NPY样免疫反应在蝾螈发育过程中神经系统的定位研究

用免疫组化方法研究在蝾螈胚胎发育中神经肽Y(NPY)在神经系统中的定位.结果表明NPY最早分布在周边神经系统(尾芽晚期),之后才在中枢神经系统出现(幼虫期),而且是随着胶质细胞的出现而出现的.我们认为NPY是随着神经嵴细胞的迁移而进入周边神经系统,再分布到中枢神经系统的.     

神经肽样物质在两栖类胚胎发育过程中的定位研究(英文)

本工作以东方蝾螈为实验材料,选用时期为：卵裂期,神经胚早、中、晚期,尾芽早、中、晚期,及蝌蚪期等８个时期。各期胚胎经过固定、ＯＣＴ包埋、切片后,分别做抗胰岛素、抗胆囊收缩素、抗生长素和抗β内啡肽等免疫反应,ＡＢＣ法染色处理并观察。结果发现：一、在胚胎发育的一定时期,阳性细胞出现在胚胎的一定部位。最早于尾芽早期出现在内胚层,此时,个别细胞呈阳性反应。尾芽中期阳性细胞明显增多（Ｆｉｇ．１）。到蝌蚪期,在成形的肠道外缘可以看到阳性细胞（Ｆｉｇｓ．２＆３）,躯干部内胚层的外缘也有呈阳性反应的细胞（Ｆｉｇ．４）。可以认为：胚胎发育过程中,神经肽物质出现的时空程序与神经系统发育不相平行。从卵裂期到神经胚期,神经管从出现到闭合的管内外,都找不到阳性物质的存在。直到尾芽早期才发现神经肽样物质,而且分布在内胚层。到尾芽中期,可在表皮中发现。而神经系统则到了尾芽晚期,也就是神经管闭合后８６小时,在眼杯后才出现阳性细胞。到蝌蚪期,神经肽样物质仅存在于周边神经系统。二、在神经系统,阳性细胞最早出现在尾芽晚期,在眼杯后方可以观察到成群的阳性细胞。该位置很可能是脑神经节（Ｆｉｇ．５）。蝌蚪期,神经系统从前端往后都可观察到阳性细胞,它     

棘尾虫类神经肽的免疫细胞化学研究

用光镜、电镜免疫组织化学方法,在原生动物棘尾虫体内发现多种哺动物神经肽、肽激素和酷氨酸羟化酶免疫阳性物质：类Ｐ物质,类神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ－Ｌｉｋｅ）,类胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８－Ｌｉｋｅ）,类生长抑素,类β－内啡肽,类促肾上腺皮质激素和类酷氨酸羟化酶。免疫细胞化学实验显示了这些肽类免疫阳性物质的分布。     

抗体微电极—神经肽研究中的一项新技术

半个世纪前,Von Euler和Gaddum在脑和小肠中提取了一种强效舒血管物质,命名为P物质,这是最早发现的神经肽。近廿年来,随着新技术的发展,在神经系统中已发现数十种神经肽。应用免疫组织和细胞化学技术可清楚地显示肽功能神经元的结构和分布,神经肽已被作为化学“标签”追索神经回路。科学家们根据重组DNA技术的研究结果预测,大鼠脑中有3万个脑特异性的mRNA,如果有百分之一表达的话,就将有300个神经肽的存在,不     

神经肽对神经母细胞瘤细胞分裂和代谢的影响

神经-内分泌-免疫系统作为机体的整合系统,在衰老变化的发生和发展过程中起着重要的作用。一些资料表明,伴随神经系统的老化,脑和脑脊液中一些神经肽也显著变化。本实验采用小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞无血清培养建立神经细胞老化实验研究模型,以流式细胞光度术研究神经肽对无血消培养的神经母细胞瘤细胞的细胞周期和细胞总蛋白的影响。以了解神经肽对神经细胞老化过程中的DNA和细胞总蛋白的影响。1 材料与方法     

神经肽Y和β—内啡肽样免疫阳性物质在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝的分布

用免疫组织化学方法首次发现,神经肽Y（NPY）和β－内啡肽（β－Ep)样免疫阳性物质分布在文昌鱼神经系统和哈氏窝。NPY样免疫阳性神经元出现在端脑前部和中部、中脑前部和中部以及后脑,NPY样免疫阳性神经纤维在文昌鱼脑的各部分与神经元交错呈网状密集分布。神经管的背面与中部均可观察到NPY样免疫阳性神经元及其阳性性纤维。β－Ep样免疫阳性神经元及其神经纤维定位在中脑前部和中部以及神经管,且分布范围明显小于NPY。文昌鱼哈氏窝也有NPY和β－Ep样免疫阳性物质分布。这些结果表明,NPY和β－Ep可能作为脑内的一种神经递质,像鱼类那样,参与调节文昌鱼哈氏窝促性腺激素分泌细胞的分泌活动,这为文昌鱼脑－哈氏窝复合体的密切关系提供新的形态学证据。     

