植物非共生血红蛋白的研究进展

植物非共生血红蛋白（nsHb）基因在植物界广泛存在。许多生物和非生物胁迫可以诱导nsHb的表达。nsHb在植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫中具有重要功能,其作用机制与NO的代谢密切相关。文章综述了非共生血红蛋白的表达特性、生物学功能及其作用机制等方面的研究进展。     

植物血红蛋白的发现及其功能

该文主要介绍植物血红蛋白的发现历史、分类、功能和进化等,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

对植物血红蛋白功能的新发现——调节NO的生物活性

血红蛋白在植物中广泛存在,对其功能的研究也不断深入。最新研究发现植物血红蛋白除具有运载氧、感应氧等生理功能外,还对植物诸多代谢活动发挥重要的调控作用,而这一作用主要通过调节信号分子NO的生物活性来实现。综述了在正常生长及胁迫条件下,植物血红蛋白对NO生物活性的调节作用,着重阐述缺氧条件下植物血红蛋白在解除NO毒害,再生NAD(P) 及维持能量水平等方面的功能及其机制。植物血红蛋白功能的这一新发现对研究不同条件下NO信号转导途径的调节机制具重要意义。     

人血红蛋白α,β基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

从人外周血细胞中提取出ＲＮＡ,通过逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴＰＣＲ）得到人血红蛋白的α和β基因片段,与ｐＴ７Ｂｌｕｅ质粒连接,然后将α、β基因克隆进ｐＢＶ２２０原核表达载体中,采用Ｓａｎｇｅｒ双脱氧终止法测序的结果与文献报道一致。宿主菌经热诱导,在１．６×１０５处有特异的蛋白带表达,表达量占总菌体总蛋白的２０％。     

肌／血红蛋白的非线性分子系统学

当今地球上大多数生物为好氧生物,门类繁多但物种数及其个体数都有限的。无脊椎动物如多孔动物门、有剌胞动物门和棘头动物门等以及脊椎动物的头索动物、尾索动物和半索动物诸亚门都可依靠Ｏ２的扩散直接供取Ｏ２,毋需任何载Ｏ２大分子。有趣的是,昆虫成虫由于发展了一...     

马铃薯非共生血红蛋白基因StHb1的克隆及表达

采用RT-PCR技术成功分离了马铃薯StHb1基因序列.经半定量RT-PCR分析表明,StHb1基因的表达在抗性品种(陇薯三号)和感性品种(荷兰十五)块茎中均受致病疫霉的侵染所抑制;StHb1基因在正常生长的马铃薯块茎组织中表达量最高;外源NO和H2O2的作用可明显地抑制StHb1基因的表达,但在抗性品种中该基因受抑制的程度低于感性品种.上述试验结果暗示了StHb1基因与马铃薯对致病疫霉侵染的抗性应答具有一定的相关性.     

AM真菌与非菌根植物的相互作用关系

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌作为一类在全球分布广泛的土壤微生物,能够与陆地上大多数的维管植物形成专性共生关系,对于植物营养吸收和生态系统功能具有重要作用.而较少量的维管植物如苋科、黎科、石竹科、十字花科等植物被认为是非菌根植物.目前,对于这些非菌根植物与AM真菌之间的相互作用关系研究少且分散,缺乏系统总结.本文综述了非菌根植物的类型以及低侵染的原因,邻体植物形成的菌丝网络对AM真菌侵染非菌根植物的影响,并探讨AM真菌和非菌根植物之间可能存在的相互作用,以及植物-AM真菌之间的物质交换及可能存在的生态功能,旨在为进一步发挥非菌根植物在脆弱生态系统的功能潜力提供新思路.     

植物中的非编码RNA及其作用机制

非编码RNA(non-codingRNA,ncRNA)是近年来发现的一类能够转录但不能编码蛋白质、具有特定功能的RNA分子。ncRNA参与了生命过程中的许多重要环节。该文主要介绍植物中的非编码RNA的类型、研究方法以及功能。     

植物基因的特异表达与调控

许多基因的表达调节是在转录水平上进行的。基因特异表达的顺式和反式作用因子的研究为探讨基因表达调节机制积累了必要的资料,对基因表达精细的细胞定位具有重要的理论意义和应用意义。     

Prediction of folding pathway and kinetics among plant hemoglobins using an average distance map method

Computational methods, such as the ADM (average distance map) method, have been developed to predict folding of homologous proteins. In this work we used the ADM method to predict the folding pathway and kinetics among selected plant nonsymbiotic (nsHb), symbiotic (Lb), and truncated (tHb) hemoglobins (Hbs). Results predicted that (1) folding of plant Hbs occurs throughout the formation of compact folding modules mostly formed by helices A, B, and C, and E, F, G, and H (folding modules A/C and E/H, respectively), and (2) primitive (moss) nsHbs fold in the C-->N direction, evolved (monocot and dicot) nsHbs fold either in the C-->N or N-->C direction, and Lbs and plant tHbs fold in the C-->N direction. We also predicted relative folding rates of plant Hbs from qualitative analyses of the stability of subdomains and classified plant Hbs into fast and moderate folding. ADM analysis of nsHbs predicted that prehelix A plays a role during folding of the N-terminal domain of Ceratodon nsHb, and that CD-loop plays a role in folding of primitive (Physcomitrella and Ceratodon) but not evolved nsHbs. Modeling of the rice Hb1 A/C and E/H modules showed that module E/H overlaps to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis HbO two-on-two folding. This observation suggests that module E/H is an ancient tertiary structure in plant Hbs.     

