细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂p57的研究进展

p57是细胞周期蛋白依赖蛋白激酶抑制剂的一种,属于p21家族,主要通过阻断细胞周期中C1/S期的转换,实现对细胞周期的负调控,进而阻止细胞的增殖和肿瘤的形成,被认为是一种抑癌基因。本文就近年来对p57的研究作一综述。     

血管平滑肌细胞增殖与Cdk抑制蛋白p27的表达

ｐ２７蛋白是细胞周期素依赖性激酶（Ｃｄｋ）抑制蛋白家族中的一种,主要对外部促进或抑制细胞增殖的信号起反应。本研究应用流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ）双标记的方法观察血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）、血管加压素（ＡＶＰ）和血小板源生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）对血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣｓ）细胞周期百分比和ｐ２７蛋白表达量的影响。静止状态培养的ＶＳＭＣｓ加入ＡｎｇⅡ,ＡＶＰ,ＰＤＧＦＢＢ后,在不同时间收集细胞,用碘化丙啶（ＰＩ）标记细胞ＤＮＡ,以确定细胞所处的周期。用ｐ２７蛋白的单抗和标记了ＦＩＴＣ的二抗标记细胞,通过流式细胞仪测定被激发出的荧光量来确定细胞ｐ２７蛋白表达的相对量。结果显示,ＡｎｇⅡ刺激ＶＳＭＣｓ增生,其蛋白含量增加了４３６％（Ｐ＜００１）,但不抑制ｐ２７蛋白的表达;ＡＶＰ可轻度抑制ｐ２７的表达,有轻度促进ＶＳＭＣｓ增殖和增生的作用（Ｐ＜００５）;ＰＤＧＦ明显抑制ｐ２７的表达,引起细胞增殖。本研究结果提示,ｐ２７蛋白抑制ＶＳＭＣｓ通过Ｇ１期进入Ｓ期,是抑制ＶＳＭＣｓ增殖的重要调节因子。     

细胞周期抑制蛋白Kip及Ink4研究进展

真核细胞的细胞周期由细胞周期素依次激活相应的Ｃｄｋ所推动,细胞能否通过限制点从Ｇ１期进入Ｓ期很大程度上取决于Ｇ１期细胞内ＣｙｅｌｉｎＤ１／ＣｙｃｌｉｎＥ／ＣｙｃｌｉｎＡ的积累,Ｃｄｋ４／Ｃｄｋ６／Ｃｄｋ２,Ｋｉｐ的化学剂量关系及Ｉｎｋ４的活ｉｐ和Ｉｎｋ４是目前已知的两类结构不同、作用方式也不尽相同的细胞周期抑制蛋白;Ｋｉｐ主要以化学剂量方式,一方面抑制与ＤＮＡ复制相关的蛋白质的ｍＲＮＡ的转录;另一     

CyclinE和p27蛋白在骨肉瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨CyclinE和p27在骨肉瘤中表达及临床意义。方法检测108例骨肉瘤石蜡包埋组织中CyclinE和p27蛋白表达水平,统计分析其与患者临床病理因素和预后之间的关系。结果骨肉瘤组织中CyclinE的阳性率为68．52％,p27的阳性率为26．85％;CyclinE和p27蛋白表达水平与骨肉瘤病理分级、软组织浸润、远处转移、Enneking分期及患者整体生存期有关（P〈0．05）;CyclinE蛋白阳性组骨肉瘤患者5年存活率显著低于阴性组;而p27蛋白阳性组患者5年存活率显著高于阴性组（P〈0．05）。Cox多因素分析提示软组织浸润及远处转移状态、病理分级、Enneking外科分期、CyclinE和p27蛋白表达水平是影响骨肉瘤患者预后的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论CyclinE和p27蛋白表达水平是判断骨肉瘤患者预后的新指标,联合检测CyclinE和p27蛋白表达水平对骨肉瘤的进展、预后判断有重要意义。     

猴免疫缺陷病毒衣壳蛋白p27在大肠杆菌中的表达及纯化

目的获得用于SIV检测的衣壳蛋白p27重组抗原。方法利用生物信息学软件选择衣壳蛋白p27抗原表位集中的区域,合成SIV p27基因;将该基因与pMAL-p5x载体连接构建pMAL-p5x-p27重组质粒,并转化大肠杆菌BL21中,诱导表达;用Amylose Resin亲和层析柱对表达产物进行纯化。结果 SDS-PAGE分析显示,pMAL-p5x-p27重组质粒可在大肠杆菌中高效表达,表达产物分子量约为70×103;经纯化获得目的蛋白p27纯度可达90%。结论本研究利用原核表达系统成功表达了SIV p27蛋白,为SIV检测方法的建立奠定了基础。     

诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长代谢的影响

目的:研究诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长和代谢的影响。方法:将pTet-on载体和响应于Dox的p27诱导表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,随机挑选单克隆细胞株。以细胞周期分布和活细胞密度为主要观察指标,考察稳定转染的细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞生长;以Qglc、Qlac和Qgln为主要观察指标,考察转染细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞代谢。结果:p27基因的表达使HEK293细胞的增殖速度显著降低,G1期细胞比例显著升高,葡萄糖消耗和乳酸生产减少。结论:诱导表达p27基因是对HEK293细胞进行G1期阻滞的一种有效策略。     

诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长代谢的影响

目的：研究诱导表达p27对HEK293细胞生长和代谢的影响。方法：将pTet—on载体和响应于Dox的p27诱导表达载体共转染HEK293细胞,随机挑选单克隆细胞株。以细胞周期分布和活细胞密度为主要观察指标,考察稳定转染的细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞生长;以Qglc、Qlac和Qgln为主要观察指标,考察转染细胞在Dox诱导下的细胞代谢。结：p27基因的表达使HEK293细胞的增殖速度显著降低,G1期细胞比例显著升高,葡萄糖消耗和乳酸生产减少。结论：诱导表达p27基因是对HEK293细胞进行G1期阻滞的一种有效策略。     

p27蛋白和Cyclin E在食管鳞状细胞癌的表达及意义

目的　探讨 p2 7和CyclinE在食管鳞状上皮和鳞癌细胞中的表达特点及意义。方法　收集正常食管鳞状上皮粘膜组织和不典型增生的食管粘膜组织共 41例 ,食管鳞状细胞癌组织 73例 ,采用S P免疫组织化学方法进行染色。结果　CyclinE和 p2 7在正常鳞状上皮中无阳性表达 ;不典型增生上皮组阳性率分别为 3 3 3 3 % ( 7/ 2 1)和 2 3 80 % ( 5 / 2 1) .在鳞癌中CyclinE和 p2 7阳性率分别为 5 3 42 % ( 3 9/ 73 )和 2 7 40 % ( 2 0 / 73 ) .经统计 ,CyclinE与癌组织分化程度有关 ,低分化组阳性率明显高于中、高分化组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而p2 7在高分化组阳性率明显高于低分化组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;两者差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　p2 7和CyclinE表达与食管鳞癌的生物学行为有关。CyclinE过表达是食管鳞癌恶性度较高的指标 ,而p2 7过表达是恶性度较低的指标     

DNA损伤反应中细胞周期检查点蛋白p27~(Kip1)表达及其调控机制

为了研究DNA损伤反应中p2 7Kip1的表达及其调控机制 ,应用免疫印迹的实验结果表明 :10Gy 60 Coγ射线照射后 3h ,HeLa细胞中p2 7Kip1蛋白水平开始下降并持续到 2 4h ,进而失去它对CDKs的抑制功能 .Northern印迹结果显示 ,电离辐射 (IR)对p2 7Kip1mRNA表达水平无明显影响 ,说明电离辐射诱导p2 7Kip1表达水平的降低主要与蛋白质降解相关 ,但其具体的调控机制还不清楚 .已知在G1—S期p2 7Kip1蛋白的降低主要依赖细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶将其磷酸化后的泛素化蛋白酶体途径 (ubiquitin proteasomepathway) .酶动力学研究结果揭示 :电离辐射后细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶活性增高 ,12h细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶活性达到最大 .当在照前用细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2抑制剂olomoucine (10 μmol L)抑制细胞周期蛋白E Cdk2激酶活性时 ,p2 7Kip1蛋白表达水平增加 .此外 ,还观察到电离辐射可诱导p2 7Kip1泛素化水平的增高 ,而在使用蛋白酶体抑制剂MG 132 (5 μmol L)处理HeLa细胞后 ,可抑制辐射诱导p2 7Kip1蛋白水平的下调 .研究结果提示 :泛素化蛋白酶体途径参与了辐射诱导P2 7Kip1蛋白表达下调的降解机制 .     

p27kip1蛋白在胶质瘤细胞中的表达及定位研究

目的：探讨胶质瘤细胞中p27酬蛋白的表达、定位,为进一步研究p27kip1在胶质瘤发生、发展过程中的功能奠定理论基础。方法：用免疫荧光方法检测U87、LN308细胞p27kiP1蛋白的定位情况;进一步分离两种细胞的细胞质与细胞核,在显微镜下观察细胞核形态并用DAPI染色分析细胞核完整性,提取蛋白用Westernblotting。方法检测分离的细胞质与细胞核蛋白的纯度,并检测p27kip1,在细胞中的表达情况。结果：成功分离了细胞的细胞浆与细胞核,并得到纯度较好的细胞浆蛋白与细胞核蛋白。确定了p27kip1蛋白主要表达于U87和LN308细胞的细胞质中。结论：p27kip1蛋白在恶性胶质瘤中可能主要表达在细胞质中,并且其亚细胞定位可能与胶质瘤的恶性程度相关。     

