场效应晶体管生物传感器在生物医学检测中的应用研究进展*

场效应晶体管生物传感器因其灵敏度高、分析速度快、无标记、体积小、操作简单等特点而受到了很多关注,广泛应用于DNA、蛋白质、细胞、离子等生物识别物的检测。近年来,更有纳米材料和微电子技术在传感器设计中提高传感器的传感性能,场效应晶体管生物传感器朝着高灵敏、微型化、快速化以及多功能化的方向以令人惊叹的速度发展。研究场效应晶体管生物传感器工作原理,阐述近年来场效应晶体管生物传感器在生物医学检测领域中最新的研究进展与应用,探讨场效应晶体管生物传感器克服各种缺陷的应对策略,为该传感器在未来生物医学检测中的开发提供参考。     

微阵列电化学生物传感器研究进展

本文简要介绍了微阵列电化学生物传感器的基本原理和分类,评述了微阵列电化学生物传感器的研究进展。     

核酸生物传感器及其研究进展

核酸生物传感器在涉及分子生物学的研究领域具有重要意义.为适应分子生物学及其相关学科的发展需要,其研究正成为90年代生物传感技术研究热点.文章对核酸生物传感器的工作原理、分类、研究现状以及发展趋势作了较详细的介绍.     

Amperometric enzyme biosensors: Past,present and future

Three groups of the amperometric biosensors such as unmediated, mediated and based on direct transfer of electrons have been thoroughly described, and their advantages and disadvantages were shown. The amperometric biosensors are mostly utilized in commercial devices since they are studied to a greater extent and have some advantages. The modern commercial systems based on amperometric biosensors and its applications have been presented. The major field of employing biosensors is medical diagnostics where numerous commercial devices are currently functioning.     

Insight of smart biosensors for COVID-19: A review

The review discusses the diagnostic application of biosensors as point-of-care devices in the COVID-19 pandemic. Biosensors are important analytical tools that can be used for the robust and effective detection of infectious diseases in real-time. In this current scenario, the utilization of smart, efficient biosensors for COVID-19 detection is increasing and we have included a few smart biosensors such as smart and intelligent based biosensors, plasmonic biosensors, field effect transistor (FET) biosensors, smart optical biosensors, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor, screen printed electrode (SPE)-based biosensor, molecular imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensor, MXene-based biosensor and metal–organic frame smart sensor. Their significance as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each kind of smart sensor are mentioned in depth. Furthermore, we have compiled a list of various biosensors which have been developed across the globe for COVID-19 and have shown promise as commercial detection devices. Significant challenges in the development of effective diagnostic methods are discussed and recommendations have been made for better diagnostic outcomes to manage the ongoing pandemic effectively.     

生物电化学及其在环境监测中的应用

简要概述了生物电化学的研究领域,包括生物体系和生物界面模拟、生物分子的电化学、生物电催化、光合作用模拟和活组织电化学;总结了生物电化学传感器、生物芯片和生物电化学反应器在环境监测中的应用现状,并提出了其发展趋势,即不断向商品化方向发展,实现环境污染物的在线检测;利用基因技术,创造出检测能力更强的生物传感器和生物芯片;与其他精密分析仪器相结合,向多功能、集成化、智能化、微型化方向发展。     

Pharmacophore-based strategy for the development of general and specific scFv biosensors for abused antibiotics

We developed fluorescent biosensor systems that are either general or selective to fluoroquinolone antibiotics by using a single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) as a recognition element. The selectivity of these biosensors to fluoroquinolone antibiotics was rationally tuned through the structural modification on the pharmacophore of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and the subsequent selection of scFv receptor modules against these antibiotics-based antigens using phage display. The resulting A2 and F9 scFv's bound to their representative antigen with a moderate affinity (K(D) in micromolar range as determined by surface plasmon resonance). A2 is a specific binder for enrofloxacin and did not cross-react with other fluoroquinolone antibiotics including structurally similar ciprofloxacin, while F9 is a general fluoroquinolone binder that likely bound to the antigen at the common pyridone-carboxylic acid pharmacophore. These scFv-based receptors were successfully applied to the development of one-step fluorescent biosensor which can detect fluoroquinolone antibiotics at concentrations below the level suggested in animal drug application guidelines. The strategy described in this report can be applied to developing convenient field biosensors that can qualitatively detect overused/misused antibiotics in the livestock drinking water.     

纳米粒子标记DNA 探针在电化学DNA 生物传感器中的应用

介绍了纳米电化学DNA生物传感器的基本概念和分类,并介绍了用于DNA标记的纳米粒子的六种类型及其三大检测方法,在此基础上对纳米电化学DNA生物传感器在基因检测、疾病诊断、DNA检测等方面的最新进展进行了综述与讨论。     

Developing implantable optical biosensors

Nanobiotechnologists are developing devices that can measure specific enzymes and proteins. These devices are expected to detect single enzyme or protein molecules accurately, providing highly sensitive biosensing applications. A recent study by Strano and co-workers shows that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) hold great promise as implantable biosensors. Although most researchers have focused on substrate-oriented biosensors, Strano and colleagues have shown that the inherent fluorescent properties of suspended individual SWNTs can be used for solution-phase beta-D-glucose sensing.     

生物芯片、生物传感器和生物信息学

近年来,在生物技术和医学研究领域涌现出了许多新技术平台,其中就包括生物芯片技术和生物传感器技术。生物芯片和生物传感器的构建都必须以生物信息学为基础,而两种技术平台应用所得出的数据和结果又反过来大大丰富和充实了生物信息学本身。本分析概述了生物芯片和生物传感器两种技术平台以及生物信息学,对三之间的相互关系进行了讨论。     

Modularized synthetic biology enabled intelligent biosensors

Biosensors that sense the concentration of a specified target and produce a specific signal output have become important technology for biological analysis. Recently, intelligent biosensors have received great interest due to their adaptability to meet sophisticated demands. Advances in developing standard modules and carriers in synthetic biology have shed light on intelligent biosensors that can implement advanced analytical processing to better accommodate practical applications. This review focuses on intelligent synthetic biology-enabled biosensors (SBBs). First, we illustrate recent progress in intelligent SBBs with the capability of computation, memory storage, and self-calibration. Then, we discuss emerging applications of SBBs in point-of-care testing (POCT) and wearable monitoring. Finally, future perspectives on intelligent SBBs are proposed.     

Biosensors for the evaluation of lipase activity

In the review a comprehensive analysis is given of instrumental analytical approaches to control the activity of lipolytic enzymes and their substrates. A special attention is attached to the methods based on the biosensor technology. A number of electrochemical, optical and mechanical biosensors that were developed in several laboratories are analyzed in detail. In addition, perspectives are evaluated for the development of these biosensors and their practical application. It was concluded that biosensors may provide all practical demands which are in enzymology field at the express determination of lipase activity and triacylglycerol levels in biological objects.     

生物传感器在环境分析中的研究现状与前景

论述生物传感器的发展现状与前景。在环境控制中,生物传感器作为广谱装置应用于废水或生化需氧量的检测以及特异性地对农药、重金属、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、除草剂和次氮基乙酸等环境污染物进行检测。讨论了各类生物传感器（如酶生物传感器、全细胞生物传感器、受体传感器和免疫传感器）在环境分析中的应用实例及其优缺点,并指出了急需解决的问题以阐明其应用趋势,以期在这一跨学科领域进行更多的研究。     

Enzyme fluorescence as a sensing tool: new perspectives in biotechnology

The technology for fluorescence protein-sensing is advancing rapidly owing to the continued introduction of new concepts, new fluorophores, and proteins engineered for sensing-specific analytes. Concerns about the reversibility and selectivity of engineered proteins are being addressed by developing biosensors that are based on the utilisation of coenzyme-depleted enzymes. Such biomolecules do not consume the substrate and can exhibit conformational changes upon the binding of the analyte, which can be easily detected as fluorescence change. In addition, concerns about the stability of biosensors can be overcome by using thermostable enzymes isolated from thermophilic microorganisms. Finally, the development of new techniques such as polarization-based sensing, anisotropy-based sensing and lifetime-based sensing, all of which can be accomplished with light-emitting diodes as the light source, is prompting the design of a new class of specific and stable biosensors, as has occurred with blood glucose measurement. These biosensors represent a valid alternative to the conventional clinical chemistry diagnostics.     

Detection of physiologically active compounds using cell-based biosensors.