Control of the expression of bacterial genes involved in symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Several genera of N₂-fixing bacteria establish symbiotic associations with plants. Among these, the genus Rhizobium has the most significant contribution, in terms of yield, in many important crop plants. The establishment of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a very complex process involving many genes which need to be co-ordinately regulated. In the first instance, plant signal molecules, known to be flavonoids, trigger the expression of host-specific genes in the bacterial partner through the action of the regulatory NodD protein. In response to these signals, Rhizobium bacteria synthesize lipo-oligosaccharide molecules which in turn cause cell differentiation and nodule development. Once the nodule has formed, Rhizobium cells differentiate into bacteroids and another set of genes is activated. These genes, designated nif and fix, are responsible for N₂ fixation. In this system, several regulatory proteins are involved in a complex manner, the most important being NifA and a two component (FixK and FixL) regulatory system. Our knowledge about the establishment of these symbioses has advanced recently, although there are many questions yet to be solved.     

植物同源异型枢基因的研究进展

植物同源异型枢基因是涉及到植物个体发育的一类重要转录因子编码基因.这类基因及其编码蛋白的结构具有明显的保守性,在植物中广泛存在,研究这类基因,对于揭示植物的发育机制具有重要意义.     

microRNA参与植物次生代谢与非生物胁迫的调控

微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)为广泛存在于真核生物中的约16 ～ 29个核苷酸长度的内源非编码单链RNA分子,在植物中参与细胞增殖、分化、代谢、器官形成以及抵御盐、温度、干旱、重金属胁迫等方面的调节.植物miRNA主要通过对靶基因降解或抑制靶基因的表达,影响植物的生长发育.目前对miRNA的产生与调控方式的研...     

Plant hemoglobins: a molecular fossil record for the evolution of oxygen transport

The evolution of oxygen transport hemoglobins occurred on at least two independent occasions. The earliest event led to myoglobin and red blood cell hemoglobin in animals. In plants, oxygen transport "leghemoglobins" evolved much more recently. In both events, pentacoordinate heme sites capable of inert oxygen transfer evolved from hexacoordinate hemoglobins that have unrelated functions. High sequence homology between hexacoordinate and pentacoordinate hemoglobins in plants has poised them for potential structural analysis leading to a molecular understanding of this important evolutionary event. However, the lack of a plant hexacoordinate hemoglobin structure in the exogenously ligand-bound form has prevented such comparison. Here we report the crystal structure of the cyanide-bound hexacoordinate hemoglobin from barley. This presents the first opportunity to examine conformational changes in plant hexacoordinate hemoglobins upon exogenous ligand binding, and reveals structural mechanisms for stabilizing the high-energy pentacoordinate heme conformation critical to the evolution of reversible oxygen binding hemoglobins.     

植物基因识别及克隆策略研究进展

随着基因组数据的积累,同时识别多个基因、解读其功能,正在成为揭示环境信号调控植物组织分化及器官形成分子机制必不可少的途径。我们从基因组水平、转录水平和蛋白质水平,回顾总结了识别发育及代谢相关基因、解读其功能的一般策略,讨论并比较了各主要策略的优缺点,并提出方法选择的一般原则。     

Gene diversity of bovid hemoglobins

Forty-five adult hemoglobin molecular forms which include 22 electrophoretically silent forms were structurally characterized from animal species of nine genera belonging to family Bovidae. Of the 12 different bovid species studied, 11 showed either or chain heterogeneity in their hemoglobins while eight species showed heterogeneity for both polypeptide chains. Wherever possible, the genetic basis for hemoglobin phenotypes has been suggested. By construction of a phylogenetic tree for 14 ungulate -globin sequences, the evolutionary origins of duplicated chain genes present in some ungulate species have been located, and the phyletic relationship of bovids based on the globin data is discussed.     

Construction of Plant Expression Vector with Double Resistance to Virus and Insect and Identification of Transformation in Tomato

By in situ hybridization of bacterium clone and analysis of restriction enzyme digestion, both CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene were inserted one by one into T-DNA of binary plant expression vector pea. The reconstructed plasmid was named pE14. Then, tomato was transformed with pE14 mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV311-SE, four regenerated tomato plants were obtained on the MS medium containing 100 μg/mL kanamycin. Assay of nopaline, dot blotting of tomato genomic DNA and PCR amplication of CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene from genomic DNA showed that CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene were transferred into the four regenerated tomato plants simultaneously with T-DNA, and no recombination of genes occurred. RNA dot blotting showed that two of them could express simultaneously the CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene proteins. The resistances to virus and insect of the transgenic tomato plants will be tested in their F1 and F2 regenerations.