O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰调控炎症信号通路

O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰指蛋白质的丝氨酸或苏氨酸羟基末端上发生的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖修饰。O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰广泛影响激酶活性、转录翻译、蛋白质降解等重要生物学途径,但该修饰如何调控炎症信号通路鲜有系统总结。O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰在对应酶作用下数分钟内即可完成一次循环。该修饰与磷酸化、泛素化、甲基化等多种蛋白质翻译后修饰存在串音干扰,共同操控细胞信号通路。目前,O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰参与炎症过程研究大部分聚焦于TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,发现p65蛋白的T352及T305位点的O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰均可促进其核转位,而p65的S536位点发生O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰可抑制其磷酸化激活;亦揭示了O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰调控NF-κB多种上下游因子,改变巨噬细胞极化及炎症反应过程。此外,O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰可干预MAPKs上游激酶(例如MEK2和Ras蛋白等)间接调控MAPKs的激活。O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰不仅深度影响PI3K/AKT多个关键激酶,还可直接调节JAK/STAT信号通路相关的炎症转录因子。真实炎症反应涉及的信号通路远比细胞更复杂和更广泛。体内研究证实,O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰在胰腺、肝、脂肪、肺和肠道等部位的炎性病变中有重要作用。最新研究发现,具备类似O-GlcNAc糖基水解酶活性的肠道细菌,能有效预防宿主结肠炎的发生,证明O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰可介导肠道菌群与宿主炎症相互作用。现有研究结果提示了靶向O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰能为防治炎性疾病提供创新思路。     

The effect of catechol O-methylation on radical scavenging characteristics of quercetin and luteolin--a mechanistic insight

The biological effect of flavonoids can be modulated in  vivo due to metabolism. The O-methylation of the catechol group in the molecule by catechol O-methyl transferase is one of the important metabolic pathways of flavonoids. In the present study, the consequences of catechol O-methylation for the pH-dependent radical scavenging properties of quercetin and luteolin were characterized both experimentally and theoretically. Comparison of the pKa values to the pH-dependent TEAC profiles reveals that O-methylation not only affects the TEAC as such but also modulates the effect of changing pH on this radical scavenging activity due to an effect on the pKa for deprotonation. The pH-dependent TEAC curves and computer calculated electronic parameters: bond dissociation energy (BDE) and ionisation potential (IP) even indicate that O-methylation of the luteolin catechol group affects the radical scavenging potential only because it shifts the pKa for deprotonation. O-Methylation of the quercetin catechol moiety affects radical scavenging capacity by both an effect on the pKa, and also by an effect on the electron and hydrogen atom donating properties of the neutral (N) and the anionic (A) form of the molecule. Moreover, O-methylation of a catechol OH-group in quercetin and luteolin has a similar effect on their TEAC profiles and on calculated parameters as replacement of the OH-group by a hydrogen atom. Altogether, the results presented provide new mechanistic insight in the effect of catechol O-methylation on the radical scavenging characteristics of quercetin and luteolin.     

西双版纳自然保护区蚁生线虫草时空分布及寄主多样性

蚁生线虫草是一种重要的蚁科专化性虫生真菌。为明确双版纳自然保护区不同生境蚁生线虫草的分布规律,以期为蚁生线虫草的开发利用提供依据,于2017年7月-2018年9月对西双版纳自然保护区石灰岩山季雨林（高、中、低海拔带）、热带季雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、热带丛生竹林、暖热性针叶林5种不同生境中蚁生线虫草的分布及其寄主进行了系统调查。结果表明,在5种不同生境中,共采集蚁生线虫草1 449株,其主要分布于石灰岩山季雨林和热带丛生竹林,相对多度分别为51.1%和24.3%;其次为暖热性针叶林生境,相对多度为15.2%;热带季雨林和季风常绿阔叶林中分布相对较少,相对多度分别为5.7%和3.7%。从同一生境的石灰岩山季雨林不同海拔带的分布来看,蚁生线虫草主要分布于高海拔地带（33.7%）,而中海拔地带（9.7%）和低海拔（7.8%）相对较少。从季节性流行规律来看,西双版纳自然保护区蚁生线虫草的流行期为湿热季的6-10月及湿热季与雾凉季交替的11月。蚁生线虫草寄主多样性丰富,包括4亚科13属16种。该研究将为西双版纳自然保护区生物多样性及蚁生线虫草保护利用提供理论依据。     

