槟榔黄化病组织RNA提取方法的比较

为了从发生黄化病的槟榔茎、叶、花中提取到完整的RNA,采用了CTAB法、Trizol法和异硫氰酸胍法提取槟榔黄化病组织RNA。从RNA的完整性、产率和纯度方面对这几种方法进行了比较,结果表明,异硫氰酸胍法所得RNA完整性较好,条带清晰无明显降解,OD260/OD280介于1.8-2.0之间,RNA得率较高,为120μg/g以上,并能成功进行反转录制备cDNA,表明该RNA可以进行后续分子生物学操作。     

槟榔（Areca catechu L.）的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国南方各省嚼槟榔的习俗、历史及演变,分析了这个习俗的形成原因及槟榔的药用价值。作者认为咀嚼槟榔有成瘾性,但是否对人的中枢神经系统有损害,必须进一步研究。作者对这种习俗提出了几点看法和建议,对槟榔的开发利用有重要参考价值。     

槟榔胚培养

1植物名称槟榔(Areca catechu L.)。2材料类别幼胚。3培养条件(1)启动培养基:MS 5%(V/V)椰子水 40g·L-1蔗糖 1g·L-1活性碳 0.55%琼脂;(2)生长培养基:MS BA1mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA0.5 5%(V/V)椰子水 4     

Antihypertensive substance in seeds of Areca catechu L

Among various tannins tested, Areca II-5-C, a fraction isolated from seeds of Areca catechu L., showed the most potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in vitro. Its antihypertensive activity was therefore investigated in normotensive and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) after both oral and intravenous (i.v.) administration. The activity was compared with that of captopril (D-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl-L-proline), a potent ACE inhibitor. Oral administration of Areca II-5-C to SHR produced a lasting, dose-related antihypertensive effect, and the responses obtained with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were comparable to those of captopril at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg. Intravenous administration of Areca II-5-C to SHR produced a rapid and marked reduction in blood pressure at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg. The maximum antihypertensive effect of Areca II-5-C in SHR, at an i.v. dose of 15 mg/kg, was about 5 times as large as that of captopril at the same dose. Although the vasopressor response to norepinephrine and vasodepressor responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine were not appreciably changed by i.v. treatment with Areca II-5-C at a dose of 5 mg/kg, it did produce dose-related inhibition of the pressor responses to angiotensin I and II. It is suggested that Areca II-5-C has favorable properties as a hypotensive drug through its ability to inhibit the pressor responses to both angiotensin I and II.     

Plant regeneration through shoot formation from callus of Areca catechu L.

In order to establish and optimize an in vitro micropropagation protocol of Venus fly trap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis), a carnivorous plant, the effects of medium type, MS medium concentration, pH, and cytokinin and auxin types on shoot proliferation and root formation were investigated using 3-month-old shoots. The shoot proliferation was most effective in 2.3 M kinetin-supplemented 1/3MS medium at pH 5.5. The best conditions for rooting were 1/3MS medium supplemented with 0.5 M IBA. All subcultured shoots produced extensive root systems after 5–6 weeks culture. When plantlets after rooting were planted in plastic pots filled with 1:1 peat moss and sand, the survival rate of plantlets was almost 100%, exhibiting normal development. With subculture every 8 weeks, hundreds of the plants were propagated from a single plant within a year.     

槟榔花生物学特点及单宁酸含量分析

实地观测与详尽分析结果表明,槟榔单性花、雌雄异花同株,花期长、粉多蜜香;花粉球形或扁球形,极轴长26 μm、赤道轴长27.2μm,壁有两层,单槽孔,化学成分配比均衡;用HPLC法测定槟榔花粉单宁酸含量为0.7%,两个蜂面出现保留时间（TR）分别为2.935 min（蜂Ⅰ）和3.208 min（蜂Ⅱ）,其中峰Ⅱ（3.208）＞标准液（CK）高出0.087 min.     

HPLC法测定槟榔中的多酚类物质

采用高效液相色谱法对槟榔中的多酚类物质进行分析.用甲醇提取槟榔中的多酚类物质,并依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,萃取物经抽真空浓缩,流动相定容,高效液相色谱法测定.分析结果表明:槟榔幼果较槟榔成熟果中所含的多酚种类和数量少,槟榔成熟果中果仁的多酚种类和数量都远较皮中多;槟榔的甲醇提取物乙酸乙酯萃取部分中所含的多酚种...     

