有机磷农药降解酶及其基因工程研究进展

有机磷农药是国内外使用最广泛的农药之一,为农业丰收做出了很大贡献。但是,有机磷农药具有抑制人体乙酰胆碱酯酶的功能,对人存在着程度不同的毒性。有机磷农药降解酶可降解有机磷农药分子,破坏有机磷农药的磷酯键而使其脱毒。综述了有机磷农药降解酶及其特性,以及相关基因的分离克隆和基因工程研究进展。     

有机磷农药微生物降解研究进展

微生物降解是有机磷农药在环境中去毒降解的主要方式,是治理环境污染的一项有效手段。该文综述了有机磷农药降解菌的分离鉴定、降解机理与代谢途径、降解基因的克隆及表达、降解菌制剂和酶制剂的应用、以及有机磷农药微生物降解研究趋势五个方面的研究现状。     

有机磷水解酶及其在传感器应用中的研究进展

有机磷农药的大规模使用对环境造成了严重污染, 同时由于其残留严重威胁着人类健康。有机磷水解酶是一种广泛存在于生物体内的可以催化各种有机磷化合物水解的酶。利用有机磷水解酶制成的生物传感器能够有效检测有机磷农药的残留。文章分别从有机磷水解酶的结构、重组表达以及在生物传感器应用等方面进行了综述, 旨在为有机磷农药的检测和降解提供参考。     

有机磷农药降解酶基因工程菌研究新进展

有机磷农药,因其具有杀虫效率高,防治范围广,成本低等特点,而成为我国目前使用量最大的农药,对农业的发展有着重要作用,但同时它也造成了严重的环境污染。利用微生物或酶制剂来降解有机磷农药,是近年来从事酶基因工程研究人员的又一重大课题。在我国,继研发基因工程植酸酶、乳糖酶等酶制剂取得重要突破并实现规模化生产之后,中国农业科学院生物技术研究所范云六院士、伍宁丰研究员课题组,在有机磷农药降解酶制剂基因工程研究方面也取得了重要进展。     

有机磷农药降解菌及其基因工程研究新进展

有机磷农药是目前我国使用量最大的农药,对农业的发展有重要的作用,但同时造成了严重的环境污染.利用微生物及其产生的降解酶来降解农药是行之有效的方法.随着分子生物学技术的深入利用,农药的微生物降解已在基因工程领域取得了很大进展.本文综述了有机磷农药降解微生物的筛选、降解酶和基因的克隆、基因工程菌的构建以及应用等几个方面的研究进展.     

海洋微生物有机磷降解酶的纯化与性质研究

从长期受有机磷农药污染的海水中分离得到1株能高效降解农药的芽胞杆菌M-1,通过离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析等方法从发酵液中分离纯化了有机磷农药降解酶,SDS-PAGE测得该酶的分子质量约为45 kD。酶反应最适pH为7.5,最适反应温度为30℃,30℃下保温30 min,酶活力基本不变,高于30℃酶活力则迅速下降;K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mn2 对酶活性有促进作用,Hg2 、Zn2 和Cu2 等对酶有抑制作用。     

有机磷农药对人类健康的影响及农药残留检测方法研究进展

随着工农业生产的发展, 社会与生态环境环境对人类健康的影响愈来愈大。环境污染严重影响人类身体和心理健康。对有机磷农药的生产及使用现状, 有机磷农药的结构和毒性作用, 有机磷农药残留对生态环境的污染和对人类健康的危害以及检测方法进行了探讨, 以期为有机磷农药的安全使用和农药残留检测提供参考依据。     

钩虾胆碱酯酶（ChE）和谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）的敏感性和特异性比较研究

研究了有机磷农药甲地基嘧啶流磷,有机氯农药林丹,菊酯类农药氯菊酯,表面活性剂直链苯磺酸钠和重金属Zn对钩虾（Gammarus pulex L.)胆碱酯酶（ChE）和谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）活性变化以及毒性影响,结果表明,在暴露24h和48h后,仅有机磷农药甲基嘧硫磷显著抑制胆碱酯的酶的活性,在暴露48h后,有机氯农药林丹和菊酯类农药氯菊酯能显著提高谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性,在暴露24h后,仅梵在导致谷胱甘肽转硫酶明显升高,作为生物标志物,胆碱酯酶比谷胱甘肽转硫酶具有更高的特异性,这两种生物标志物较毒性试验方法具有更高的敏感性。     

真菌的有机磷农药降解酶产酶条件和一般性质

从受有机磷农药长期污染的土壤中通过富集培养,分离筛选到一株降解乐果活性较高的曲霉Ｚ_５８菌株,研究了该菌株的最适产酶条件。培养温度３０℃,培养起始ｐＨ７．０,培养时间９６ｈ;酶反应的最适温度和ｐＨ分别为４５℃和７．２,在４０℃以下及６０～９．０范围内稳定,主要作用底物为有机磷农药。     

微生物降解有机磷农药污染的研究进展

有机磷农药严重污染生态环境,微生物降解是治理有机磷农药污染的新技术,综述了降解有机磷农药污染的微生物种类、降解的机理、应用、存在的问题及今后研究方向。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism