没有显著增加。植物的定居显著提高了尾矿中过氧化氢酶、芳基硫脂酶和脲酶的活性(P<0.05);但酸性磷酸化酶和脱氢酶活性没有显著提高。研究表明,植物对尾矿有明显的改良作用,而且芦苇和狗牙根优于双穗雀稗。在各种植被条件的尾矿中除酸性磷酸化酶以外的其它实验土壤酶活性均与尾矿中有机质和总氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

Seasonal variation in enzyme activities and temperature sensitivities in Arctic tundra soils

Arctic soils contain large amounts of organic matter due to very slow rates of detritus decomposition. The first step in decomposition results from the activity of extracellular enzymes produced by soil microbes. We hypothesized that potential enzyme activities are low relative to the large stocks of organic matter in Arctic tundra soils, and that enzyme activity is low at in situ temperatures. We measured the potential activity of six hydrolytic enzymes at 4 and 20 °C on four sampling dates in tussock, intertussock, shrub organic, and shrub mineral soils at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Potential activities of N‐acetyl glucosaminidase, β‐glucosidase, and peptidase tended to be greatest at the end of winter, suggesting that microbes produced enzymes while soils were frozen. In general, enzyme activities did not increase during the Arctic summer, suggesting that enzyme production is N‐limited during the period when temperatures would otherwise drive higher enzyme activity in situ. We also detected seasonal variations in the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil enzymes. In general, soil enzyme pools were more sensitive to temperature at the end of the winter than during the summer. We modeled potential in situβ‐glucosidase activities for tussock and shrub organic soils based on measured enzyme activities, temperature sensitivities, and daily soil temperature data. Modeled in situ enzyme activity in tussock soils increased briefly during the spring, then declined through the summer. In shrub soils, modeled enzyme activities increased through the spring thaw into early August, and then declined through the late summer and into winter. Overall, temperature is the strongest factor driving low in situ enzyme activities in the Arctic. However, enzyme activity was low during the summer, possibly due to N‐limitation of enzyme production, which would constrain enzyme activity during the brief period when temperatures would otherwise drive higher rates of decomposition.