Binding of MutS protein to oligonucleotides containing a methylated or an ethylated guanine residue, and correlation with mutation frequency

The MutS-based mismatch repair (MMR) system has been conserved from prokaryotes to humans, and plays important roles in maintaining the high fidelity of genomic DNA. MutS protein recognizes several different types of modified base pairs, including methylated guanine-containing base pairs. Here, we looked at the relationship between recognition and the effects of methylating versus ethylating agents on mutagenesis, using a MutS-deficient strain of E. coli. We find that while methylating agents induce mutations more effectively in a MutS-deficient strain than in wild-type, this genetic background does not affect mutagenicity by ethylating agents. Thus, the role of E. coli MMR with methylation-induced mutagenesis appears to be greater than ethylation-induced mutagenesis. To further understand this difference an early step of repair was examined with these alkylating agents. A comparison of binding affinities of MutS with O⁶-alkylated guanine base paired with thymine, which could lead to transition mutations, versus cytosine which could not, was tested. Moreover, we compared binding of MutS to oligoduplexes containing different base pairs; namely, O⁶-MeG:T, O⁶-MeG:C, O⁶-EtG:T, O⁶-EtG:C, G:T and G:C. Dissociation constants (K_d), which reflect the strength of binding, followed the order G:T- > O⁶-MeG:T- > O⁶-EtG:T- = O⁶-EtG:C- ≥ O⁶-MeG:C- > G:C. These results suggest that a thymine base paired with O⁶-methyl guanine is specifically recognized by MutS and therefore should be removed more efficiently than a thymine opposite O⁶-ethylated guanine. Taken together, the data suggest that in E. coli, the MMR system plays a more significant role in repair of methylation-induced lesions than those caused by ethylation.     

Microbial transformation of baicalin and baicalein

As a result of microbial transformation of baicalin and baicalein the products of 4′-hydroxylation of the B ring, O-methylation at C-6, and both O-methylation at C-6 and hydroxylation at C-4′ were obtained. Transformations of baicalin were accompanied by the reaction of hydrolysis.     

卵孢小奥德蘑覆土真菌群落特征及其影响因素

卵孢小奥德蘑Oudemansiella raphanipes是一类依赖覆土栽培的食用菌。本文采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术结合生态学及统计学分析方法研究卵孢小奥德蘑覆土真菌群落特征和影响因素。结果表明,与原始覆土内真菌群落相比,种植卵孢小奥德蘑后的覆土内真菌群落多样性显著下降;在组成方面,虽然优势菌门仍为子囊菌门Ascomycota,但其中的Cladosporium、Acremonium、Gibberella和Emericellopsis等属的相对丰度有所降低,而隶属于被孢霉门Mortierellomycota的Stilbella、Neocosmospora、Pseudogymnoascus和Preussia等属的相对丰度呈增加趋势。卵孢小奥德蘑覆土真菌以腐生营养型为主,与原始覆土相比,种植卵孢小奥德蘑后的粪生营养型真菌和木腐菌呈增加的趋势;进一步研究发现pH、速效钾、速效磷和总氮等覆土土壤理化性质显著影响真菌群落的多样性和结构,pH和速效钾含量与真菌群落的丰富度和多样性呈显著负相关关系。研究结果为深入解析卵孢小奥德蘑覆土微生态机制奠定基础。     

Chromosomal instability, reproductive cell death and apoptosis induced by O-methylguanine in Mex, Mex and methylation-tolerant mismatch repair compromised cells: facts and models

