隐球菌感染小鼠模型脑组织含水量的变化

目的探讨隐球菌中枢神经系统感染小鼠模型脑组织含水量变化。方法尾静脉接种隐球菌构建中枢神经系统隐球菌感染的小鼠模型,小鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,免疫抑制后实验组小鼠尾静脉注射隐球菌菌悬液,对照组小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水。两组分别采用干湿重法动态观察小鼠脑组织含水量变化。结果小鼠隐球菌中枢神经系统感染后脑组织含水量于6h开始明显升高,24h达高峰,后渐下降,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义。结论成功构建了隐球菌中枢神经系统感染脑水肿小鼠模型。     

侧脑室接种隐球菌感染大鼠模型的脑组织含水量变化研究

目的探讨隐球菌中枢神经系统感染大鼠模型的脑组织含水量变化。方法侧脑室接种隐球菌构建中枢神经系统隐球菌感染的大鼠模型,大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组大鼠侧脑室注射隐球菌菌悬液,对照组大鼠侧脑室注射生理盐水。两组分别采用干湿重法于6h、12h、24h、48h、72h动态检测大鼠脑组织含水量的变化。结果大鼠隐球菌中枢神经系统感染后,脑组织含水量于6h开始明显升高,12h到达高峰,后逐渐下降,但仍明显高于对照组;与对照组差异有统计学意义。结论隐球菌中枢神经系统感染后的大鼠脑组织含水量与对照组差异明显。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎小鼠模型脑组织中VEGFR表达变化的研究

目的探寻隐球菌性脑膜炎小鼠模型中脑组织血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor recepter,VEGFR)在感染隐球菌后的变化规律。方法通过尾静脉接种隐球菌菌悬液的方法构建中枢神经系统隐球菌感染小鼠模型(n=30)为实验组,根据模型建立后5个时间点(6h、12h、24h、48h、72h)分为5组,每组6只;对照组(n=6)尾静脉接种等量生理盐水。采用Western blotting技术测定小鼠脑组织中VEGFR1和VEGFR2蛋白。结果实验组小鼠脑组织中VEGFR1和VEGFR2蛋白测定结果与对照组相比有下降,差别有统计学意义。结论隐球菌性脑膜炎小鼠感染隐球菌后脑组织VEGFR表达下调,可能是隐球菌感染致脑水肿的继发保护机制。     

CD44在隐球菌性脑膜炎发病机制中的作用研究

目的测定隐球菌性脑膜炎小鼠脑组织中CD44表达,探讨CD44在隐球菌性脑膜炎发病机制中的作用。方法隐球菌性脑膜炎免疫抑制小鼠为实验组,未接种隐球菌的免疫抑制小鼠为对照组,应用免疫组化法检测实验组6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、4d、7d小鼠脑组织CD44表达与对照组的变化。结果对照组小鼠脑组织CD44均匀分布在脑细胞膜上。实验组隐球菌作用小鼠48h、72h后,CD44在小鼠脑组织脑膜侧分布增加,而在脑实质侧CD44的分布明显减少。病灶周围的脑组织CD44分布也一侧增加,另一侧分布减少。结论隐球菌侵入小鼠脑组织后,隐球菌诱导CD44向脑组织的一侧移行,向脑膜方向聚集。病灶周围脑组织CD44分布也不均匀。说明隐球菌性脑膜炎的发生与CD44有密切的关系。     

小鼠隐球菌性脑膜炎模型AQP4与脑水肿关系的实验研究

目的 探讨隐球菌感染中枢神经系小鼠模型AQP4与脑水肿的关系.方法 尾静脉接种隐球菌构建小鼠中枢神经系感染模型,随机分为实验组和对照组,免疫抑制后实验组小鼠尾静脉注射隐球菌菌悬液,对照组注射等量生理盐水.两组均采用Western blotting技术于6h、12h、24 h、48 h、72 h动态检测小鼠脑组织中AQP4蛋白表达变化.结果 小鼠隐球菌中枢神经系统感染后,脑组织中AQP4蛋白表达24 h开始上升,48 h达峰值,在24h和48 h与对照组比较,实验组的标准化AQP4蛋白表达水平显著增加,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 AQP4对隐球菌中枢神经系统感染所致脑水肿具有保护性作用.     

