溶剂稳定性蛋白酶产生菌的筛选和鉴定

自油污土样等样品中分离获得一株具有产胞外溶剂稳定性蛋白酶的耐有机溶剂极端微生物,经BIOLOG系统鉴定及16S rDNA序列(GenBank,EF105377)分析,该菌株为Bacillus licheniformis YP1。该菌株能耐受中浓度盐、强碱性环境(pH12)及多种不同浓度的有机溶剂,但对多种抗生素敏感。在YP1产蛋白酶发酵过程中添加各种有机溶剂结果表明,丙酮虽抑制了菌体生物量的生长却促进了单位菌体的蛋白酶分泌,而长链烷醇如辛醇、十二醇等能强烈抑制该蛋白酶的分泌。该菌株所产蛋白酶经11种50%(V/V)有机溶剂处理后均能保留高活力。该溶剂稳定性蛋白酶在有机相生物催化等领域具有良好的应用前景。     

烷烃溶剂对耐有机溶剂极端微生物地衣芽孢杆菌YP1产胞外蛋白酶的影响

考察了添加5％(V/V)浓度的正庚烷、正辛烷、正癸烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷等烷烃溶剂对耐有机溶剂极端微生物地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)YP1的生长及产胞外蛋白酶的影响。结果表明5％(V/V)浓度的各种烷烃溶剂对YP1蛋白酶的稳定性及菌体生物量均无显著影响, 正庚烷、正辛烷、正癸烷等溶剂显著抑制YP1产蛋白酶, 而十二烷、十四烷、十六烷能提高YP1产蛋白酶1倍以上。发酵液中十四烷的浓度(1％－8％, V/V)与蛋白酶的活力呈正相关性, 添加十四烷后发酵过程中蛋白酶活力的显著增加出现在菌体生长的对数后期。培养过程中添加十四烷能导致YP1菌体形态显著变小。首次报道了烷烃溶剂对极端微生物产蛋白酶的影响。     

1株抑制土传病原菌且产纤维素酶芽胞杆菌筛选及产酶条件的研究

通过刚果红染色法和DNS分光光度法对6种芽胞杆菌分泌胞外纤维素酶进行筛选,再通过管碟法测试对5种病原菌的抑菌作用,得到1株芽胞杆菌（菌株编号为X-02）酶活达182.5 U/mL,而且对几种土传病害有抑制作用。并对其产酶发酵培养基碳源、氮源及初始pH、发酵温度、接种量、摇瓶转速和时间进行优化,结果显示该菌株最佳碳源是2%CMC-Na,其次是葡萄糖,二者产酶之差只为21 U/mL。考虑大量生产的成本和方便性（CMC-Na溶解慢）,选择葡萄糖为碳源,氮源为2.0%蛋白胨与酵母膏复合氮源,在pH值为8.0、温度37℃、接种量为2%、转速为180 r/m in、时间48 h条件下酶活达到391.0 U/mL酶液,比优化前提高了2.1倍。     

烷烃溶剂对耐有机溶剂极端微生物地衣芽孢杆菌YP1产胞外蛋白酶的影响

考察了添加5%(V/V)浓度的正庚烷、正辛烷、正癸烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷等烷烃溶剂对耐有机溶剂极端微生物地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)YP1的生长及产胞外蛋白酶的影响.结果表明5%(V/V)浓度的各种烷烃溶剂对YP1蛋白酶的稳定性及菌体生物量均无显著影响,正庚烷、正辛烷、正癸烷等溶剂显著抑制YP1产蛋白酶,而十二烷、十四烷,十六烷能提高YP1产蛋白酶1倍以上.发酵液中十四烷的浓度(1%-8%,VIV)与蛋白酶的活力呈正相关性,添加十四烷后发酵过程中蛋白酶活力的显著增加出现在菌体生长的对数后期.培养过程中添加十四烷能导致YP1菌体形态显著变小.首次报道了烷烃溶剂对极端微生物产蛋白酶的影响.     

利用农业废弃物生产嗜热真菌(T.lanuginosus)耐热木聚糖酶的固体发酵研究

研究了嗜热真菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus CBS288.54-M18)生产木聚糖酶的碳氮源组成、料水比、培养基初始pH值、发酵温度及接种量等的影响.结果表明,以麦麸和玉米芯粉(8:2)作为复合碳源,酵母膏和胰蛋白胨(1:1)作为复合氮源时,菌株所产的木聚糖酶量相比未优化碳氮源的培养基提高幅度高达200%.其最佳产酶的料水比为1:3,培养基初始pH 7.0为最适.菌株在50℃条件下发酵5 d,能够得到活力高达15023 U/g干基碳源的木聚糖酶制剂,且该酶制剂不合纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性.     

南极细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.3-3-1-2产胞外多糖条件优化

利用单因子试验和响应面法对南极细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.3-3-1-2产胞外多糖条件进行了优化。通过单因子试验确定菌株3-3-1-2产胞外多糖的最佳碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和KNO3,其最佳添加量分别为40 g/L和10 g/L;最适培养温度为15.0℃;最佳培养基盐度和初始p H分别为4.5%和9;并确定了对产糖有显著影响的单因素——碳源(蔗糖)、氮源(KNO3)和温度。通过Box-Behnken进行试验设计和Design-Expert响应面软件分析,得到了菌株3-3-1-2产胞外多糖发酵条件的优化条件:蔗糖43.1 g/L、KNO39.6 g/L和温度17.2℃。在此优化条件下,菌株3-3-1-2发酵液的粗胞外多糖产量可达3.03 g/L。     

利用农业废弃物生产嗜热真菌（T．1anuginosus）耐热木聚糖酶的固体发酵研究

研究了嗜热真菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus CBS288．54-M18)生产木聚糖酶的碳氮源组成、料水比、培养基初始pH值、发酵温度及接种量等的影响。结果表明,以麦麸和玉米芯粉(8：2)作为复合碳源,酵母膏和胰蛋白胨(1：1)作为复合氮源时,菌株所产的木聚糖酶量相比未优化碳氮源的培养基提高幅度高达200％。其最佳产酶的料水比为1：3,培养基初始pH7．0为最适。菌株在50℃条件下发酵5d,能够得到活力高达15023U／g干基碳源的木聚糖酶制剂,且该酶制剂不合纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性。     

脂肪酶假单胞菌的分离培养及最佳产酶条件研究

以麻疯树油为唯一碳源,从以粉碎的麻疯树种子处理过的土壤中分离筛选出1株脂肪酶活性较高的菌株,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).实验观察了碳源、氮源、无机盐及发酵工艺对产酶的影响,摇瓶发酵结果表明.该菌株最适产酶培养基的组成是(%,w/v):橄榄油2,酵母膏0.5,(NH4)2SO4 0.5,MgCl2·6H2O 0.5,最适产酶温度为30℃,最佳产酶pH为6.5,转速180r/min,发酵培养36h酶活达到最高,为14.17U/mL.本研究为以麻疯树油为原料酶法生产生物柴油奠定了一定的基础.     

嗜碱芽孢杆菌NTT33产碱性β-甘露聚糖酶发酵条件的研究及高产菌株选育

研究了嗜碱芽孢杆菌（ａｌｋａｌｏｐｈｉｌｉｃＢａｃｌｕｓｓｐ．）ＮＴＴ３３发酵产生胞外碱性β－甘露聚糖酶的条件,其最佳碳源为１％槐豆角,最佳氮源为１％蛋白胨＋０．２％酵母膏,发酵培养３６ｈ产酶量最高（达６１．３υ／ｍＬ）。甘油,葡萄糖,甘露糖等对产酶有强的阻遏作用。该菌株经紫外诱变处理后,采用透明圈法初步筛选出在含葡萄糖和不含葡萄糖的槐豆胶培养基上同时产生透明圈的菌株,进一步测定其产酶进程曲线,最后筛选到一株（ＮＴＴ３３－ｒ６）部分消除葡萄糖代谢阻遏高产β－甘露聚糖酶的菌株,其酶活力比出发菌株提高５０％,,达到９６．３Ｕ／ｍｌ;。     