O⁶-Methylguanine (O⁶-MeG) is induced in DNA by methylating environmental carcinogens and various cytostatic drugs. It is repaired by O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). If not repaired prior to replication, the lesion generates gene mutations and leads to cell death, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), chromosomal aberrations and malignant transformation. To address the question of how O⁶-MeG is transformed into genotoxic effects, isogenic Chinese hamster cell lines either not expressing MGMT (phenotypically Mex⁻), expressing MGMT (Mex⁺) or exhibiting the tolerance phenotype (Mex⁻, methylation resistant) were compared as to their clastogenic response. Mex⁻ cells were more sensitive than Mex⁺ cells to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced chromosomal breakage, with marked differences in sensitivity depending on recovery time. At early recovery time, when cells out of the first post-treatment mitosis were scored, aberration frequency was about 40% reduced in Mex⁺ as compared to Mex⁻ cells. At later stages of recovery when cells out of the second post-treatment mitosis were analyzed, the frequency of aberrations increased strongly in Mex⁻ cells whereas it dropped to nearly control level in Mex⁺ cells. From this we conclude that, in the first post-treatment replication cycle of Mex⁻ cells, only a minor part of aberrations (<40%) was due to O⁶-MeG whereas, in the second post-treatment replication cycle, the major part of aberrations (>90%) was caused by the lesion. Thus, O⁶-MeG is a potent clastogenic DNA damage that needs two DNA replication cycles in order to be transformed with high efficiency into aberrations. The same holds true for sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). MNNG is highly potent in inducing SCEs in Mex⁻ cells in the second replication cycle after alkylation. Under these conditions, SCE induction is nearly completely prevented by the expression of MGMT. This is opposed to SCE induction in the first post-treatment replication cycle, where higher doses of MNNG were required to induce SCEs and no protective effect of MGMT was observed. This indicates that SCEs induced in the first replication cycle after alkylation are due to other lesions than O⁶-MeG. In methylation tolerant cells, which are characterized by impaired G–T mismatch binding and MSH2 expression, aberration frequency induced by MNNG was weakly reduced in the first and strongly reduced in the second post-treatment mitoses, as compared to CHO wild-type cells. The results indicate that mismatch repair of O⁶-MeG–T mispairs is decisively involved in O⁶-MeG born chromosomal instability and recombination. We also show that Mex⁺ and methylation tolerant cells are more resistant than Mex⁻ cells with regard to induction of apoptosis, indicating O⁶-MeG to be also an apoptosis-inducing lesion. The data are discussed as to the mechanism of cytotoxicity, aberration and SCE formation in cells treated with a methylating agent.     

Hydrogels of N-acylchitosans and their cellulose composites generated from the aqueous alkaline solutions

Hydrogels of N-acetyl and N-propionylchitosans were prepared form aqueous solutions of sodium N-acylchitosan salts (alkaline N-acylchitosans) and sodium N-acylchitosan xanthate [O-(sodium thio)thiocarbonyl N-acylchitosan], respectively, by standing at room temperature and on heating. Novel hydrogels of N-acetylchitosan-cellulose and N-propionylchitosan-cellulose composites were also prepared from sodium cellulose xanthate [O-(sodiumthio)thiocarbonyl cellulose] solutions mixed with sodium N-acylchitosan salts and with sodium N-acylchitosan xanthates, respectively.     

Biological effects of incorporation of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine into Chinese hamster V79 cells

Analysis of the biological effects of specific DNA alkylations by simple alkylating agents is complicated by the variety of sites involved. It is, therefore, of value to be able to incorporate into cellular DNA nucleosides alkylated in a single position, e.g., O⁶-methyldeoxyguanosine. Such cellular incorporation is particularly difficult to achieve because this nucleoside is rapidly demethylated by adenosine deaminase. We have attempted to achieve such incorporation into the DNA of V79 cells by using coformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, and by forcing the cells to depend on exogenous purines by the use of medium containing aminopterin. The DNA of V79 cells exposed to O⁶-methyl-[8-³H]deoxyguanosine (2.4 μM, sp. act. 14 500 Ci/mole) showed an incorporation level of 4 × 10⁻⁸ nucleotides. When 1000-fold higher concentrations were employed (3–15 mM, sp. act. 1.6 Ci/mole), significant cytotoxicity and inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed. However, because it was not economically feasible to administer high specific activity O⁶-methyldeoxyguanosine to the cells at these concentrations, we could not determine the amount of labeled nucleoside incorporated into DNA. Examination of the frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant cells in these treated populations showed no significant increase above the background level. Comparison of the cytotoxic effect of O⁶-methyldeoxyguanosine with deoxyadenosine showed that the toxicity induced by O⁶-methyldeoxyguanosine could have resulted from mimicry of deoxyadenosine, rather than by incorporation of the alkylated nucleoside itself.     