大鼠脑隐球菌感染模型建立及MRI评估

目的 建立大鼠脑感染隐球菌模型并探讨MRI评估的影像学表现。方法 运用立体定位技术给30只SD大鼠尾状核注射浓度为1×10⁶ CFU/mL的新生隐球菌菌悬液10μL,分别于大鼠建模后第14、21、28天进行T1WI、T2WI序列扫描,MRI动态监测大鼠脑内感染情况,病理解剖鼠脑并观察组织形态。结果 1×10⁶ CFU/mL浓度的新生隐球菌菌悬液建立大鼠隐球菌感染模型成功率为73.33%,隐球菌肉芽肿60%,隐球菌性脑膜脑炎13.33%;无明显异常改变20%。大鼠脑隐球菌肉芽肿MRI表现为尾状核类圆形或结节样异常信号影,T1WI低信号T2WI高信号;脑膜脑炎MRI表现为脑膜、室管膜明显线样异常信号。结论 1×10⁶ CFU/mL浓度的新生隐球菌菌悬液建立大鼠脑感染隐球菌模型,耗时短且接种成功率较高。MRI表现与病理结果高度契合,可为人脑隐球菌感染诊断及效果评估提供良好的研究模型。     

新生隐球菌感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞相关细胞因子与疾病病程相关性研究

目的通过检测新生隐球菌感染小鼠巨噬细胞相关细胞因子的表达水平,探讨其在感染小鼠疾病病程的作用。方法应用单侧小鼠鼻孔接种感染新生隐球菌建立小鼠吸入感染隐球菌模型,在感染后第1、4、7、11、14、18、21天,PAS染色观察小鼠肺组织病理变化,并通过RT-PCR检测相应时间点小鼠巨噬细胞内相关细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8、TGF-β、TNF-α)的表达。结果小鼠吸入感染隐球菌后,PAS染色发现第4天肺内散在分布隐球菌,第7天可见肉芽肿形成,第11天大量炎性细胞浸润,第14天见肉芽肿内大量隐球菌,第18天隐球菌分布至全肺,第21天肺组织大量坏死;RT-PCR结果显示TGF-β和IL-6的表达在感染后14天达到最高值,然后逐渐降低,其中TGF-β升高幅度更为明显。结论在新生隐球菌感染小鼠中,TGF-β参与了机体的抗真菌免疫,在调节炎症反应方面有重要作用。     

心钠素可调节脑屏障功能

最近,Steards 和 Nathanson 发现大鼠心钠素1-28(rANP 1-28)可增加脑微血管和脑室脉络丛上皮细胞膜鸟苷酸环化化酶活性,其最大反应活性(Vmax)分别较对照组高215和58%,活性常数(Ka)分别为0.5nM 和9.8nM;而对硬脑膜、软脑膜、蛛网膜及脑室组织基质无明显作用。提示心钠素对脑屏障组织有特异     

舍曲林抗新生隐球菌的体外及动物实验研究

目的评估舍曲林抗新生隐球菌的效果。方法实验分为6组,分别为空白对照组、10 mg/mL氟康唑、10 mg/mL舍曲林、20 mg/mL舍曲林、10 mg/mL氟康唑联用10 mg/mL舍曲林以及10 mg/mL氟康唑联用20 mg/mL舍曲林组。通过体外药敏试验及BALBc小鼠新生隐球菌动物探讨各组间抗隐球菌效果的差异。结果体外药敏试验发现舍曲林可有效降低新生隐球菌菌落数,当与氟康唑联用时抑菌效果更显著。动物实验发现2种浓度的舍曲林都可明显降低感染小鼠实验早期脑、肺组织的新生隐球菌菌落数,但在实验后期,低浓度的舍曲林对感染小鼠脑组织失去抑菌作用。脑、肺组织中,舍曲林治疗对新生隐球菌的抗菌效果均不如氟康唑。舍曲林与氟康唑联合用药对新生隐球菌模型小鼠肺组织的抗菌效果强于单用舍曲林或氟康唑。结论舍曲林具有抗新生隐球菌的作用,当与氟康唑联合用药时可起到协同作用。     

新生隐球菌与血管内皮细胞相互作用的研究进展

隐球菌性脑膜脑炎的发病率在逐年上升,而隐球菌与血管内皮细胞的相互作用是其侵犯其他深部组织的前提,能够在血管内皮细胞内繁殖并造成其损伤是隐球菌致病的重要因素。本文就两者的相互作用作一综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.