dsRNA介导的RNA干扰

在多种生物中 ,外源或内源性的双链ＲＮＡ(ｄｏｕｂｌｅ ｓｔｒａｎｄｅｄＲＮＡ ,ｄｓＲＮＡ)导入细胞中 ,与ｄｓＲＮＡ同源的ｍＲＮＡ则受到降解 ,因而其相应的基因受到抑制。这种转录后基因沉默 (ｐｏｓｔ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ ,ＰＴＧＳ)机制首先在线虫 (Ｃ .ｅｌｅｇａｎｓ)中得以证实。由于这是一种在ＲＮＡ水平的基因表达抑制 ,故也称为ＲＮＡ干扰 (ＲＮＡｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒ ｅｎｃｅ) ,简称ＲＮＡｉ[1] 。随后发现 ,在各种生物 ,如果蝇[2 ] 、拟南芥菜[3 ] 、及小鼠[4] 等均存在ｄｓＲＮＡ介导…     

RNA地位上升

人们长期认为核糖核酸 (ＲＮＡ)在细胞中只传递信息和氨基酸 ,但最近因它的多功能而令人瞩目。自 1995年表明小分子ＲＮＡ能够关闭一种线虫中的基因 ,与植物中已知的“基因沉默”(ｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｅ)相似 ,分子生物学家即认识到基因功能研究将因“ＲＮＡ干扰”(ＲＮＡｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ,ＲＮＡｉ)而得益 ,对ＲＮＡ的兴趣飙升。 2 0 0 1年他们发现ＲＮＡｉ也能在鼠和人的细胞中阻遏基因的活性。小分子ＲＮＡ起着重要的生物作用 ,从ＤＮＡ序列分析已知线虫和果蝇中有几十个 ,大肠杆菌有数百个 ,鼠脑组织更多。在线虫和果蝇中 ,这…     

双链RNA病毒的复制机制

本文对双链ＲＮＡ（ｄｓＲＮＡ）病毒复制机制的研究进展进行了综述。根据ｄｓＲＮＡ病毒复制周期,分以下几方面对其复制的有关分子进行分析：转录、转录本释放和“满头”复制模型、（＋）ＲＮＡ转译、病毒包装、（－）ＲＮＡ合成等。此外,还简要分析了宿主基因及其产物在病毒复制中的作用。     

酵母pac—1基因的克隆、序列分析和在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及活性测定

粟酒裂殖酵母菌 (Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｍｙｃｅｓｐｏｍｂｅ)的 ｐａｃ 1基因于 1991年Ｙｕｉｃｈｉｌｉｎｏ等首次报道。在温度敏感型的酵母突变体中 ,ｐａｃ 1基因是一个多拷贝阻遏子 ,它使酵母在限制温度培养条件下的减数分裂不受调控 ,对酵母的生长过程起着重要的调节作用。该基因有一个编码 36 4个氨基酸的开放阅读框 ,编码产物的羧基端与大肠杆菌核糖核酸酶Ⅲ有2 5 %的同源性。通过酶活性测定 ,已经确定它是一类依赖ｄｓＲＮＡ的核糖核酸酶 ,具有降解ｄｓＲＮＡ的功能[1,2 ] 。由于大多数植物病毒为ＲＮＡ病毒 ,因此无论它的基…     

核仁小分子RNA

核仁小分子ＲＮＡ屈良鹄（中山大学生命科学学院生物工程研究中心广州５１０２７５）关键词核仁小分子ＲＮＡ（ｓｏｎＲＮＡ）;内含子（ｎｉｔｒｏｎ）;基因（ｇｅｎｅ）;核糖体（ｒｉｂｏｓｏｍｅ）真核生物（ｅｕｋａｒｙｏｔｅ）在真核生物细胞中,除了人们所熟悉的ｒＲＮＡ,ｍＲＮＡ和ｔＲＮＡ之外,还存在着许多小分子ＲＮＡ［１,２］,如核小分子ＲＮＡ（ｓｎＲＮＡ）,核仁小分子ＲＮＡ（ｓｎｏＲＮ）以及细胞过程中的调控活动,具有十分重要的生物学意义[3,4].     