1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione as a building block for the synthesis of homo- and heterometallic complexes

1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione (C₁₂H₆N₂O₂ (1)) reacts with V(η⁶-mesitylene)₂ and Ti(η⁶-toluene)₂ affording coordination compounds of general formula M(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂)₃ (M=Ti (2); M=V (3)) which further react with TiCl₄ or TiCp₂(CO)₂ yielding the tetrametallic species M(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)₃(M′L_n)₃ (M=V, M′L_n=TiCl₄ (4); M=Ti, M′L_n=TiCp₂ (5); M=V, M′L_n=TiCp₂ (6)). The complex salt [Fe(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂)₃][PF₆]₂ (7) has been obtained from iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate and 1 in the presence of NH₄PF₆. The reaction of 7 with TiCp₂(CO)₂ affords the tetrametallic derivative [Fe(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---O,O′)₃(TiCp₂)₃][PF₆]₂ (8). TiCl₂(THF)₂ reacts with MCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂) to give MCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂ (M=Ti (9); M=V (10)). By reaction of TiCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂ (9) with C₁₂H₆N₂O₂, the bimetallic derivative TiCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂) (11) has been prepared, which readily adds to TiCl₄, to give the trimetallic titanium derivative TiCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₄ (12). VCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂ (10) reacts with the tris-chelate iron(II) cation 7 affording the heptametallic cationic complex [Fe(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---O,O′)TiCl₂(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---O,O′)VCp₂]₃ ⁺² isolated as the hexafluorophosphate 13.     

Distribution of substituents in O-(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose

The distribution of substituents in four samples of O-(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose has been investigated by methylation analysis. One sample was commercial and the others were prepared under conditions analogous to those used industrially during the hydroxyethylation step in the manufacture of O-ethyl-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)cellulose. The results indicate that the distribution of substituents is similar to that expected for a homogeneous reaction.     

Characterization of reaction products between styrene oxide and deoxynucleosides and DNA

Styrene oxide was reacted with deoxynucleosides and DNA in aqueous buffer at pH 7.4. The products were purified by HPLC, characterized by UV spectroscopy and by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The main products identified were 7-alkyl-, N²-alkyl- and O⁶-alkyldeoxyguanosine, 1-alkyl-, and N⁶-alkyldeoxyadenosine, N⁴-alkyl-, 3-alkyl- and O²-alkyldeoxycytidine and 3-alkylthymidine. The relative yields of alkylated deoxynucleosides were dG>dC>dA>T. In the reactions of styrene oxide with DNA the dominant product isolated was 7-alkylguanine but N²-alkylguanine was also detected.     

Serum steroid hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations, and urinary hydroxylated estrogen metabolites in post-menopausal women in relation to daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes

Equol and O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) are products of bacterial metabolism of daidzein, an isoflavone in soybeans; thus, the presence or absence of equol and/or O-DMA in urine is a marker of particular intestinal bacteria profiles. Plasma hormone concentrations may be lower in pre-menopausal women who harbor the bacteria capable of producing equol (equol producers) compared to women who do not (equol non-producers). We evaluated concentrations of serum hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH E₁) and 16-hydroxyestrone (16-OH E₁) in relation to equol-producer and O-DMA-producer phenotypes in 89 post-menopausal women. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was 23% greater in O-DMA-producers compared to non-producers (P=0.04). No significant differences in serum estrogens, androgens, metabolic hormones, or SHBG were observed in relation to either daidzein-metabolizing phenotype. Compared with non-producers within each phenotype, age-adjusted 2-OH E₁:16-OH E₁ was 27% greater (P=0.06) in equol-producers and 9% greater (P>0.10) in O-DMA-producers, and 2-OH E₁ concentrations were 24% greater in equol producers (P=0.07) and 42% greater in O-DMA producers (P=0.02). No significant differences in 16-OH E₁ were observed in relation to either phenotype. These results suggest that interindividual variability in intestinal bacteria may be related to differences in products of hormone metabolism in post-menopausal women.     

Quantitative comparison of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and electrophilicity of 10 direct-acting alkylating agents and of the initial O6:7-alkylguanine ratio in DNA with carcinogenic potency in rodents

The quantitative relationship between carcinogenicity in rodents and mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium was examined, by using 10 monofunctional alkylating agents, including N-nitrosamides, alkyl methanesulfonates, epoxides, β-propiolactone and 1,3-propane sultone. The compounds were assayed for mutagenicity in two S. typhimurium strains (TA1535 and TA100) and in plate and liquid assays. The mutagenic activity of the agents was compared with their alkylating activity towards 4-(4′-nitrobenzyl)pyridine and with their half-lives (solvolysis constants) in an aqueous medium. No correlations between these variables were found, nor was mutagenic activity correlated with estimates of carcinogenicity in rodents.