Cell-based biosensors are portable devices that contain living biological cells that monitor physiological changes induced by exposure to environmental perturbations such as toxicants, pathogens or other agents. Methods of detecting physiological changes include extracellular electrical recordings, optical measurements, and, in the future, functional genomics and proteomics. Several technical developments are occurring that will increase the feasibility of cell-based biosensors for field applications; these developments include stem cell and 3D culture technologies. Possible scenarios for the use of cell-based biosensors include broad-range detectors of unknown threat agents and functional assessment of identified agents.     

Exposing culprit organic pollutants: a review

There is a continuing need for monitoring the health of the environment due to the presence of pollutants. Here, we review the development and attributes of biosensors by which bacteria have been genetically modified to express the luminescence genes, i.e. to glow, in a quantified manner, in response to pollutants. We have concentrated on the detection of organic hydrocarbon pollutants and discussed the molecular mechanisms by which some of these chemicals act as effector molecules on the respective regulatory systems. The future of environmental biosensors is predictably bright. As more knowledge is gathered on the sensing regulatory component, the possibility of developing targeted or pollutant-specific biosensors is promising. Moreover, the repertoire of biosensors for culprit organic pollutants is expected to be enlarged through advances in genomics technology and identification of new sensory or receptor molecules. The need for pollutant detection at concentrations in the parts per trillion range or biosensors configured in a nanoscale is anticipated.     

The present and the future of protein biosensor engineering

Protein biosensors play increasingly important roles in cell and neurobiology and have the potential to revolutionise the way clinical and industrial analytics are performed. The gradual transition from multicomponent biosensors to fully integrated single chain allosteric biosensors has brought the field closer to commercial applications. We evaluate various approaches for converting constitutively active protein reporter domains into analyte operated switches. We discuss the paucity of the natural receptors that undergo conformational changes sufficiently large to control the activity of allosteric reporter domains. This problem can be overcome by constructing artificial versions of such receptors. The design path to such receptors involves the construction of Chemically Induced Dimerisation systems (CIDs) that can be configured to operate single and two-component biosensors.     

Microfluidic-integrated biosensors: Prospects for point-of-care diagnostics

There is a growing demand to integrate biosensors with microfluidics to provide miniaturized platforms with many favorable properties, such as reduced sample volume, decreased processing time, low cost analysis and low reagent consumption. These microfluidics-integrated biosensors would also have numerous advantages such as laminar flow, minimal handling of hazardous materials, multiple sample detection in parallel, portability and versatility in design. Microfluidics involves the science and technology of manipulation of fluids at the micro- to nano-liter level. It is predicted that combining biosensors with microfluidic chips will yield enhanced analytical capability, and widen the possibilities for applications in clinical diagnostics. The recent developments in microfluidics have helped researchers working in industries and educational institutes to adopt some of these platforms for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. This review focuses on the latest advancements in the fields of microfluidic biosensing technologies, and on the challenges and possible solutions for translation of this technology for POC diagnostic applications. We also discuss the fabrication techniques required for developing microfluidic-integrated biosensors, recently reported biomarkers, and the prospects of POC diagnostics in the medical industry.     

Biosensors and bioelectrochemistry

This review describes recent developments in the field of biosensors and bioelectrochemistry. Nanoparticles have been used to improve sensor performance and to develop biosensors based on new detection principles. Their use has extended into all areas of biosensor and bioelectrochemistry research. Other active areas of biosensor development include DNA sensing, immunosensing, direct electron transfer between an electrode and a redox protein or enzyme, and in vivo sensors.     

Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria

The realization of rapid, sensitive, and specific methods to detect foodborne pathogenic bacteria is central to implementing effective practice to ensure food safety and security. As a principle of transduction, the impedance technique has been applied in the field of microbiology as a means to detect and/or quantify foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The integration of impedance with biological recognition technology for detection of bacteria has led to the development of impedance biosensors that are finding wide-spread use in the recent years. This paper reviews the progress and applications of impedance microbiology for foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection, particularly the new aspects that have been added to this subject in the past few years, including the use of interdigitated microelectrodes, the development of chip-based impedance microbiology, and the use of equivalent circuits for analysis of the impedance systems. This paper also reviews the significant developments of impedance biosensors for bacteria detection in the past 5 years, focusing on microfabricated microelectrodes-based and microfluidic-based Faradaic electrochemical impedance biosensors, non-Faradaic impedance biosensors, and the integration of impedance biosensors with other techniques such as dielectrophoresis and electropermeabilization.