用荧光影像系统研究莲子叶细胞中核酸和蛋白质的含量

用酶解法解离受精后５ ｄ 和２０ ｄ 的红莲（ Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏ ｓｐ．） 子叶细胞,应用冷却型科学级电荷偶联装置（ＣＣＤ） 摄像式显微荧光影像系统对单个５ ｄ 细胞和２０ ｄ 细胞的ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ和总蛋白相对含量进行了相关测量。实验结果表明：２０ ｄ 细胞ＤＮＡ成为多倍化,为４Ｃ～８Ｃ水平。视窗分析表明：同一４ＣＤＮＡ 视窗中,２０ ｄ 细胞比５ ｄ 细胞的ＲＮＡ和总蛋白含量增加１１ 倍以上。２０ ｄ 细胞的两个ＤＮＡ视窗（４Ｃ和８Ｃ） 中,随着ＤＮＡ倍性的增高,ＲＮＡ 和总蛋白含量也以大致上相应的倍数增高。这些数据表明：红莲子叶贮存蛋白的大量积累既与ＤＮＡ 倍性有关,又与发育过程中贮存蛋白亚基基因选择性的表达有关     

基因沉默：获得性免疫的新途径

基因沉默 (ｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ)首先发现于转基因植物。发生沉默的基因可以是外源性转移基因 ,也可以是入侵的病毒或宿主内源性基因。双链ＲＮＡ(ｄｓＲＮＡ)作为启动因素或中间体为不同生物基因沉默所共有。通常 ,基因沉默发生在两种水平上 ,一是由于ＤＮＡ甲基化、异染色质化及位置效应等引起的转录水平上的基因沉默 (ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅｓｉ ｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ ,ＴＧＳ) ,另一种是在基因转录后水平上通过对目标ＲＮＡ特异性降解而使基因失活的转录后基因沉默 (ｐｏｓｔ ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｇｅｎｅ…     

草鱼出血病病毒基因组的cDNA合成、克隆及部分序列分析

采用差速离心的方法纯化感染草鱼出血病病毒的细胞悬液。提纯的病毒粒子经蛋白酶Ｋ处理和酚氯仿抽提,在１％琼脂糖凝胶电泳条件下分离得到１１条ｄｓＲＮＡ,利用柱离心式胶回收试剂盒纯化各基因片段。纯化的ｄｓＲＮＡ溶于９０％的ＤＭＳＯ中,７０℃变性１５ｍｉｎ,然后采用随机引物法反转录合成各基因片段的ｃＤＮＡ,并平头连接于ｐＺＥｒＯ２．０载体的ＥｃｏＲＶ位点,电转化ＴＯＰ１０感受态细胞。重组质粒经酶切、ＰＣＲ扩增得到大小不等的插入片段,ｃＤＮＡＲＮＡ斑点杂交的结果进一步证实其插入为目的基因片段。采用循环ＰＣＲ测序的方法,对其插入片段进行了序列测定,对其中第１１片段的部分序列作了报道。     

双链RNA技术在植物病毒研究中的应用

含ＲＮＡ基因组的植物病毒在复制时会产生双链ＲＮＡ（ｄｓＲＮＡ）。本文介绍了用ＣＦ－－１１纤维素粉提取ｄｓＲＮＡ的步骤,并列举了ｄｓＲＮＡ在植物病毒研究中的应用,其主要应用有（１）用于检测植物病毒;（２）用于病毒株系分化;（３）用于病毒卫星ＲＮＡ及亚基因组ＲＮＡ研究;（４）用于侵染性测定及病毒基因组功能研究等。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP3结构蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）是危害养鸡业的重要病原之一,属双股双节段ＲＮＡ病毒科成员,由Ａ和Ｂ两个片段的ｄｓＲＮＡ构成,大小分别约３３００－３４００ｂｐ和２８００－２９００ｂｐ。基因片段Ａ首先编码ＶＰ２－ＶＰ４－ＶＰ３聚合蛋白,然后再断裂成ＶＰ３、...     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.