Absorption of intestinal free cholesterol is lowered by supplementation of Areca catechu L. extract in rats

Areca extracts exhibiting a strong inhibitory activity against pancreatic cholesterol esterase (pCEase) in vitro were previously found to lower the absorption of dietary cholesteryl ester. Therefore, to determine whether a combined Areca extract also affects the absorption of intestinal free cholesterol, male rats were fed a diet containing free cholesterol (1%, w/w) either with or without an Areca nut extract supplement (0.5%, w/w). The Areca extract supplement significantly lowered the plasma cholesterol concentration by 25% without any change in the plasma triglyceride concentration, when compared to the control group. The supplement also significantly lowered the small intestinal pCEase activity by 39.1% compared to that of the control group. As regards the hepatic and intestinal ACAT activities, only the intestinal enzyme activity was significantly lowered by the supplement, when compared to the control group. The absorbed cholesterol that appeared in the blood after an oral dose of [1,2(n)-3H] free cholesterol was significantly lower in the rats supplemented with the Areca nut extract, compared with the control group. These results suggest that the inhibition of intestinal ACAT and possibly pCEase may facilitate the metabolic efficiency of the Areca nut extract as regards the absorption of intestinal free cholesterol. The structure and chemical properties of the active compound in the water-soluble Areca extract remain to be elucidated.     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析槟榔果皮和种子的挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS),首次分析槟榔果皮和种子的挥发性成分。从槟榔发黄果皮和青果皮中分别鉴定出29和21种成分,分别占总峰面积的89.18%和71.96%,从发黄果实种子和青果实种子中分别鉴定出20和15种成分,分别占总峰面积的87.47%和70.24%,发黄果皮和青果皮有8个共有成分,发黄果实种子和青果实种子有13个共有成分,四者有5个共有成分。槟榔果皮和种子的挥发性成分具有差别。     

Microscopic and polyclonal antibody-based detection of yellow leaf disease of arecanut (Areca catechu L.)

Phytoplasma, the pathogen of yellow leaf disease (YLD) of arecanut (Areca catechu L.) was detected by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Tissues of YLD affected palms contained phytoplasmas in the phloem sieve elements, but not in symptomless healthy palm tissues. Phytoplasma was purified from tissues of diseased palms employing percoll density gradient centrifugation and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Using the purified phytoplasma preparation, a polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits and used for standardisation of agar gel double diffusion (Ouchterlony) test and DAC-ELISA. Clear precipitin line was observed in Ouchterlony test between the antigen from diseased palms and the pathogen-specific antibodies after 48 h incubation and only undiluted antiserum showed best result in the test. However, in ELISA, 1:10 antigen dilution and 1:400 pathogen-specific antibodies dilution produced sensitive detection of the pathogen with a difference of >3.5 times absorption values between healthy and diseased samples. The results thus confirmed the ability of antiserum to distinguish healthy and infected plants and utility of ELISA for effective diagnosis of YLD.     

Two fungi associated with necrotic leaflets of areca palms (Areca catechu)

Information on fungi associated with necrotic leaflets of exotic palms in Thailand is scanty, as previous studies were mainly focused on decaying fronds. This study provides some information regarding fungi associated with necrotic leaflets of exotic palms in Thailand. Specimens in this work were collected from several locations in Chiang Mai province, including natural and planted areas. One new species, Cercospora arecacearum on areca palm (Areca catechu), is described and illustrated. An ITS sequence data analysis confirms the separation of the new Cercospora species from related taxa. Another species, Neorehmia arecae, hitherto only known from areca palm, is newly recorded for Thailand. Furthermore, Wallichia siamensis is a new host for this species.     

Begomoviruses Associated with Yellow Leaf Curl Disease of Tomato in Iran*

The occurrence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) in the major tomato‐growing areas of Iran was determined using TAS‐ELISA and PCR. The nucleotide sequences of the coat protein (CP) gene and intergenic region (IR) of eight Iranian isolates were determined. CP nucleotide identities among the Iranian isolates were 96–98%, and showed 94–96% identity with TYLCV‐IR [IR:Ira:98] and TYLCV‐IL [IL:Reo:86]. However, they showed low identity (68–69%) with ToLCIRV‐[IR:Ira]. Sequence analyses of IR indicated that seven Iranian isolates had sequence identity of 93–100% with each other, and 76% identity with the Jiroft isolate; identities of 75–79% with TYLCV‐IR[IR:Ira:98] were observed in every case, and 59–62% identity with ToLCIRV‐[IR:Ira]. The IR nucleotide sequences of Iranian isolates showed 92–93% identity with TYLCV‐IL[IL:Reo:86], except the Jiroft isolate (75%). The CP and IR sequence analyses suggested that eight Iranian TYLCV isolates probably differ from ToLCIRV‐[IR:Ira]. Based on IR sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses, the Iranian isolates were divided into two groups. The first major group (A), consists of seven virus isolates, was most closely related to TYLCV‐IL[IL:Reo:86], and relatively divergent from TYLCV‐IR [IR:Ira:98] and ToLCIRV‐[IR:Ira]. However, the Jiroft isolate from group B did not show high similarity with TYLCV‐IR[IR:Ira:98], ToLCIRV‐[IR:Ira], and TYLCV‐IL[IL:Reo:86], suggesting that the isolate may be a divergent variant. The differences are in a range that suggests different strains or species from TYLCV‐IR[IR:Ira:98] and ToLCIRV‐[IR:Ira] are probably associated with tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Iran.     

Papaya Leaf Curl Guangdong Virus and Ageratum Yellow Vein Virus Associated with Leaf Curl Disease of Tobacco in China

Two samples (YC7, YC27) of Nicotiana tabacum showing leaf curling, vein swelling and enations on undersides of leaves were collected in the Fujian Province of China in 2007. Virus isolates YC7‐1 and YC7‐2 (associated with betasatellite, YC7‐2β) were detected in both samples. The complete DNA‐A sequence of YC7‐1 (FJ869907) comprised 2741 nucleotides (nt). The complete DNA‐A (FJ869908) and betasatellite (FJ869909) sequence of YC7‐2 consisted of 2754 and 1344 nt, respectively. YC7‐1 had the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.3%) with Papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus (PaLCuGuV‐[CN:Gd2:02], AJ558122). YC7‐2 had the highest sequence identity (90.1%) with Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV‐TW[TW:Tai:99], AF307861) and its betasatellite (96.5%) with Ageratum yellow vein betasatellite (AYVB‐[TW:CHu:02], AJ542495). These indicate that YC7‐1 and YC7‐2 are isolates of PaLCuGuV and AYVV, respectively. Symptoms including leaf curling, vein swelling and enations on undersides of leaves were observed in N. tabacum and N. glutinosa when infected by whiteflies with sample YC7 as the viral source under greenhouse conditions. PCR results showed that these infected plants contained both YC7‐1 and YC7‐2/YC7‐2β. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PaLCuGuV and AYVV/AYVB co‐infecting N. tabacum in China.     

3个玉米黄叶突变体的光合特性研究

在农业生产中光合作用是作物积累生物量的主要方式,其主要依赖于多种光合色素和完整的叶绿体结构与功能。而玉米叶色突变体对于研究叶绿体发育、提高玉米光合作用能力和产量具有重要意义。以两个玉米自交系郑58(Z58)和B73为对照,对从甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methanesulphonate,EMS)处理后的不同玉米诱变群体中筛选到的2株黄叶突变体yl-1(yellow leaf-1,Z58背景)、yl-2(yellow leaf-2,B73背景)以及从玉米自交系Z58中发现的1株自然黄叶突变体yl-3(yellow leaf-3)等3个表型相似的玉米黄叶突变体的形态特征、光合色素含量、叶绿素合成前体物质含量进行了比较研究。结果表明,与对照相比,3个突变体在整个生长周期内均呈现不同程度的黄叶表型、不复绿、植株矮小、发育迟缓;叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均显著降低(P<0.05),叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值显著升高(P<0.05);不同突变体的各类叶绿素合成前体物质含量有不同程度的降低。3个突变体的黄叶表型可能是由不同基因的突变导致相关四吡咯化合物合成异常引起的。研究结果为定位...     

不同品种槟榔果实性状及其槟榔碱含量的比较研究

通过性状比较和差异显著性检验,从形态学与生物化学两个水平研究了海南5个常见槟榔栽培种之间果实性状变化及其槟榔碱含量的变化。结果表明:(1)海南槟榔5个品种间果实性状都不同,其中以品种A、B、D的果实品质达到国家药典规定的一级标准,品种C、E达到二级标准;(2)品种E的叶面积、产量(座果数×单果重)最大,通过差异显著性检验,表明植株的产量与叶面积呈正相关;(3)5个品种中以品种B的槟榔碱含量最大(0.4451％),其次为品种E、C、D、A。其中品种A与B、A与E、B与D、B与E之间差异显著;(4)长、短蒂花品种之间槟榔碱含量差异不显著;(5)槟榔碱含量与其果实性状之间无显著相关性;(6)槟榔碱含量与营养成分间无显著相关性。     

Qualitative and quantitative HPLC/MS determination of proanthocyanidins in areca nut (Areca catechu)

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) in areca nut (Areca catechu L.) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and compared to grape seed extract. Under optimized conditions, the separated PACs were individually analyzed and identified on the basis of their [M+H]+ peaks. The PAC distribution in areca nut was found to be very similar to that in grape seed, but lacking any gallate conjugates. Based on reverse-phase HPLC separation, the PAC monomers (+)-catechin (CA, 1) and (-)-epicatechin (EC; 2) were successfully quantified by ESI-MS in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC; 3) being used as internal standard. Detailed quality and validation assays showed that the accuracy and repeatability (n = 8) were within 10% for each analyte.     

Cytological Evidence of the Association of a Geminivirus with the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease in Tunisia

Samples of tomato plants from Tunisia naturally or artificially infected with the yellow leaf curl disease were examined in thin sections with the electron microscope. Cytological changes were compared with those previously observed in similarly affected tomato plants from Israel. Evidence was obtained that also in Tunisia a non-mechanically transmissible geminivirus is associated with the disease.