木霉LaTr 01菌株产漆酶发酵的条件

从华南地区采集土样,采用愈创木酚平板筛选产漆酶菌株,获得了一株短周期产漆酶的小型丝状真菌。通过观察菌落特征、生长情况以及显微镜下菌丝和孢子的形态,初步鉴定该菌株为木霉属的一个种（Trichodermaspp、）,命名为木霉LaTr01菌株。通过单因素方法研究该菌产漆酶的发酵条件,结果表明：LaTr01的产酶培养基以麦芽糖为最佳碳源;以酵母提取物为最适氮源;培养24h后加入Cu“比培养开始加入Cu ^2＋LaTr01产酶活高出约1倍。采用麦芽糖、酵母提取物、Cu^2＋浓度L9（3^3）的正交试验优化漆酶发酵条件,结果表明,氮源是影响该菌产漆酶的最重要因素,碳源次之,Cu^＋浓度影响较小;LaTr01菌株产生漆酶的最佳条件为：5g／L酵母提取物、20g/L麦芽糖、1．5mmol／LCu^2＋,Cu^2＋加入时间为培养24h后。在优化的培养条件下,该菌酶活可达480．556U／L。     

An organic solvent-tolerant protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K: Nutritional factors affecting protease production

An organic solvent-tolerant bacterium producing an organic solvent-stable protease was isolated from soil and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K. Nutritional requirements for optimized protease production by this strain were investigated. Maximum protease activity was achieved with sorbitol as the sole carbon source, followed by starch and lactose at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. Dextrose, sucrose and glycerol greatly reduced the protease production. The best organic nitrogen source was casamino acid. Tryptone, soytone and yeast extract supported protease production while corn steep liquor and beef extract inhibited the protease activity. Significant protease production was observed with sodium nitrate as a sole nitrogen source however, ammonium nitrate completely inhibit it. More than 62% drop in production occurred in the presence of amino acids. Addition of metal ions such as K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ maximized the enzyme production.     

Nutritional factors affecting organic solvent-tolerant alkaline protease production by a newBacillus cereus strain 146

An organic solvent-tolerant bacterium designated as 146 capable of producing an organic solvent-stable alkaline protease was isolated from contaminated soil of a wood factory. The strain was a Gram-positive, spore-forming, nitrate-positive, rod-shaped organism capable of hydrolysing gelatine, starch, skim milk and identified asBacillus cereus. Activity of the protease was drastically increased in the presence of 1–decanol, isooctane, n-dodecane and n-tetradecane, but reduced in the presence of ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, 1-heptanol, ethylbenzene and hexane. The bacterium was shown to require lactose as a carbon source and peptone as a nitrogen source. The optimum fermentation condition for the production of alkaline protease was in the presence of beef and yeast extract. Optimum pH was determined to be at 10.0 at incubation temperature of 37 °C for 48 h. Results from the studies suggest that 146 is a new strain of Bacillus cereus capable of producing organic solvent-tolerant alkaline protease with potential use in industries.     

低温条件下诱变菌株的营养动力学研究及分子鉴定

以实验室保存的经过低温混合诱导的乳酸菌菌株Q1-4-6为研究对象,通过生长及产酸情况,研究其在低温条件下对于各种营养素的需求,以期为工业大规模生产提供数据参考。低温条件下通过研究碳源对菌株生长及产酸的影响发现,麦芽糖和乳糖对于菌株的生长及产酸有非常好的促进作用,菌株在以蔗糖为碳源的培养基中生长缓慢,而在以乳糖为碳源的培养基中生长最好。3种氮源对于菌株生长的差异不显著,以酵母膏为氮源的菌株生长略好于其他2种。不同浓度金属离子对于菌株生长有不同影响,Zn2+的促生长作用略高于Fe2+,Zn2+浓度越低,菌株生长越好,高浓度的Zn2+则对菌株生长有抑制作用。Fe2+浓度为0.5 g/L时,菌株生长最好,Fe2+浓度过高或过低对于菌株的生长都有抑制作用。根据16S rDNA序列分析结果,同时结合形态学特征、生理生化特性,将菌株鉴定为棉籽糖肠球菌(Enterococcus raffinosus)。     