用蝾螈表皮装片制作永久制片技术

蝾螈表皮装片制做的永久制片,显微镜下观察,细胞呈多角形,细胞之间镶嵌排列,间质很少。细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核和核仁４种结构清楚明晰,观察细胞的基本结构非常理想。１取材１．１蝾螈将蝾螈放在盛有清水的玻璃缸中饲养,１０ｄ（天）左右即可看到从蝾螈皮肤上脱落下...     

基于质谱技术的神经肽研究进展

神经肽是一类重要的内源活性物质,在神经系统中发挥重要的作用,并连接大脑和其他神经器官。基于质谱技术的神经肽组学研究旨在对神经肽进行大规模研究,在分子水平上得到重要信息,进一步加深对神经系统调控机制以及神经疾病致病机理的理解。文中综述了利用质谱技术进行神经肽研究的基本策略,包括样品处理、定性定量方法以及质谱成像等研究进展。     

抗阿片生物活性物质

大量的工作已经证明,内源性阿片样物质在中枢神经系统中广泛分布,并具有十分复杂的生理功能.随着这方面工作深入,对于脑内是否存在其对抗性物质已引起人们注意.已经从脑内分离提取得到了某些具有对抗阿片活性的未知物质;同时也发现了某些已知的神经化学物质,特别是神经肽,也可不同程度地调节阿片样物质的活性.     

抗阿片生物活性物质

大量的工作已经证明,内源性阿片样物质在中枢神经系统中广泛分布,并具有十分复杂的生理功能。随着这方面工作深入,对于脑内是否存在其对抗性物质已引起人们注意。已经从脑内分离提取得到了某些具有对抗阿片活性的未知物质,同时也发现了某些已知的神经化学物质,特别是神经肽,也可不同程度地调节阿片样物质的活性。     

NPY样免疫反应在蝾螈发育过程中神经系统的定位研究

By immuno-cytochemical method the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the nervous system during embryonic development of Cynops orientalis was studied. The results revealed that NPY was first localized in the peripheral nervous system (late tail-bud stage), and later appeared in the central nervous system (larval stage) where it appeared with the appearance of glial cells. Very probably with the migration of neural crest cells NPY appeared first in the peripheral nervous system and then distributed to the central nervous system.     

Monoclonal antibody immunohistochemistry in the American cockroach identifies a novel neuropeptidergic system similar to,but distinct from this insect's (FM)RFamide-like system

A monoclonal antibody to peptidergic neurons in the neuroendocrine system of the Colorado potato beetle immunohistochemically labels neuropeptide-like substances throughout the cephalic neurosecretory system of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The dictyopteran antigen shows a histological distribution similar to that of the neuropeptide-like material which we have described earlier using (FM)RFamide specific antibodies. It was conclusively demonstrated, particularly by means of a convenient double labelling procedure, that the (FM)RFamide- and the coleopteran neuropeptide-like antigens are not localized in the same neuronal structures, although both neurochemicals are in close vicinity to one another. The relative abundance of the immunoreactive products in neurons throughout the cockroach nervous system and retrocerebral complex, in addition to its apparently homologous distribution in species of different insect orders, suggests an important role of this material in insect neuro(endocrine)-physiology.     

The peripheral nervous system of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster

Summary Mutations previously known to affect early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster have been found also to affect the development of the peripheral nervous system. Anti-HRP antibody staining has shown that larval epidermal sensilla of homozygous mutant embryos occur in increased numbers, which depend on the allele considered. This increase is apparently due to the development into sensory organs of cells which in the wild-type would have developed as non-sensory epidermis. Thus, neurogenic genes act whenever developing cells have to decide between neurogenic and epidermogenic fates, both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Different regions of the ectodermal germ layer are distinguished with respect to their neurogenic abilities.     