Low molecular weight cyclin E is associated with p27-resistant,high-grade,high-stage and invasive bladder cancer

Expression of low molecular weight (LMW) isoforms of cyclin E is a strong predictor of poor outcome in patients with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of full-length and LMW cyclin E in bladder cancer cell lines and patient tumors. We used western blotting, immunoprecipitation and kinase assays to examine the expression and activity of key cell cycle-regulatory proteins in various human bladder cell lines, both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic. We also analyzed cyclin E expression, kinase activity and immune complex binding partners in 43 tissue samples from grade 2 and 3 transitional cell carcinomas. Cyclin E was overexpressed and LMW isoforms were present only in bladder cancer cells. Overexpression of LMW isoforms of cyclin E and increased cyclin E kinase activity were both significantly associated with tumorigenicity of the bladder cell lines (p = 0.005 and 0.022, respectively). Binding of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 to LMW cyclin E did not inhibit the kinase activity of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in primary tumor samples overexpressing LMW cyclin E. Full-length and LMW cyclin E were significantly overexpressed in grade 3 tumors compared with grade 2 tumors (p = 0.004). Finally, LMW cyclin E levels were significantly associated with a non-papillary growth pattern (p = 0.031) and invasiveness (p = 0.021) of the bladder tumors and poor overall survival (p = 0.06). These results suggest that LMW cyclin E can be used as a new prognostic marker for bladder cancer.     

p27Kip1 serine 10 phosphorylation determines its metabolism and interaction with cyclin-dependent kinases

p27Kip1 is a critical modulator of cell proliferation by controlling assembly, localization and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). p27Kip1 also plays important roles in malignant transformation, modulating cell movement and interaction with the extracellular matrix. A critical p27Kip1 feature is the lack of a stable tertiary structure that enhances its “adaptability” to different interactors and explains the heterogeneity of its function. The absence of a well-defined folding underlines the importance of p27Kip1 post-translational modifications that might highly impact the protein functions. Here, we characterize the metabolism and CDK interaction of phosphoserine10-p27Kip1 (pS10- p27Kip1), the major phosphoisoform of p27Kip1. By an experimental strategy based on specific immunoprecipitation and bidimensional electrophoresis, we established that pS10-p27Kip1 is mainly bound to cyclin E/CDK2 rather than to cyclin A/CDK2. pS10- p27Kip1 is more stable than non-modified p27Kip1, since it is not (or scarcely) phosphorylated on T187, the post-translational modification required for p27Kip1 removal in the nucleus. pS10-p27Kip1 does not bind CDK1. The lack of this interaction might represent a mechanism for facilitating CDK1 activation and allowing mitosis completion. In conclusion, we suggest that nuclear p27Kip1 follows 2 almost independent pathways operating at different rates. One pathway involves threonine-187 and tyrosine phosphorylations and drives the protein toward its Skp2-dependent removal. The other involves serine-10 phosphorylation and results in the elongation of p27Kip1 half-life and specific CDK interactions. Thus, pS10-p27Kip1, due to its stability, might be thought as a major responsible for the p27Kip1-dependent arrest of cells in G1/G0 phase.     

ARTD1 regulates cyclin E expression and consequently cell-cycle re-entry and G1/S progression in T24 bladder carcinoma cells

ADP-ribosylation is involved in a variety of biological processes, many of which are chromatin-dependent and linked to important functions during the cell cycle. However, any study on ADP-ribosylation and the cell cycle faces the problem that synchronization with chemical agents or by serum starvation and subsequent growth factor addition already activates ADP-ribosylation by itself. Here, we investigated the functional contribution of ARTD1 in cell cycle re-entry and G₁/S cell cycle progression using T24 urinary bladder carcinoma cells, which synchronously re-enter the cell cycle after splitting without any additional stimuli. In synchronized cells, ARTD1 knockdown, but not inhibition of its enzymatic activity, caused specific down-regulation of cyclin E during cell cycle re-entry and G₁/S progression through alterations of the chromatin composition and histone acetylation, but not of other E2F-1 target genes. Although Cdk2 formed a functional complex with the residual cyclin E, p27^{Kip1 Murray AH, Hunt T. The cell cycle: an introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. [Google Scholar]} protein levels increased in G₁ upon ARTD1 knockdown most likely due to inappropriate cyclin E-Cdk2-induced phosphorylation-dependent degradation, leading to decelerated G₁/S progression. These results provide evidence that ARTD1 regulates cell cycle re-entry and G₁/S progression via cyclin E expression and p27^{Kip1 Murray AH, Hunt T. The cell cycle: an introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. [Google Scholar]} stability independently of its enzymatic activity, uncovering a novel cell cycle regulatory mechanism.