There was a positive relationship between carcinogenicity and the initial ratios of 7-: O⁶-alkylguanine formed or expected after their reaction with double-stranded DNA in vitro. The results suggest that alkylation of guanine at position O⁶ (or at other O atoms of DNA bases) may be a critical DNA-base modification that determines the overall carcinogenicity of these alkylating agents in rodents.     

Inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A dependent activation of N-hydroxyarylamines by phenolic compounds, pentachlorophenol and 1-nitro-2-naphthol

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 1-nitro-2-naphthol were found to be potent inhibitors of enzymatic acetyl-CoA dependent activation, which is suggested as proceeding through direct O-acetylation, of N-hydroxyarylamines to tRNA binding by liver cytosolic enzymes from hamsters and rats. IC₅₀ values of PCP for the activation of 2-hydroxyamino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole (N-OH-Glu-P-1), 3-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (N-OH-Trp-P-2) and N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene (N-OH-AF) were 20, 25 and 17 μM, respectively, in hamster cytosol system. Similar inhibition was observed with rat liver cytosol (IC₅₀ values of PCP and 1-nitro-2-naphthol were 13 and 12 μM, respectively, for the binding of N-OH-Glu-P-1). PCP is known as an inhibitor of sulfotransferase; however, another potent inhibitor of sulfotransferase, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, did not inhibit the acetyl-CoA dependent binding. Antibiotic thiolactomycin, which inhibits bacterial O-acetyltransferase, did not affect the activation by hamster and rat cytosol, indicating the difference in property between bacterial and mammalian enzymes. The kinetic data obtained with hamster cytosol suggested the competitive inhibition of PCP with substrate, N-OH-Glu-P-1, and non-competitive inhibition with acetyl-CoA. In addition to the O-acetylation, PCP and 1-nitro-2-naphthol also inhibited N-acetylation of arylamines and N, O-acetyltransfer reaction of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) by hamster cytosol. IC₅₀ values for these two types of acetyltransfer reactions, however, were slightly higher than those observed for acetyl-CoA dependent activations of N-hydroxyarylamines.     

The effect of thymidine on the induction of micronuclei by alkylating agents in V79 Chinese hamster cells

Incubation in thymidine-containing medium resulted in increased lethality and micronucleus frequency in V79 cells treated with ethyl nitrosourea (ENU), methyl nitrosourea (MNU) and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) but not with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Thymidine had no effect in ENU treated HeLa cells. In V79 cells, the presence of thymidine during post-treatment DNA replication was necessary for the effect. It is suggested that the increase in chromosome damage was the result of an increased O⁶-alkylguanine-thymine mispairing in cells which are defective in the repair of O⁶-alkylguanine. Treatment of V79 cells with O⁶-ethylguanine resulted in increased production of both micronuclei and polyploid cells. These effects might be explained by spindle dysfunction caused by the alkylated guanine.     

The mechanism of the hydroxyl → halogen exchange reaction in the presence of triphenylphosphine, N-bromosuccinimide, and N,N-dimethylformamide: application of a new Vilsmeier-type reagent in carbohydrate chemistry

Triphenylphosphine reacts with N-bromosuccinimide to give a phosphonium salt (13), which reacts with N,N-dimethylformamide to afford N,N-dimethylsuccinimidomethaniminium bromide (16). The latter product reacts with an alcohol to give an O-forminimium compound 17, and, in the presence of an alcohol, 13 is transformed into an alkoxyphsphonium intermediate (14). Both 14 and 17 can be converted by heating into an alkyl bromide. Hydrolysis of 17 gives the corresponding O-formyl derivative. Reaction of 1.2:5.6-di-O-isopropylidene-- -glucofuranose with 13 or 16 gave 6-bromo-6-deoxy-1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-- -glucofuranose and a possible mechanism for these reactions is suggested. An efficient method for the preparation of 3-deoxy-3-halogeno-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-- -allofuranose derivatives and a new procedure for selective O-formylation are described.     

卵孢小奥德蘑驯化栽培、营养成分及抗氧化活性

卵孢小奥德蘑是一种珍贵的食药用真菌。本研究选用果渣、酒糟与菌糠为部分替代料,采用正交试验优化了野生卵孢小奥德蘑的母种、原种及栽培料配方,并测定了栽培子实体的含水量、蛋白质、总糖、维生素C、多酚含量及醇提物对DPPH、ABTs⁺及羟基自由基的清除能力。结果表明,最佳母种培养基配方为麦麸35 g/L、葡萄糖20 g/L、磷酸氢二钾3.5 g/L、硫酸镁2 g/L和琼脂20 g/L,确定了葡萄糖与磷酸氢二钾是影响菌丝生长的重要因素;最优原种培养基配方为果渣45%、豆秸20%、麦麸15%、石灰3%、石膏1%和刺芹侧耳菌糠16%,在培养基中添加果渣能够显著促进卵孢小奥德蘑原种菌丝的生长;最佳栽培料配方为酒糟35%、棉籽壳30%、麦麸20%、石灰1%、石膏1%和玉米芯13%,酒糟对子实体产量的影响达到了显著水平;卵孢小奥德蘑的营养成分显示其富含蛋白质、糖类、维生素C及多酚,由9种配方栽培出的子实体中最高含量可分别达到42.78 g/100 g、23.54 g/100 g、4.02 mg/100 g及4.19 mg/g,且栽培料的不同组分及用量对其营养物质的含量具有显著差异。此外,卵孢小奥德蘑的醇提物具有较强的抗氧化能力且随着用量的增加抗氧化活性增强,当用量为150、40和250 μL时配方Z1对DPPH和ABTs⁺及配方Z2对羟基自由基的清除能力可分别达到88.64%、99.81%和93.48%,本研究结果为卵孢小奥德蘑的栽培、生理活性、药理研究及进一步的开发利用提供理论依据。     

Guar gum derivatives. Part I: Preparation and properties

O-(2-Hydroxyethyl), O-(2-hydroxypropyl) and O-carboxymethyl derivatives of guar gum have been prepared under different experimental conditions. Several properties such as moisture regain, rate of hydration, solubility, viscosity and rheology of these derivatives have been studied. The properties depend upon polysaccharide chain length, and the nature and degree of chemical modification. The effect of alkali and alkaline hydrogen peroxide on the properties of guar gum have also been studied.     

Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of plasma and urine O-desmethylangolensin

We present a method for the determination of the phytoestrogen metabolite O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) in plasma (serum) and in urine. O-DMA is a metabolite of daidzein, which occurs in soybeans. It has been suggested that isoflavones may afford protection against breast and prostate cancer and therefore, also the metabolites are of interest. The method is based on time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR–FIA) using a europium chelate as a label. After the synthesis of 4′′-O-carboxymethyl-O-DMA, this compound is coupled to bovine serum albumin, and then used as antigen in immunization of rabbits. The tracers with the europium chelate are synthesized using the same 4′′-O-derivative of the -methyldeoxybenzoin. After enzymatic hydrolysis and ether extraction the immunoassay is carried out by time resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR–FIA). Cross-reactivity was tested with angolensin, dihydrogenistein, dihydrodaidzein, equol, 6′-OH-angolensin, trans-4-OH-equol, 6′-OH-O-DMA, cis-4-OH-equol and 5-OH-equol. The antiserum cross-reacted only with angolensin. This cross-reactivity seems not to influence the results, which were highly specific. Plasma samples are hydrolyzed and extracted. Urine samples are analyzed directly after hydrolysis without extraction. The correlation coefficient between the plasma TR–FIA results and the GC–MS results was high; r value was 0.985. The correlation coefficient between the urine TR–FIA results and the GC–MS results was high over the entire range of concentrations (0–1500 nmol/l); r value was 0.976, but lower in the low concentration range (0–100 nmol/l), i.e. value was 0.631. The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for plasma O-DMA concentrations and for urine O-DMA concentrations at three different concentrations varied 2.8–7.7 and 3.0–6.0%, respectively and the inter-assay CVs varied 3.8–8.9 and 4.4–6.6%, respectively. The working range of the plasma and urine O-DMA assays was 0.5–512 nmol/l.