The contribution made by cells from a single somite to tissues within a body segment and assessment of their integration with similar cells from adjacent segments

Somites represent the first visual evidence of segmentation in the developing vertebrate embryo and it is becoming clear that this segmental pattern of the somites is used in the initial stages of development of other segmented systems such as the peripheral nervous system. However, it is not known whether the somites continue to contribute to the maintenance of the segmental pattern after the dispersal of the somitic cells. In particular, the extent to which cells from a single somite contribute to all of the tissues of a single body segment and the extent to which they mix with cells from adjacent segments during their migration is not known. In this study, we have replaced single somites in the future cervical region of 2-day-old chick embryos with equivalent, similarly staged quail somites. The chimerae were then allowed to develop for a further 6 days when they were killed. The cervical region was dissected and serially sectioned. The sections were stained with the Feulgen reaction for DNA to differentiate between the chick and quail cells. The results showed that the cells from a single somite remained as a clearly delimited group throughout their migration. Furthermore, the sclerotome, dermatome and myotome portions from the single somites could always be recognised as being separate from similar cells from other somites. The somitic cells formed all of the tissues within a body segment excluding the epidermis, notochord and neural tissue. There was very little mixing of the somitic cells between adjacent segments. The segmental pattern of the somites is therefore maintained during the migration of the somitic cells and this might be fundamental to a mechanism whereby the segmentation of structures, such as the peripheral nervous system, is also maintained during development.     

Distribution of Ultrabithorax proteins in Drosophila

We have used a monoclonal antibody to examine the distribution of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins in Drosophila embryos and imaginal discs by immunofluorescence. Ubx proteins are nuclear and show a spatially restricted distribution in the nervous system, epidermis and mesoderm. Labelling extends from the first thoracic segment (T1) to the eighth abdominal segment (A8) in the midline cells, from T2 to A8 in the ventral nervous system and epidermis and from A1 to A8 in the somatic mesoderm. In the nervous systems and epidermis the patterns of labelling exhibit a repeat unit, the Ubx metamere, that is out of phase with the segmental repeat unit. At least in the epidermis this repeat unit appears to extend between anterior-posterior compartment boundaries and consists of a posterior compartment together with the succeeding anterior compartment. The most prominently labelled metamere in the nervous system and epidermis is that comprising the posterior region of T3 and the anterior region of A1. Within each metamere the nuclei are heterogeneously labelled. Clear heterogeneity of labelling is also seen amongst the nuclei of the T3 imaginal discs.     

Ultrastructure of the epidermis and digestive tract inSebastes embryos,with special reference to the uptake of exogenous nutrients

Synopsis Ultrastructural features of the epidermis and rectum were studied inSebastes schlegeli andS. melanops during the late stages of embryonic development, to confirm uptake of maternal substances. Ruthenium red (RR) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were used at fixation and in live embryos, respectively. Epidermal tissue of embryos after developmental stage 24 comprised two squamous cell layers. The outer, thinner cells and their intercellular spaces were easily infiltrated with RR, but the inner cells had no RR deposition. The HRP was not incorporated into the epidermis except in a few outer cells, which had well-developed microvillous projections of cytoplasm. Sacciform cells, chloride cells, and mucous cells distributed in the inner layer but protruding to the epidermal surface had no intracellular RR and HRP depositions. The rectal cells of embryos at about developmental stage 28 had many globular inclusions containing electron-dense substances. The rectal cells were found to take up and digest HRP actively. It is suggested that the embryonic epidermis is structurally loose and takes up low weight molecules, while rectal cells, after the opening of the mouth, actively ingest exogenous, high weight molecules.     

Expression of AmphiCoe, an amphioxus COE/EBF gene, in the developing central nervous system and epidermal sensory neurons

The COE/EBF gene family marks a subset of prospective neurons in the vertebrate central and peripheral nervous system, including neurons deriving from some ectodermal placodes. Since placodes are often considered unique to vertebrates, we have characterised an amphioxus COE/EBF gene with the aim of using it as a marker to examine the timing and location of peripheral neuron differentiation. A single COE/EBF family member, AmphiCoe, was isolated from the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae. AmphiCoe lies basal to the vertebrate COE/EBF genes in molecular phylogenetic analysis, suggesting that the duplications that formed the vertebrate COE/EBF family were specific to the vertebrate lineage. AmphiCoe is expressed in the central nervous system and in a small number of scattered ectodermal cells on the flanks of neurulae stage embryos. These cells become at least largely recessed beneath the ectoderm. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine embryos in which the ectoderm had been partially peeled away. This revealed that these cells have neuronal morphology, and we infer that they are the precursors of epidermal primary sensory neurons. These characters lead us to suggest that differentiation of some ectodermal cells into sensory neurons with a tendency to sink beneath the embryonic surface represents a primitive feature that has become incorporated into placodes during vertebrate evolution.