An organic solvent-, detergent-, and thermo-stable alkaline protease from the mesophilic, organic solvent-tolerant Bacillus licheniformis 3C5

Bacillus licheniformis 3C5, isolated as mesophilic bacterium, exhibited tolerance towards a wide range of non-polar and polar organic solvents at 45 degrees C. It produced an extracellular organic solvent-stable protease with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa. The inhibitory effect of PMSF and EDTA suggested it is likely to be an alkaline serine protease. The protease was active over abroad range of temperatures (45-70 degrees C) and pH (8-10) range with an optimum activity at pH 10 and 65 degrees C. It was comparatively stable in the presence ofa relatively high concentration (35% (v/v)) of organic solvents and various types of detergents even at a relatively high temperature (45 degrees C). The protease production by B. licheniformis 3C5 was growth-dependent. The optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources for cell growth and protease production revealed that yeast extract was an important medium component to support both cell growth and the protease production. The overall properties of the protease produced by B. licheniformis 3C5 suggested that this thermo-stable, solvent-stable, detergent-stable alkaline protease is a promising potential biocatalyst for industrial and environmental applications.     

嗜热菌Anoxybacillus sp．DL3产蛋白酶条件及其酶学性质研究

目的：对Anoxybacillussp．DL3的产蛋白酶条件及其酶学性质进行研究,为下一步进行蛋白酶基因的克隆、表达提供依据。方法：应用常规方法液体培养细菌,研究温度、pH、培养基中碳源、氮源对菌株产蛋白酶的影响,硫酸铵盐析的方法提取酶液,并采用Folin法测酶活性。用紫外分光光度计在OD680hi／1测吸光值。并对提取的蛋白酶液进行酶的最适温度、pH以及酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性研究,向酶液中添加金属离子和EDTA、PMSF,研究其对酶活性的影响。结果：在培养基初始pH是6．5,培养温度为40℃时菌株产酶酶活性最大;培养基中以乳糖为碳源,酵母膏和硫酸铵为氮源,碳源与氮源的比例为1：2时,酶活最大。酶学性质研究结果显示：该酶的最适反应温度是55℃,最适反应pH是7．0;在50℃保温20min-80min内,酶活力下降幅度较小。60℃保温60min后,仍保持约60％的酶活。70℃保温60min后,残余酶活为30％。该酶在pH为6．0～8．0范围内,相对酶活差别不是很大,下降趋势大致相同。在强碱条件下,相对酶活下降很明显。Fe2＋、Cu2＋和Hg2＋对酶活性有明显的抑制作用;Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、Mn2＋等金属离子对酶活性有明显的促进作用;乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）和苯甲基磺酰氟（PMSF）对酶活性也有一定抑制作用。结论：Anoxybacillussp．DL3所产的蛋白酶为嗜热中性蛋白酶,此酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH耐受性,该菌株具有进一步开发、利用的价值。     

An organic solvent-, detergent-, and thermostable alkaline protease from the mesophilic, organic solvent-tolerant Bacillus licheniformis 3C5

Bacillus licheniformis 3C5, isolated as mesophilic bacterium, exhibited tolerance towards a wide range of non-polar and polar organic solvents at 45°C. It produced an extracellular organic solvent-stable protease with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 32 kDa. The inhibitory effect of PMSF and EDTA suggested it is likely to be an alkaline serine protease. The protease was active over a broad range of temperatures (45–70°C) and pH (8–10) range with an optimum activity at pH 10 and 65°C. It was comparatively stable in the presence of a relatively high concentration (35% (v/v)) of organic solvents and various types of detergents even at a relatively high temperature (45°C). The protease production by B. licheniformis 3C5 was growth-dependent. The optimization of carbon and nitrogen sources for cell growth and protease production revealed that yeast extract was an important medium component to support both cell growth and the protease production. The overall properties of the protease produced by B. licheniformis 3C5 suggested that this thermo-stable, solvent-stable, detergent-stable alkaline protease is a promising potential biocatalyst for industrial and environmental applications.     

极地适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. QI-1产适冷蛋白酶发酵条件的优化

对极地适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. QI-1产适冷蛋白酶的发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:菌株QI-1的最适生长和产酶温度均为5℃;最佳接种量为1%;发酵培养基的最适初始pH和最佳装样量分别为5和10%;盐度为2%时对菌株的生长和产酶最为有利;麸皮和醋酸钠分别为最佳N源和C源;添加0.75%酪蛋白时菌株QI-1胞外蛋白酶的活性最高;10 mmol/L Mg2+和0.5%Tween-80有利于产酶。正交试验结果表明:菌株Pseudoalteromonassp. QI-1产蛋白酶较佳培养基配方(g/L)为麸皮5,酵母粉2.5,酪蛋白3,MgCl2.6H2O 3,KCl 1.5;发酵液比酶活为166.20 U/mL,较优化前提高了约56%。     

Thermostable extracellular protease of Bacillus stearothermophilus: factors affecting its production

A strain of protease-producing Bacillus stearothermophilus has been isolated. Glycerol was the best carbon source for production whereas yeast extract was the best nitrogen source. The bacterium could grow up to 70°C but optimum protease production was at 60°C. Best initial pH for protease production was 5. Alkaline pH inhibited production. The enzyme was stable at 60°C for 18 h and was inhibited by EDTA, PMSF and HgCl₂.The authors are with the Enzyme and Microbial Technology Group, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia     

Ability of casamino acids to support gellan production by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461

The ability of casamino acids and vitamin-assay casamino acids to support gellan production by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 was examined in a medium containing glucose or corn syrup as the carbon source relative to yeast extract supplementation. When glucose or corn syrup served as the carbon source, the presence of yeast extract in the growth medium stimulated gellan production by strain ATCC 31461 on casamino acids. Using vitamin-assay casamino acids as the nitrogen source, the addition of vitamins lowered gellan synthesis by glucose-grown cells regardless of yeast extract supplementation while gellan elaboration by corn syrup-grown strain ATCC 31461 cells could only be increased by supplementing vitamins into medium lacking yeast extract. Independent of carbon source, the absence of yeast extract in the medium reduced biomass production. Biomass production by the strain grown on either carbon source was increased by supplementing vitamins in the medium containing yeast extract.     

响应面法优化产酰胺酶发酵培养基

采用响应面分析方法,对阿萨希丝孢酵母（Trichosporon asahii）ZZB-1产酰胺酶的发酵培养基进行了优化。运用单N子试验筛选出麦芽糖和酵母浸膏为最适碳源、氮源,金属离子Ca^2＋、Mn^2＋可提高发酵酰胺酶产量;通过最陡爬坡实验逼近以上4个因子的最大响应区域后,采用Box—Behnken响应面分析法,确定产酰胺酶最佳发酵培养基为麦芽糖18．84g／L、酵母浸膏9．55g／L、NaC15g／L、KH2PO41g／L、MgSO4·7H2O0．2g／L、FeS040．001g／L、CaC0370．84μmol／L、MnS0465．39肚mo[／L（1％丙烯酸诱导）,NH4·H2O调节pH至7．0。培养基优化后酰胺酶产量由初始2554U／L提高到4156U／L,为原始发酵培养基配方酶活产量的1．63倍。